具身模拟在汉语肢体动作动词理解中的作用

删除或更新信息，请邮件至freekaoyan#163.com(#换成@)

本站小编 Free考研考试/2022-01-01

王斌¹, 李智睿², 伍丽梅³, 张积家¹(

)

1 中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地, 北京 100872
2 淮阴师范学院心理健康教育与咨询中心, 江苏淮安 223300
3 暨南大学华文学院, 广州 510610

收稿日期:2019-03-27出版日期:2019-12-25发布日期:2019-10-21
通讯作者:张积家E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com

基金资助:* 国家民委民族研究重点项目“少数民族学生双语学习认知规律研究” 资助(2017-GMA-004)

Effects of embodied simulation on understanding Chinese body action verbs

WANG Bin¹, LI Zhirui², WU Limei³, ZHANG Jijia¹(

)

1 Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China; The State Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Research Center for Language, Cultural, and Psychology; Key Research Center for National Psychology and Education, the National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100872, China
2 Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
3 College of Chinese Language and Culture, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510610, China

Received:2019-03-27Online:2019-12-25Published:2019-10-21
Contact:ZHANG Jijia E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过3个实验, 考察具身模拟在汉语肢体动作动词理解中的作用。实验1考察在整字启动下具身模拟对运动通道中箭头方向判断的影响, 发现理解肢体动作动词在运动通道中存在着动作-汉字相容效应, 汉字的具身方向与箭头方向一致促进被试对箭头方向的判断。实验2考察在整字启动下具身经验对视觉通道中字母位置判断的影响, 发现理解肢体动作动词在视觉通道中存在着动作-汉字相容效应, 汉字的具身方位与字母方位一致促进对字母方位的识别。实验3采用义符启动范式考察义符与整字的具身模拟, 发现理解汉语肢体动作动词不仅在整字层次上存在着具身模拟, 在部件层次上也存在着具身模拟。义符在汉字加工中期被激活了, 并且持续到加工晚期。整个研究表明, 汉语肢体动作动词理解是一个跨通道的具身模拟过程, 具身模拟在汉语肢体动作动词的理解中起着非常重要的作用。

图/表 8

表1实验材料统计信息表

启动词类	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均频率	平均熟悉性	平均语义透明度
方向向上的肢体动作动词	举, 抬, 跃	12.10	1164	4.20	3.81
方向向下的肢体动作动词	俯, 捶, 跌	11.95	1405	4.26	3.78

表1实验材料统计信息表

启动词类	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均频率	平均熟悉性	平均语义透明度
方向向上的肢体动作动词	举, 抬, 跃	12.10	1164	4.20	3.81
方向向下的肢体动作动词	俯, 捶, 跌	11.95	1405	4.26	3.78

图1实验1流程图

图1实验1流程图

表2方向不同的汉语肢体动作动词启动下箭头方向判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动词类型	箭头向上		箭头向下
启动词类型	反应时	错误率	反应时	错误率
方向向上的肢体动作动词	484 (75)	1.48 (3.12)	484 (79)	4.91 (6.28)
方向向下的肢体动作动词	494 (76)	5.21 (4.92)	472 (92)	3.33 (4.08)

表2方向不同的汉语肢体动作动词启动下箭头方向判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动词类型	箭头向上		箭头向下
启动词类型	反应时	错误率	反应时	错误率
方向向上的肢体动作动词	484 (75)	1.48 (3.12)	484 (79)	4.91 (6.28)
方向向下的肢体动作动词	494 (76)	5.21 (4.92)	472 (92)	3.33 (4.08)

图2实验2流程图

图2实验2流程图

表3不同汉语肢体动作动词启动下字母位置判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动词类型	字母在上		字母在下
启动词类型	反应时	错误率	反应时	错误率
方向向上的肢体动作动词	429 (77)	2.47(4.69)	446 (78)	3.17 (4.98)
方向向下的肢体动作动词	441 (90)	2.81 (5.17)	426 (69)	3.03 (5.24)

