) 中国科学院心理研究所人格与社会心理研究中心, 北京 100101
中国科学院大学心理学系, 北京 100049
收稿日期:2020-09-02出版日期:2021-06-15发布日期:2021-04-25通讯作者:蔡华俭E-mail:caihj@psych.ac.cn基金资助:国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国社会变迁过程中的文化与心理变化”(17ZDA324)Psychological and behavioral effects of personal names in real world: Evidence and theories
BAO Han-Wu-Shuang, CAI Hua-Jian() Center for Personality and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received:2020-09-02Online:2021-06-15Published:2021-04-25Contact:CAI Hua-Jian E-mail:caihj@psych.ac.cn摘要/Abstract
摘要： 姓名不仅会影响他人的印象与评价, 还可能会影响个体实际的心理与行为。近几十年来, 心理学家在决策、成就、健康、人格四个领域开展了大量实证研究来考察姓氏或名字对个体的实际影响。姓名的多个维度(如独特性、性别倾向、含义效价、温暖-能力维度等)在不同程度上可以预测这些领域的心理与行为(包括职业决策/生活决策/经济决策、职业成就/学业成就、生理健康/心理健康/犯罪行为、人格特质/心理需要/面孔特征等)。但是, 现有研究证据比较混杂, 理论解释有待完善。未来研究应全面考虑姓名维度, 重点解决可重复性、因果关系、心理机制、跨文化普遍性等问题, 努力构建更系统、更包容的理论来解释姓名的心理与行为效应。
图/表 5
图1姓名心理学实证研究发展趋势(4种研究取向) 注：包括国内外的期刊论文、硕/博学位论文、预印本(preprint)论文等。
图1姓名心理学实证研究发展趋势(4种研究取向) 注：包括国内外的期刊论文、硕/博学位论文、预印本(preprint)论文等。表1姓名心理学实证研究取向的划分及其特征
| 研究取向 | 分析层面 | 效应主体 | 是否关注姓名的 内容或维度 | 姓名的主要作用 或角色 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实际影响取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 自我(姓名持有者) | 是 | 自我概念成分 |
| 社会认知取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 他人(知觉者) | 是 | 社会知觉对象 |
| 自我信息加工取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 自我(姓名持有者) | 否 | 区分自己与他人 |
| 文化产品取向 | 宏观/群体水平 | 地区/国家 | 是 | 文化心理指标 |
表1姓名心理学实证研究取向的划分及其特征
| 研究取向 | 分析层面 | 效应主体 | 是否关注姓名的 内容或维度 | 姓名的主要作用 或角色 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 实际影响取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 自我(姓名持有者) | 是 | 自我概念成分 |
| 社会认知取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 他人(知觉者) | 是 | 社会知觉对象 |
| 自我信息加工取向 | 微观/个体水平 | 自我(姓名持有者) | 否 | 区分自己与他人 |
| 文化产品取向 | 宏观/群体水平 | 地区/国家 | 是 | 文化心理指标 |
表2姓氏和名字的主要维度
| 维度 | 建议的测量方法(Bao, |
|---|---|
| 姓氏(surname/last name) | |
| 独特性(surname uniqueness, SNU)1 | [客观指标] 某个姓氏使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)2 · SNU = -log10(P姓 + 10-6), 取值范围1~6 |
| 首字母顺序(surname initial, SNI) | [客观指标] 姓氏首字母在26个英文字母中的排序, 取值范围1~26 |
| 名字(given name/first name) | |
| 独特性(name uniqueness, NU)1 | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)2 · NU = -log10(P名 + 10-6), 取值范围1~6 |
| 现代性(name modernity, NM) | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数在时间轴上的集中趋势(加权平均值)3 · NM = Σ[ k年代编码1 · N年代1 + ... + k年代编码n · N年代n] / N总, 取值范围由k年代编码确定, 一般可为0~1 |
| 性别倾向(name gender, NG)4 | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数的性别比例(相对比例) · NG = (N男 - N女) / (N男 + N女), 取值范围-1~1; 其中, -1表示女性化, 0表示中性化, 1表示男性化 |
| 含义效价(name valence, NV)5 | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的积极程度的评价 · 评价单个汉字的含义(1 = 非常消极, 5 = 非常积极) |
| 温暖维度(name warmth, NW) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的温暖属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“温暖”相关特征(热情、友好、正直、诚实、和善、公平、真诚、可靠、有道德)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有) |
| 能力维度(name competence, NC) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的能力属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“能力”相关特征(能干、聪明、细心、高效、创新、灵巧、博学、坚韧、有智慧)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有) |
