) 南京师范大学金陵女子学院, 南京 210097
收稿日期:2020-07-23出版日期:2021-02-15发布日期:2020-12-29通讯作者:张戌凡E-mail:xufanzhang@163.com基金资助:国家自然科学青年基金项目“工会实践对员工工作幸福感的影响: 基于工具-情感的双路径研究”(71702077)Relationship between resilience and well-being in elders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
YE Jing, ZHANG Xufan() Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
Received:2020-07-23Online:2021-02-15Published:2020-12-29Contact:ZHANG Xufan E-mail:xufanzhang@163.com摘要/Abstract
摘要： 采用元分析方法探讨老年人心理韧性和幸福感之间的关系, 通过文献检索和筛选, 共有42篇中英文文献, 75个独立样本纳入元分析(N = 12856)。结果显示, 老年人心理韧性和幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感呈显著正相关关系, 与消极情感之间呈显著负相关关系; 两者之间的关系受心理韧性的测量工具、文化背景、文献质量、文献年份、样本量和样本人群年龄的影响。研究结果为心理韧性如何影响老年人幸福感提供了较为精确的估计, 对于提高老年人幸福感进而实现成功老化具有重要意义。
图/表 9
表1幸福感的测量取向和代表性量表
| 测量取向 | 作者 | 量表 | 维度 | 测量内容 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生活质量 取向 | (1961) | 生活满意度指数 (Life Satisfaction Index) | 生活热情, 毅力, 所达到目标与期望目标的一致程度, 身体、心理、社会方面良好的自我概念, 愉快乐观的心理品质 | 比较现在与过去的生活情况, 自己和其他人的生活情况 |
| 自我标定量表 (Self-anchoring Striving Scales) | 用11个台阶的阶梯来衡量个体生活经历, 10代表最好, 0代表最差 | 要求人们按照自己的评价标准, 对现在、过去、以及预期未来的生活满意程度做出等级评价 | ||
(1985) | 生活满意度量表 (The Satisfaction With Life Scale) | 生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感 | 评估个体对生活满意度的整体判断 | |
| 心理健康 取向 | (1973) | 症状自评量表 (Symptom Checklist 90) | 躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执及精神病性 | 从感觉、情感、思维、意识、行为、生活习惯、人际关系、饮食睡眠等评定一个人是否有某种心理症状及其严重程度如何 |
(1969) | 情感平衡量表 (Affect Balance Scale) | 积极情感、消极情感 | 评估个人近期的积极情感和消极情感, 并对其情感状态做出判断 | |
(1975) | 费城老年医学中心信心量表 (The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale) | 激越、不满足、对自己年龄的态度 | 从多维度出发评估老年人对当前生活的信心 | |
(1988) | 积极与消极情感量表 (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) | 消极情绪、积极情绪 | 评估一天中经历的一系列情绪状况 | |
Stones (1980) | 纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表 (Memorial University of Newfoudland Scale of Happiness) | 正性情感、负性情感、正性体验、负性体验 | 结合短期情感反映和长期情感体验把握被试者的幸福感 |
表1幸福感的测量取向和代表性量表
| 测量取向 | 作者 | 量表 | 维度 | 测量内容 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 生活质量 取向 | (1961) | 生活满意度指数 (Life Satisfaction Index) | 生活热情, 毅力, 所达到目标与期望目标的一致程度, 身体、心理、社会方面良好的自我概念, 愉快乐观的心理品质 | 比较现在与过去的生活情况, 自己和其他人的生活情况 |
| 自我标定量表 (Self-anchoring Striving Scales) | 用11个台阶的阶梯来衡量个体生活经历, 10代表最好, 0代表最差 | 要求人们按照自己的评价标准, 对现在、过去、以及预期未来的生活满意程度做出等级评价 | ||