表3不同汉语肢体动作动词启动下字母位置判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动词类型	字母在上		字母在下
启动词类型	反应时	错误率	反应时	错误率
方向向上的肢体动作动词	429 (77)	2.47(4.69)	446 (78)	3.17 (4.98)
方向向下的肢体动作动词	441 (90)	2.81 (5.17)	426 (69)	3.03 (5.24)

图3实验3流程图

图3实验3流程图

表4实验材料统计信息表

肢体动作动词词类	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均频率	平均熟悉性	平均语义透明度
具身方向向上	扬, 跃	11.30	978	4.27	3.89
具身方向向下	捶, 跌	11.45	1157	4.26	3.78

表4实验材料统计信息表

肢体动作动词词类	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均频率	平均熟悉性	平均语义透明度
具身方向向上	扬, 跃	11.30	978	4.27	3.89
具身方向向下	捶, 跌	11.45	1157	4.26	3.78

表5不同启动条件下被试判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动类型	SOA=43 ms		SOA=72 ms		SOA=243 ms
启动类型	一致	不一致	一致	不一致	一致	不一致
义符启动
反应时	868 (103)	858 (109)	823 (95)	869 (102)	818 (108)	863 (113)
错误率	11.70 (8.48)	15.74 (9.78)	11.70 (8.48)	13.72 (9.12)	9.47 (7.75)	13.83 (10.23)
控制启动
反应时	875 (119)	854 (114)	857 (101)	851 (125)	858 (112)	871 (120)
错误率	11.91 (8.70)	16.17 (9.68)	10.21 (7.52)	15.32 (10.65)	8.19 (6.87)	15.32 (11.39)

表5不同启动条件下被试判断的平均反应时(ms)和平均错误率(%)

启动类型	SOA=43 ms		SOA=72 ms		SOA=243 ms
启动类型	一致	不一致	一致	不一致	一致	不一致
义符启动
反应时	868 (103)	858 (109)	823 (95)	869 (102)	818 (108)	863 (113)
错误率	11.70 (8.48)	15.74 (9.78)	11.70 (8.48)	13.72 (9.12)	9.47 (7.75)	13.83 (10.23)
控制启动
反应时	875 (119)	854 (114)	857 (101)	851 (125)	858 (112)	871 (120)
错误率	11.91 (8.70)	16.17 (9.68)	10.21 (7.52)	15.32 (10.65)	8.19 (6.87)	15.32 (11.39)