| 认知流畅性(name fluency, NF) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字的认知加工流畅性的评价 · 评价一个名字(组合)容易识认或发音的程度(1 = 非常难以识认, 5 = 非常容易识认) |
表2姓氏和名字的主要维度
| 维度 | 建议的测量方法(Bao, |
|---|---|
| 姓氏(surname/last name) | |
| 独特性(surname uniqueness, SNU)1 | [客观指标] 某个姓氏使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)2 · SNU = -log10(P姓 + 10-6), 取值范围1~6 |
| 首字母顺序(surname initial, SNI) | [客观指标] 姓氏首字母在26个英文字母中的排序, 取值范围1~26 |
| 名字(given name/first name) | |
| 独特性(name uniqueness, NU)1 | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数占某个地区/年代总人口的比例(对数)2 · NU = -log10(P名 + 10-6), 取值范围1~6 |
| 现代性(name modernity, NM) | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数在时间轴上的集中趋势(加权平均值)3 · NM = Σ[ k年代编码1 · N年代1 + ... + k年代编码n · N年代n] / N总, 取值范围由k年代编码确定, 一般可为0~1 |
| 性别倾向(name gender, NG)4 | [客观指标] 某个名字使用人数的性别比例(相对比例) · NG = (N男 - N女) / (N男 + N女), 取值范围-1~1; 其中, -1表示女性化, 0表示中性化, 1表示男性化 |
| 含义效价(name valence, NV)5 | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的积极程度的评价 · 评价单个汉字的含义(1 = 非常消极, 5 = 非常积极) |
| 温暖维度(name warmth, NW) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的温暖属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“温暖”相关特征(热情、友好、正直、诚实、和善、公平、真诚、可靠、有道德)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有) |
| 能力维度(name competence, NC) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字含义的能力属性的评价 · 评价名字含有某个字的人具有“能力”相关特征(能干、聪明、细心、高效、创新、灵巧、博学、坚韧、有智慧)的可能性(1 = 非常不可能具有, 5 = 非常可能具有) |
| 认知流畅性(name fluency, NF) | [主观指标] 评分者对名字的认知加工流畅性的评价 · 评价一个名字(组合)容易识认或发音的程度(1 = 非常难以识认, 5 = 非常容易识认) |
图2实际影响取向的姓名心理学研究发展趋势(文献总量与各年代文献增量)
图2实际影响取向的姓名心理学研究发展趋势(文献总量与各年代文献增量)表3姓名的心理与行为效应(实际影响取向)：分领域、分维度的证据汇总
| 姓名维度(预测变量) | 领域(结果变量) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 决策 | 成就 | 健康 | 人格/个体差异 | |
| 姓氏维度： | ||||
| 姓氏独特性 | ?职业决策 | ?职业成就 | ?生理健康 | — |
| 姓氏首字母顺序 | ? 职业决策 | ?职业成就 ? 学业成就 | — | — |
| 名字维度： | ||||
| 名字独特性 | √ 职业决策 | √ 职业成就 ? 学业成就 | ? 生理健康 √ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为 | ?人格特质 √ 心理需要 |
| 名字现代性 | — | ? 职业成就 | — | — |
| 名字性别倾向 | ?职业决策 | √ 职业成就 | √ 问题行为 | ? 人格特质 |
| 名字效价积极性 | ?职业决策 | ? 学业成就 | √ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为 | ?人格特质 |
| 名字温暖-能力维度 | — | — | √ 犯罪行为 | — |
| 名字认知流畅性 | — | ?职业成就 | — | — |
| 其他特征： | ||||
| 首字母拼写相似性 | ?职业决策 ?生活决策 √ 经济决策 | ? 职业成就 | ? 生理健康 | — |
| 首字母组合积极性 | — | — | ? 生理健康 | — |
| 语音学特征 | — | ? 职业成就 | — | ? 人格特质 |
| 整体(混合)特征 | — | — | — | ?面孔特征 |
表3姓名的心理与行为效应(实际影响取向)：分领域、分维度的证据汇总
| 姓名维度(预测变量) | 领域(结果变量) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 决策 | 成就 | 健康 | 人格/个体差异 | |
| 姓氏维度： | ||||
| 姓氏独特性 | ?职业决策 | ?职业成就 | ?生理健康 | — |
| 姓氏首字母顺序 | ? 职业决策 | ?职业成就 ? 学业成就 | — | — |
| 名字维度： | ||||
| 名字独特性 | √ 职业决策 | √ 职业成就 ? 学业成就 | ? 生理健康 √ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为 | ?人格特质 √ 心理需要 |
| 名字现代性 | — | ? 职业成就 | — | — |
| 名字性别倾向 | ?职业决策 | √ 职业成就 | √ 问题行为 | ? 人格特质 |
| 名字效价积极性 | ?职业决策 | ? 学业成就 | √ 心理健康 √ 犯罪行为 | ?人格特质 |
| 名字温暖-能力维度 | — | — | √ 犯罪行为 | — |
| 名字认知流畅性 | — | ?职业成就 | — | — |
| 其他特征： | ||||
| 首字母拼写相似性 | ?职业决策 ?生活决策 √ 经济决策 | ? 职业成就 | ? 生理健康 | — |
| 首字母组合积极性 | — | — | ? 生理健康 | — |
| 语音学特征 | — | ? 职业成就 | — | ? 人格特质 |
| 整体(混合)特征 | — | — | — | ?面孔特征 |
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