李利平¹, 伍新春²(), 程亚华³

¹ 山西师范大学教育科学学院, 山西省心理与认知行为实验教学中心, 临汾 041000
² 北京师范大学心理学部, 应用实验心理北京市重点实验室, 儿童阅读与学习研究中心, 北京 100875
³ 宁波大学心理学系暨研究所, 宁波 315211

收稿日期:2018-12-28出版日期:2020-05-25发布日期:2020-03-26
通讯作者:伍新春E-mail:xcwu@bnu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家社会科学基金重大项目(13&ZD188);山西省哲学社会科学规划课题(2019B204);山西师范大学校人文社会科学基金(SK1805)

The effects of morphological awareness on character recognition and dictation in low-level grades

LI Liping¹, WU Xinchun²(), CHENG Yahua³

¹ School of Education Science, Experimental Teaching Center of Psychology and Cognitive Behavior, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
² Faculty of psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Research Center of Children’s Reading and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
³ Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China

Received:2018-12-28Online:2020-05-25Published:2020-03-26
Contact:WU Xinchun E-mail:xcwu@bnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 汉字识别和听写是字词水平上两项重要的读写技能。对127名一年级儿童进行了两年4个时间点的追踪调查, 通过测查儿童的一般认知能力、语音意识、正字法意识和语素意识(包括同音语素意识、复合语素意识), 探讨影响儿童汉字识别和听写发展的因素。利用潜变量增长模型, 结果发现：(1)汉字识别呈线性发展趋势, 听写呈先快后慢的非线性发展趋势, 二者均存在补偿效应; (2)语素意识显著预测了汉字识别的起始水平和发展速度, 但语素意识对听写的起始水平和发展速度均不具有显著的预测作用。研究结果表明儿童入学初始的汉字识别和听写水平并不决定后期的发展速度; 语素意识对儿童汉字识别和听写发展的作用不同。

图/表 5

图1无条件潜变量增长的理论模型
图1无条件潜变量增长的理论模型



图2有条件潜变量增长的理论模型
图2有条件潜变量增长的理论模型


表1各变量的描述统计

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	M ± SD
1一般认知能力T1													28.06 ± 9.18
2语音意识T1	0.17*												6.79 ± 3.81
3正字法意识T1	0.31**	0.11											25.80 ± 8.74
4同音语素意识T1	0.02	0.12	0.02										6.79 ± 3.81
5复合语素意识T1	0.23**	0.14	0.12	0.33**									9.57 ± 8.97
6汉字识别T1	0.26**	0.11	0.45***	0.12	0.30**								25.99 ± 22.45
7汉字识别T2	0.30**	0.18*	0.37***	0.20*	0.30**	0.88***							43.90 ± 23.87
8汉字识别T3	0.22*	0.20*	0.28**	0.24**	0.29**	0.79***	0.87***						60.63 ± 23.39
9汉字识别T4	0.28**	0.18*	0.29**	0.27**	0.31**	0.73***	0.82***	0.92***					78.16 ± 22.31
10听写T1	0.07	0.23**	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.32***	0.32***	0.25**	0.25**				6.10 ± 2.41
11听写T2	0.14	0.15	0.11	0.09	0.13	0.24**	0.29***	0.31***	0.36***	0.26**			14.31 ± 1.37
12听写T3	0.05	0.18*	0.15	0.22*	0.18*	0.36***	0.41***	0.47***	0.44***	0.32**	0.33**		17.00 ± 1.78
13听写T4	0.06	0.22*	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.23**	0.25**	0.30**	0.22*	0.25**	0.29**	0.24**	20.65 ± 1.88

表1各变量的描述统计

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	M ± SD
1一般认知能力T1													28.06 ± 9.18
2语音意识T1	0.17*												6.79 ± 3.81
3正字法意识T1	0.31**	0.11											25.80 ± 8.74
4同音语素意识T1	0.02	0.12	0.02										6.79 ± 3.81
5复合语素意识T1	0.23**	0.14	0.12	0.33**									9.57 ± 8.97
6汉字识别T1	0.26**	0.11	0.45***	0.12	0.30**								25.99 ± 22.45
7汉字识别T2	0.30**	0.18*	0.37***	0.20*	0.30**	0.88***							43.90 ± 23.87
8汉字识别T3	0.22*	0.20*	0.28**	0.24**	0.29**	0.79***	0.87***						60.63 ± 23.39
9汉字识别T4	0.28**	0.18*	0.29**	0.27**	0.31**	0.73***	0.82***	0.92***					78.16 ± 22.31
10听写T1	0.07	0.23**	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.32***	0.32***	0.25**	0.25**				6.10 ± 2.41
11听写T2	0.14	0.15	0.11	0.09	0.13	0.24**	0.29***	0.31***	0.36***	0.26**			14.31 ± 1.37
12听写T3	0.05	0.18*	0.15	0.22*	0.18*	0.36***	0.41***	0.47***	0.44***	0.32**	0.33**		17.00 ± 1.78
13听写T4	0.06	0.22*	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.23**	0.25**	0.30**	0.22*	0.25**	0.29**	0.24**	20.65 ± 1.88

表2汉字识别和听写的无条件潜变量增长模型的分析结果

变量	截距		斜率		水平和增长率的协方差
	平均数(标准误)	方差(标准误)	平均数(标准误)	方差(标准误)	标准化系数
汉字识别	26.02***(1.87)	488.91***(62.94)	17.51***(0.47)	26.76***(3.73)	-0.33***
听写	6.10***(0.20)	2.16(1.66)	8.21*** (0.20)	0.26(0.78)	-0.89**

表2汉字识别和听写的无条件潜变量增长模型的分析结果

变量	截距		斜率		水平和增长率的协方差
	平均数(标准误)	方差(标准误)	平均数(标准误)	方差(标准误)	标准化系数
汉字识别	26.02***(1.87)	488.91***(62.94)	17.51***(0.47)	26.76***(3.73)	-0.33***
听写	6.10***(0.20)	2.16(1.66)	8.21*** (0.20)	0.26(0.78)	-0.89**

表3各预测变量对汉字识别和听写的起始水平和发展速度的预测作用

预测变量	截距		斜率
	β	SE	β	SE
一般认知能力T1	0.14/0.11	0.08/0.13	0.14?/0.21	0.08/0.41
语音意识T1	0.10/0.03	0.09/0.14	0.17*/0.04	0.09/0.29
正字法意识T1	0.05/0.22		0.12/-0.13	0.09/0.32
同音语素意识T1	0.40***/0.01	0.07/0.12	0.28***/0.19	0.08/0.41
复合语素意识T1	0.14*/0.06	0.06/0.10	0.25***/0.06	0.07/0.26

表3各预测变量对汉字识别和听写的起始水平和发展速度的预测作用

预测变量	截距		斜率
	β	SE	β	SE
一般认知能力T1	0.14/0.11	0.08/0.13	0.14?/0.21	0.08/0.41
语音意识T1	0.10/0.03	0.09/0.14	0.17*/0.04	0.09/0.29
正字法意识T1	0.05/0.22		0.12/-0.13	0.09/0.32
同音语素意识T1	0.40***/0.01	0.07/0.12	0.28***/0.19	0.08/0.41
复合语素意识T1	0.14*/0.06	0.06/0.10	0.25***/0.06	0.07/0.26

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