参考文献 79

[1]	Aziz-Zadeh L., & Damasio A . (2008). Embodied semantics for actions: Findings from functional brain imaging. Journal of Physiology-Paris, 102(1-3), 35-39.
[2]	Barsalou L. W . (1999a). Language comprehension:Archival memory or preparation for situated action? Discourse Processes, 28(1), 61-80.
[3]	Barsalou L. W . (1999b). Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(4), 577-660.
[4]	Barsalou L.W., Simmons W. K., Barbey A. K., & Wilson C. D . (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality- specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 84-91.
[5]	Beauchamp M. S., Lee K. E., Haxby J. V., & Martin A . (2002). Parallel visual motion processing streams for manipulable objects and human movements. Neuron, 34(1), 149-159.
[6]	Beauchamp M. S., Lee K. E., Haxby J. V., & Martin A . (2003). FMRI responses to video and point-light displays of moving humans and manipulable objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(7), 991-1001.
[7]	Bedny M., Caramazza A., Grossman E., Pascual-Leone A., & Saxe R . (2008). Concepts are more than percepts: The case of action verbs. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(44), 11347-11353.
[8]	Borghi A. M., & Riggio L . (2009a). Sentence comprehension and simulation of object temporary, canonical and stable affordances. Brain Research, 1253, 117-128.
[9]	Borghi A. M., & Scorolli C . (2009b). Language comprehension and dominant hand motion simulation. Human Movement Science, 28(1), 12-27.
[10]	Boulenger V., Roy A. C., Paulignan Y., Deprez V., Jeannerod M., & Nazir T. A . (2006). Cross-talk between language processes and overt motor behavior in the first 200 msec of processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(10), 1607-1615.
[11]	Cardona J. F., Kargieman L., Sinay V., Gershanik O., Gelormini C., Amoruso L., …& Ibáñez A . (2014). How embodied is action language? Neurological evidence from motor diseases. Cognition, 131(2), 311-322.
[12]	Chen X. K., & Zhang J. J . (2008). Role of familiarity of semantic radicals in the recognition of highly familiar Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 40(2), 148-159.
	[ 陈新葵, 张积家 . (2008). 义符熟悉性对高频形声字词汇通达的影响. 心理学报, 40(2), 148-159.]
[13]	Chen X. K., & Zhang J. J . (2012). Role of familiarity of semantic radicals in the recognition of lowly familiar Chinese characters. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 44(7), 882-895.
	[ 陈新葵, 张积家 . (2012). 义符熟悉性对低频形声字词汇通达的影响. 心理学报, 44(7), 882-895.]
[14]	Cohen J . (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
[15]	Ding G. S., Peng D. L., & Taft M . (2004). The nature of the mental representation of radicals in Chinese:A priming study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 530-539.
[16]	Dudschig C., Souman J., Lachmair M., Vega I. D. L., & Kaup B . (2013). Reading “sun” and looking up: The influence of language on saccadic eye movements in the vertical dimension. Plos One, 8(2), e56872.
[17]	Dunn B. M., Kamide Y., & Scheepers C . (2014). Hearing “moon” and looking up: Word-related spatial associations facilitate saccades to congruent locations. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 36(36), 433-438.
[18]	Feldman, J., Narayanan S . (2004). Embodied meaning in a neural theory of language. Brain and Language, 89(2), 385-392.
[19]	Feldman L. B., & Siok W. W. T . (1999a). Semantic radicals contribute to the visual identification of Chinese characters. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(4), 559-576.
[20]	Feldman L. B., & Siok W. W. T . (1999b). Semantic radicals in phonetic compounds: Implications for visual character recognition in Chinese. In J. Wang, A. W. Inhoff, & H.-C. Chen (Eds). Reading Chinese script (pp. 19-35). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[21]	Fernandino L., Binder J. R., Desai R. H., Pendl S. L., Humphries C. J., Gross W. L., … & Seidenberg M. S . (2016). Concept representation reflects multimodal abstraction:A framework for embodied semantics. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 2018-2034.
