) 1. 中国人民大学心理学系、国家民委民族语言文化心理重点研究基地、教育部民族教育发展中心民族心理与教育重点研究基地, 北京 100872
2. 贵州师范大学教育科学学院, 贵阳 550001
收稿日期:2018-08-08出版日期:2019-08-21发布日期:2019-07-24通讯作者:张积家E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com基金资助:* 中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助)项目“语言影响人格：来自双语者与双言者的行为与生理证据” 阶段性成果(7XNL002)Effect of Dong Chorus on the executive function of Dong high school students
WANG Ting1, ZHI Fengying2, LU Yutong1, ZHANG Jijia1() 1. Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China; The State Ethnic Affairs Commission Key Research Center for Language, Cultural, and Psychology; Key Research Center for National Psychology and Education, the National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100872, China
2. School of Education Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
Received:2018-08-08Online:2019-08-21Published:2019-07-24Contact:ZHANG Jijia E-mail:Zhangjj1955@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 音乐训练对认知能力具有广泛的促进效应。本研究结合执行功能的三个成分(抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性), 在我国民族音乐背景下, 匹配实验任务的视觉和听觉形式, 探讨侗歌经验对侗族中学生执行功能的影响。结果表明, 侗歌组被试在抑制能力和刷新能力上显著好于侗族非侗歌组被试和汉族被试, 这一优势在视觉任务中和听觉任务中均存在, 说明侗歌经验产生的认知优势具有跨感觉通道的普遍性。侗歌组被试和侗族非侗歌组被试的转换能力差异不显著。侗族非侗歌组被试的抑制能力和转换能力好于汉族被试, 这体现了语言和音乐的交互作用。
图/表 10
表1被试的基本情况(N = 96)
| 被试特性 | 侗歌组(n = 32) | 侗族非侗歌组(n = 32) | 汉族(n = 32) | F/χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 38% (男), 62% (女) | 41% (男), 59% (女) | 50% (男), 50% (女) | 1.11 |
| 年龄 | 17.34 (0.90) | 17.38 (0.55) | 17.50 (0.76) | 0.39 |
| 居住地 | 94% (乡村) | 84% (乡村) | 81% (乡村) | 2.31 |
| 家庭经济地位 | 7.13 (1.77) | 7.84 (2.17) | 7.63 (2.34) | 0.98 |
| MBEA音乐能力 | 26.31 (1.97) | 24.04 (2.08) | 23.00 (2.50) | 20.80** |
| 母语熟练程度 | 4.18 (0.57) | 4.16 (0.85) | 4.22 (0.79) | 0.08 |
| 母语使用频率 | 4.25 (0.67) | 4.13 (0.87) | 4.56 (0.91) | 2.39 |
| 侗族汉语熟练程度 | 3.63 (0.55) | 3.78 (0.79) | — | 0.91 |
| 侗族汉语使用频率 | 4.13 (0.79) | 4.28 (0.73) | — | 0.82 |
表1被试的基本情况(N = 96)
| 被试特性 | 侗歌组(n = 32) | 侗族非侗歌组(n = 32) | 汉族(n = 32) | F/χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 性别 | 38% (男), 62% (女) | 41% (男), 59% (女) | 50% (男), 50% (女) | 1.11 |
| 年龄 | 17.34 (0.90) | 17.38 (0.55) | 17.50 (0.76) | 0.39 |
| 居住地 | 94% (乡村) | 84% (乡村) | 81% (乡村) | 2.31 |
| 家庭经济地位 | 7.13 (1.77) | 7.84 (2.17) | 7.63 (2.34) | 0.98 |
| MBEA音乐能力 | 26.31 (1.97) | 24.04 (2.08) | 23.00 (2.50) | 20.80** |
| 母语熟练程度 | 4.18 (0.57) | 4.16 (0.85) | 4.22 (0.79) | 0.08 |
| 母语使用频率 | 4.25 (0.67) | 4.13 (0.87) | 4.56 (0.91) | 2.39 |
| 侗族汉语熟练程度 | 3.63 (0.55) | 3.78 (0.79) | — | 0.91 |
| 侗族汉语使用频率 | 4.13 (0.79) | 4.28 (0.73) | — | 0.82 |
表2听觉抑制任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | Stroop效应量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 语义与音高一致 | 语义与音高冲突 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 609 (107) | 631 (109) | 22 (32) |
| 正确率 | 96.48 (3.32) | 93.48 (4.62) | 3.00 (4.74) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 635 (85) | 689 (98) | 54 (39) |
| 正确率 | 96.45 (4.07) | 93.08 (5.14) | 3.38 (6.00) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 640 (84) | 709 (74) | 69 (33) |
| 正确率 | 91.17 (10.53) | 89.00 (11.52) | 2.17 (8.24) | |
表2听觉抑制任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | Stroop效应量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 语义与音高一致 | 语义与音高冲突 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 609 (107) | 631 (109) | 22 (32) |
| 正确率 | 96.48 (3.32) | 93.48 (4.62) | 3.00 (4.74) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 635 (85) | 689 (98) | 54 (39) |
| 正确率 | 96.45 (4.07) | 93.08 (5.14) | 3.38 (6.00) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 640 (84) | 709 (74) | 69 (33) |
| 正确率 | 91.17 (10.53) | 89.00 (11.52) | 2.17 (8.24) | |
图1被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的抑制效应量
图1被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的抑制效应量表3视觉抑制任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | Stroop效应量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 箭头指向与位置一致 | 箭头指向与位置冲突 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 430 (50) | 459 (55) | 28 (20) |
| 正确率 | 99.31 (1.20) | 96.50 (4.62) | 2.81 (4.76) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 437 (50) | 479 (54) | 43 (26) |
| 正确率 | 98.84 (2.84) | 96.38 (5.14) | 2.47 (4.24) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 434 (40) | 490 (50) | 55 (22) |
| 正确率 | 96.78 (6.46) | 95.84 (5.05) | 0.94 (4.45) | |
表3视觉抑制任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | Stroop效应量 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 箭头指向与位置一致 | 箭头指向与位置冲突 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 430 (50) | 459 (55) | 28 (20) |
| 正确率 | 99.31 (1.20) | 96.50 (4.62) | 2.81 (4.76) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 437 (50) | 479 (54) | 43 (26) |