(1985) | 生活满意度量表 (The Satisfaction With Life Scale) | 生活满意度、积极情感、消极情感 | 评估个体对生活满意度的整体判断 | |
| 心理健康 取向 | (1973) | 症状自评量表 (Symptom Checklist 90) | 躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执及精神病性 | 从感觉、情感、思维、意识、行为、生活习惯、人际关系、饮食睡眠等评定一个人是否有某种心理症状及其严重程度如何 |
(1969) | 情感平衡量表 (Affect Balance Scale) | 积极情感、消极情感 | 评估个人近期的积极情感和消极情感, 并对其情感状态做出判断 | |
(1975) | 费城老年医学中心信心量表 (The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale) | 激越、不满足、对自己年龄的态度 | 从多维度出发评估老年人对当前生活的信心 | |
(1988) | 积极与消极情感量表 (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) | 消极情绪、积极情绪 | 评估一天中经历的一系列情绪状况 | |
Stones (1980) | 纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表 (Memorial University of Newfoudland Scale of Happiness) | 正性情感、负性情感、正性体验、负性体验 | 结合短期情感反映和长期情感体验把握被试者的幸福感 |
表2心理韧性的测量视角和代表性量表
| 测量取向 | 作者 | 量表 | 维度 | 测量内容 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 个人特质 视角 | The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (康纳-戴维森量表) | 个体能力、忍受消极情感、接受变化、控制感和精神信仰 | 衡量个体应对压力的能力 | |
| The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (简短版康纳-戴维森量表) | 单维度 | 衡量个体应对压力的能力 | ||
| The Brief Resilience Scale (简洁韧性量表) | 单维度 | 测量个体如何从压力中恢复 | ||
| The Dispositional Resilience Scale 1、2、3 (韧性素质量表) | 个人的承诺、控制和挑战能力 | 测量个体的耐受力 | ||
| The Ego-Resiliency Scale (自我韧性量表) | 自信乐观、自主性、洞察力、热情、表达能力 | 评估心理韧性的组成成分 | ||
(2001) | The Resiliency Attitudes and Skills Profile (韧性态度和技能结构量表) | 洞察力、独立性、创造力、幽默、主动性、关系、价值观取向 | 衡量青年在娱乐和提供干预的其他社会服务方面的复原力态度 | |
Young (1993) | The Resilience Scale (心理韧性量表) | 镇静、坚持、自信、自在感、有意义的生活体验 | 识别个体的适应力程度, 即个人对自我和生活的接受能力 | |
| Psychological Resilience (心理韧性量表) | 自尊、个人能力和人际控制 | 评估心理韧性在个体应对风险和逆境时起到的保护作用 | ||
| Ego Resiliency 1 (自我韧性量表1) | 自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力 | 评估自我韧性的组成部分 | ||
| Ego Resiliency 2 (自我韧性量表2) | 自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力 | 评估自我韧性的组成部分 | ||
| 过程视角 | The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (儿童与青少年心理韧性量表) | 个体、社区、关系、文化 | 制定与文化背景相关的青少年韧性衡量标准 | |
| Resilience Scale for Adolescent (青少年心理韧性量表) | 个人能力、社会能力、结构风格、家庭凝聚力、社会资源 | 评估具有较高心理韧性的个体所展现的特征 | ||
| California healthy Kids Survey--The Resilience Scale of the Student (加州健康儿童调查量表) | 沟通与合作、自尊、移情、解决问题、目标和愿望、家庭联系、学校联系、社区联系、自治经验、亲社会同龄人、有意义地参与社区活动、同伴支持 | 评估学生对其个人特征及来自家庭、同伴、学校和社区的保护资源的看法 | ||
| Adolescent Resilience Scale (青少年心理韧性量表) | 求新、情绪调节、积极的未来取向 | 测量韧性日本青年的心理特征 | ||