[22]	Gallese V., & Sinigaglia C . (2011). What is so special about embodied simulation? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 512-519.
[23]	Gallese V., & Sinigaglia C . (2012). Response to de bruin and Gallagher: Embodied simulation as reuse is a productive explanation of a basic form of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 99-100.
[24]	Giudice M. D., Manera V., & Keysers C . (2009). Programmed to learn? The ontogeny of mirror neurons. Developmental Science, 12(2), 350-363.
[25]	Glenberg A. M . (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(1), 1-19.
[26]	Glenberg A. M., & Kaschak M. P . (2002). Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(3), 558-565.
[27]	Hald L. A., de Nooijer J., van Gog T., & Bekkering H . (2016). Optimizing word learning via links to perceptual and motoric experience. Educational Psychology Review, 28(3), 495-522.
[28]	Hauk O., Johnsrude I., & Pulvermüller F . (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41(2), 301-307.
[29]	Horoufchin H., Bzdok D., Buccino G., Borghi A. M., & Binkofski F . (2018). Action and object words are differentially anchored in the sensory motor system - A perspective on cognitive embodiment. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-11.
[30]	Juárez F. P-G., Labrecque D., & Frak V . (2019). Assessing language-induced motor activity through event related potentials and the grip force sensor, an exploratory study. Brain and Cognition, 135, DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.010.
[31]	Keysers D., & Castillo J. G . (2010). The two-level theory of verb meaning: An approach to integrating the semantics of action with the mirror neuron system. Brain and Language, 112(1), 54-76.
[32]	Keysers C., & Perrett D. I . (2004). Demystifying social cognition: A Hebbian perspective. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(11), 501-507.
[33]	Klepp A., Weissler H., Niccolai V., Terhalle A., Geisler H., Schnitzler A., & Biermann-Ruben K . (2014). Neuromagnetic hand and foot motor sources recruited during action verb processing. Brain and Language, 128(1), 41-52.
[34]	Law S. P., Yeung O., Wong W., & Chiu K. M. Y . (2005). Processing of semantic radicals in writing Chinese characters: Data from a Chinese dysgraphic patient. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22(7), 885-903.
[35]	Li Y., & Kang J. S . (1993). Analysis of phonetics of the ideophonetic characters in modern Chinese. In: Y. Chen (eds.), Information analysis of usage of characters in modern Chinese (pp.84-98). Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press.
	[ 李燕, 康家深 . (1993). 现代汉语用字信息分析. 上海: 上海教育出版社. ]
[36]	Lin N., Lu X. M., Fang F., Han Z. Z., & Bi Y. C . (2011). Is the semantic category effect in the lateral temporal cortex due to motion property differences? NeuroImage, 55(4), 1853-1864.
[37]	Liu C., Tardif T., Mai X. Q., Gehring W. J., Simms N., & Luo Y. J . (2010). What’s in a name? Brain activity reveals categorization processes differ across languages. Human Brain Mapping, 31(11), 1786-1801.
[38]	Lu Z. Y., Gao Z. H., Duan X. L., & Liu X. H . (2007). Views of embodied language comprehension. Advances in Psychological Science, 15(2), 275-281.
	[ 鲁忠义, 高志华, 段晓莉, 刘学华 . (2007). 语言理解的体验观. 心理科学进展, 15(2), 275-281.]
[39]	Martin A . (2007). The representation of object concepts in the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 25-45.
[40]	Meteyard L., & Vigliocco G . (2009). Verbs in space: Axis and direction of motion norms for 299 English verbs. Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 565-574.
[41]	Pulvermüller F., Härle M., & Hummel F . (2001). Walking or talking?: Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of action verb processing. Brain and Language, 78(2), 143-168.
[42]	Qu F. B., Yin R., Zhong Y., & Ye H. S . (2012). Motor perception in language comprehension: Perspective from embodied cognition. Advances in Psychological Science, 20(6), 834-842.
	[ 曲方炳, 殷融, 钟元, 叶浩生 . (2012). 语言理解中的动作知觉:基于具身认知的视角. 心理科学进展, 20(6), 834-842.]
[43]	Richardson D. C., Spivey M. J., Barsalou L. W., & Mcrae K . (2003). Spatial representations activated during real-time comprehension of verbs. Cognitive Science, 27(5), 767-780.