| 正确率 | 98.84 (2.84) | 96.38 (5.14) | 2.47 (4.24) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 434 (40) | 490 (50) | 55 (22) |
| 正确率 | 96.78 (6.46) | 95.84 (5.05) | 0.94 (4.45) | |
表4被试在听觉刷新任务中的平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 记忆负荷水平 | 均值 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1back | 2back | 3back | ||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 85.66 (6.60) | 72.62 (9.96) | 65.94 (9.38) | 74.7 (1.6) |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 77.75 (16.05) | 64.16 (13.59) | 58.53 (9.29) | 66.8 (1.6) |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 74.63 (14.52) | 63.97 (10.25) | 54.00 (9.32) | 64.2 (1.6) |
表4被试在听觉刷新任务中的平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 记忆负荷水平 | 均值 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1back | 2back | 3back | ||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 85.66 (6.60) | 72.62 (9.96) | 65.94 (9.38) | 74.7 (1.6) |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 77.75 (16.05) | 64.16 (13.59) | 58.53 (9.29) | 66.8 (1.6) |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 74.63 (14.52) | 63.97 (10.25) | 54.00 (9.32) | 64.2 (1.6) |
图2被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的记忆刷新正确率
图2被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的记忆刷新正确率表5被试在视觉刷新任务中的平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 记忆负荷水平 | 均值 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1back | 2back | 3back | ||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 91.62 (6.01) | 85.19 (8.94) | 73.53 (8.29) | 83.4 (1.9) |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 86.47 (14.89) | 77.59 (12.14) | 65.91 (12.50) | 76.7 (1.9) |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 85.56 (12.90) | 75.81 (14.64) | 65.63 (13.27) | 75.7 (1.9) |
表5被试在视觉刷新任务中的平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 记忆负荷水平 | 均值 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1back | 2back | 3back | ||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 91.62 (6.01) | 85.19 (8.94) | 73.53 (8.29) | 83.4 (1.9) |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 86.47 (14.89) | 77.59 (12.14) | 65.91 (12.50) | 76.7 (1.9) |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 85.56 (12.90) | 75.81 (14.64) | 65.63 (13.27) | 75.7 (1.9) |
表6听觉转换任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | 转换效应 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非转换条件 | 转换条件 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1066 (243) | 1203 (337) | 137 (144) |
| 正确率 | 76.06 (8.66) | 73.13 (7.98) | 2.94 (3.65) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1089 (219) | 1277 (336) | 188 (157) |
| 正确率 | 75.37 (11.83) | 72.06 (12.27) | 3.31 (5.87) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1093 (200) | 1346 (328) | 252 (143) |
| 正确率 | 69.53 (14.94) | 68.38 (14.00) | 1.16 (4.99) | |
表6听觉转换任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | 转换效应 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 非转换条件 | 转换条件 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1066 (243) | 1203 (337) | 137 (144) |
| 正确率 | 76.06 (8.66) | 73.13 (7.98) | 2.94 (3.65) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1089 (219) | 1277 (336) | 188 (157) |
| 正确率 | 75.37 (11.83) | 72.06 (12.27) | 3.31 (5.87) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 1093 (200) | 1346 (328) | 252 (143) |
| 正确率 | 69.53 (14.94) | 68.38 (14.00) | 1.16 (4.99) | |
图3被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的转换代价
图3被试在听觉任务和视觉任务下的转换代价表7视觉转换任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | 转换效应 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 957 (151) | 1322 (178) | 365 (155) |
| 正确率 | 94.44 (8.04) | 92.47 (8.12) | 1.98 (4.31) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 962 (249) | 1329 (299) | 367 (185) |
| 正确率 | 91.38 (8.90) | 89.34 (9.61) | 2.03 (4.58) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 988 (248) | 1451 (270) | 463 (192) |
| 正确率 | 90.06 (13.41) | 85.50 (13.14) | 4.56 (2.85) | |
表7视觉转换任务的平均反应时(ms)和平均正确率(%)
| 被试类型 | 反应 | 实验条件 | 转换效应 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 重复条件 | 转换条件 | |||
| 侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 957 (151) | 1322 (178) | 365 (155) |
| 正确率 | 94.44 (8.04) | 92.47 (8.12) | 1.98 (4.31) | |
| 侗族非侗歌组 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 962 (249) | 1329 (299) | 367 (185) |
| 正确率 | 91.38 (8.90) | 89.34 (9.61) | 2.03 (4.58) | |
| 汉族 (n = 32) | 反应时 | 988 (248) | 1451 (270) | 463 (192) |
| 正确率 | 90.06 (13.41) | 85.50 (13.14) | 4.56 (2.85) | |
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