[44]	Richardson D. C., Spivey M. J., Edelman S., Naples A. J . (2001). “Language is spatial”: Experimental evidence for image schemas of concrete and abstract verbs. In：Proceedings of the 23ed annual meeting of the cognitive science society (pp. 845-850). Erlbaum [poster presentation], Mahwah.
[45]	Rodriguez A. D., Mccabe M. L., Nocera J. R., & Reilly J . (2012). Concurrent word generation and motor performance: Further evidence for language-motor interaction. Plos One, 7(5):e37094.
[46]	She X. J., & Zhang B. Y . (1997). The effects of semantic and phonetic clues in puctophonetic character mental lexicon. Journal of Psychology Science, 20(2), 142-145.
	[ 佘贤君, 张必隐 . (1997). 形声字心理词典中义符和音符线索的作用. 心理科学, 20(2), 142-145.]
[47]	Stanfield R. A., & Zwaan R. A . (2001). The effect of implied orientation derived from verbal context on picture recognition. Psychological Science, 12(2), 153-156.
[48]	Strozyk J. V., Dudschig C., & Kaup B . (2017). Do I need to have my hands free to understand hand-related language? Investigating the functional relevance of experiential simulations. Psychological Research, 83(3), 406-418.
[49]	Su D. Q., Zhong Y., Zeng H., & Ye H. S . (2013). Embodied semantic processing of Chinese action idioms: Evidence from fMRI study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 45(11), 1187-1199.
	[ 苏得权, 钟元, 曾红, 叶浩生 . (2013). 汉语动作成语语义理解激活脑区及其具身效应:来自fMRI的证据. 心理学报, 45(11), 1187-1199.]
[50]	Tao Y., Wang X. X., Ma X., & Liu Y . (2017). How semantic radical support inductive reasoning—evidence from ERP study. Psychology Exploration, 37(2), 117-124.
	[ 陶云, 王晓曦, 马谐, 刘艳 . (2017). 义符促进类别归纳推理的ERP证据. 心理学探新, 37(2), 117-124.]
[51]	Wang J. Y., Ye H. S., & Su D. Q . (2018). The correlativity of action and sematic processing: Perspect of embodied metaphor. Psychological Exploration, 38(1), 15-19.
	[ 王继瑛, 叶浩生, 苏得权 . (2018). 身体动作与语义加工:具身隐喻的视角. 心理学探新, 38(1), 15-19.]
[52]	Wang X. S., Pei. M., Wu. Y., & Su Y. J . (2017). Semantic radicals contribute more than phonetic radicals to the recognition of Chinese phonograms: Behavioral and ERP evidence in a factorial study. Frontiers in Psychology, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02230.
[53]	Wang X. X., Ma X., Tao Y., Tao Y. C., & Li H . (2018). How semantic radicals in Chinese characters facilitate hierarchical category-based induction. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-10.
[54]	Williams C . (2013). Emerging development of semantic and phonological routes to character decoding in Chinese as a foreign language learners. Reading and Writing, 26(2), 293-315.
[55]	Williams C., & Bever T . (2010). Chinese character decoding: A semantic bias? Reading and Writing, 23(5), 589-605.
[56]	Winkielman P., Niedenthal P., Wielgosz J., Eelen J., & Kavanagh L. C . (2015). Embodiment of cognition and emotion. Mario Mikulincer, (4), 151-175.
[57]	Wu H., Mai X., Tang H., Ge Y., Luo Y. J., & Liu C . (2013). Dissociable somatotopic representations of Chinese action verbs in the motor and premotor cortex. Scientific Reports, 3(1), 1-12.
[58]	Wu H. Y., Tang H. H., Ge Y., Yang S. Y., Mai X. Q., Luo Y. J., & Liu C . (2017). Object words modulate the activity of the mirror neuron system during action imitation. Brain and Behavior, 7(11), 1-13.
[59]	Wu L. M., Mo L., & Wang R. M . (2007). Dynamic mental simulation during comprehension of motion descriptions. Advances in Psychological Science, 15(4), 605-612.
	[ 伍丽梅, 莫雷, 王瑞明 . (2007). 有关运动的语言理解的知觉模拟. 心理科学进展, 15(4), 605-612.]
[60]	Yang J., & Shu H . (2011). Embodied representation of tool-use action verbs and hand action verbs: Evidence from a tone judgment task. Neuroscience Letters, 493(3), 112-115.
[61]	Yang T. F . (2016). Image schemas in verb-particle constructions: Evidence from a behavioral experiment. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45(2), 379-393.
[62]	Ye H. S., & Zeng H . (2013). Mirror neuron, embodied simulation and mind-reading. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Social Science Edition),(4), 97-104.
	[ 叶浩生, 曾红 . (2013). 镜像神经元、具身模拟与心智阅读. 南京师大学报(社会科学版), (4), 97-104.]
[63]	Zhang D. X., & Dong H . (2017). The directional semantic features of Chinese body verbs and their derived sememes. Journal of Liaoning University of Technology (Social Science Edition), 19(5), 63-66.
	[ 张道新, 董宏 . (2017). 汉语肢体动词的方向语义特征及其衍生义位. 辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版), 19(5), 63-66.]
[64]	Zhang J. J., & Chen X. K . (2005). The role of Chinese characters ‘yifu’ in cognition of Chinese action verbs meaning. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 37(4), 434-441.
	[ 张积家, 陈新葵 . (2005). 汉字义符在汉语动作动词意义认知中的作用. 心理学报, 37(4), 434-441.]
[65]	Zhang J. J., Fang Y. H., & Chen X. K . (2006). The role of semantic radicals of Chinese characters in grammatical categorization of Chinese visual words. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 38(2), 159-169.
	[ 张积家, 方燕红, 陈新葵 . (2006). 义符在中文名词和动词分类中的作用. 心理学报, 38(2), 159-169.]
[66]	Zhang J. J., & Peng D. L . (1993). Experimental study on the retrieval of feature meaning of Chinese words. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 25(2), 140-147.
	[ 张积家, 彭聃龄 . (1993). 汉字特征语义提取的实验研究. 心理学报, 25(2), 140-147.]
[67]	Zhang J. J., Peng D. L., & Zhang H. C . (1991). The recovery of meaning of Chinese characters in the classifying process (Ⅱ). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 23(2), 139-144.
	[ 张积家, 彭聃龄, 张厚粲 . (1991). 分类过程中汉字的语义提取(Ⅱ). 心理学报, 23(2), 139-144.]
[68]	Zhang J. J., Wang J., & Chen X. K . (2014). Semantic radicals’ research in twenty years: Theoretical exploration, experimental evidence and processing model. Advances in Psychological Science, 22(3), 381-399.
	[ 张积家, 王娟, 陈新葵 . (2014). 义符研究20年:理论探讨、实验证据和加工模型. 心理科学进展, 22(3), 381-399.]
[69]	Zhang J. J., Wang J., & Yin C . (2014). The role of phonetic radicals and semantic radicals in phonetics and semantics extraction of phonogram characters: An eye movement study on components perception. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 46(7), 885-900.
	[ 张积家, 王娟, 印丛 . (2014). 声符和义符在形声字语音、语义提取中的作用——来自部件知觉眼动研究的证据. 心理学报, 46(7), 885-900.]
[70]	Zhang J. J., Zhang H. C., & Peng D. L . (1990). The recovery of Chinese characters in claasifying process (Ⅰ). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 22(4), 397-405.
	[ 张积家, 张厚粲, 彭聃龄 . (1990). 分类过程中汉字的语义提取(Ⅰ). 心理学报, 22(4), 397-405.]
[71]	Zhang J. J., & Zhang Y. Z . (2016). The time course of semantic radical’s semantic and syntax activation under radical priming paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 48(9), 1070-1081.
	[ 张积家, 章玉祉 . (2016). 义符启动范式下义符的语义和语法激活的时间进程. 心理学报, 48(9), 1070-1081.]
[72]	Zhang Y. Z., & Zhang J. J . (2017). The effects of neighborhood size and category consistency of the semantic radical on semantic radical’s semantic activation under radical priming paradigm. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 49(8), 1041-1052.
	[ 章玉祉, 张积家 . (2017). 义符启动范式下家族大小和类别一致性对义符语义激活的影响. 心理学报, 49(8), 1041-1052.]
[73]	Zhou L., Peng G., Zheng H. Y., Su I. F., & Wang W. S. Y . (2013). Sub-lexical phonological and semantic processing of semantic radicals: A primed naming study. Reading and Writing, 26(6), 967-989.
[74]	Zhu H. K . (2018). Aspect impact on the action-sentence compatibility effect in Chinese sentence comprehension (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hebei University, Baoding.
	[ 朱鸿凯 . (2018). 时态对汉语句子理解中动作—句子相符效应的影响(硕士学位论文). 河北大学, 保定.]
[75]	Zwaan R. A . (1999). Embodied cognition, perceptual symbols, and situation models. Discourse Processes, 28(1), 81-88.
[76]	Zwaan R. A . (2004). The immersed experiencer: Toward an embodied theory of language comprehension. Psychology of Learning & Motivation, 44(1), 35-62.
[77]	Zwaan R. A . (2014). Embodiment and language comprehension: Reframing the discussion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(5), 229-234.
[78]	Zwaan R. A., & Madden C. J . (2005). Grounding Cognition. The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[79]	Zwaan R. A., & Yaxley R. H . (2004). Lateralization of object-shape information in semantic processing. Cognition, 94(2), B35-B43.