| Youth Resiliency: Assessing Developmental Strengths (青少年心理韧 性:发展优势评估问卷) | 父母支持、同伴关系、社区凝聚力、学习信仰、学校文化、文化敏感度、自我控制、激励自主、自我概念、社会敏感度 | 检查保护因素, 内在和外在发展优势 | ||
| The Resilience Scale for Adults (成人心理弹性量表) | 个人能力、社会能力、家庭凝聚力、社会支持、个人结构 | 确定具有较高韧性的个体所表现出的关键特征,并检查有助于个体适应心理社会逆境的个人和人际保护因素 |
表2心理韧性的测量视角和代表性量表
| 测量取向 | 作者 | 量表 | 维度 | 测量内容 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 个人特质 视角 | The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (康纳-戴维森量表) | 个体能力、忍受消极情感、接受变化、控制感和精神信仰 | 衡量个体应对压力的能力 | |
| The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (简短版康纳-戴维森量表) | 单维度 | 衡量个体应对压力的能力 | ||
| The Brief Resilience Scale (简洁韧性量表) | 单维度 | 测量个体如何从压力中恢复 | ||
| The Dispositional Resilience Scale 1、2、3 (韧性素质量表) | 个人的承诺、控制和挑战能力 | 测量个体的耐受力 | ||
| The Ego-Resiliency Scale (自我韧性量表) | 自信乐观、自主性、洞察力、热情、表达能力 | 评估心理韧性的组成成分 | ||
(2001) | The Resiliency Attitudes and Skills Profile (韧性态度和技能结构量表) | 洞察力、独立性、创造力、幽默、主动性、关系、价值观取向 | 衡量青年在娱乐和提供干预的其他社会服务方面的复原力态度 | |
Young (1993) | The Resilience Scale (心理韧性量表) | 镇静、坚持、自信、自在感、有意义的生活体验 | 识别个体的适应力程度, 即个人对自我和生活的接受能力 | |
| Psychological Resilience (心理韧性量表) | 自尊、个人能力和人际控制 | 评估心理韧性在个体应对风险和逆境时起到的保护作用 | ||
| Ego Resiliency 1 (自我韧性量表1) | 自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力 | 评估自我韧性的组成部分 | ||
| Ego Resiliency 2 (自我韧性量表2) | 自信乐观、生产性和自主活动、人际温暖和洞察力、熟练的表现力 | 评估自我韧性的组成部分 | ||
| 过程视角 | The Child and Youth Resilience Measure (儿童与青少年心理韧性量表) | 个体、社区、关系、文化 | 制定与文化背景相关的青少年韧性衡量标准 | |
| Resilience Scale for Adolescent (青少年心理韧性量表) | 个人能力、社会能力、结构风格、家庭凝聚力、社会资源 | 评估具有较高心理韧性的个体所展现的特征 | ||
| California healthy Kids Survey--The Resilience Scale of the Student (加州健康儿童调查量表) | 沟通与合作、自尊、移情、解决问题、目标和愿望、家庭联系、学校联系、社区联系、自治经验、亲社会同龄人、有意义地参与社区活动、同伴支持 | 评估学生对其个人特征及来自家庭、同伴、学校和社区的保护资源的看法 | ||
| Adolescent Resilience Scale (青少年心理韧性量表) | 求新、情绪调节、积极的未来取向 | 测量韧性日本青年的心理特征 | ||
| Youth Resiliency: Assessing Developmental Strengths (青少年心理韧 性:发展优势评估问卷) | 父母支持、同伴关系、社区凝聚力、学习信仰、学校文化、文化敏感度、自我控制、激励自主、自我概念、社会敏感度 | 检查保护因素, 内在和外在发展优势 | ||
| The Resilience Scale for Adults (成人心理弹性量表) | 个人能力、社会能力、家庭凝聚力、社会支持、个人结构 | 确定具有较高韧性的个体所表现出的关键特征,并检查有助于个体适应心理社会逆境的个人和人际保护因素 |
表3元分析文献汇总
| 第一作者 (发表时间) | 样本量 | 心理韧性 测量工具 | 文化 背景 | 结果变量 | 相关系数 | 文献 质量 | 样本人群 年龄 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 622 | CD-RISC | E | SWB | 0.389 | 11 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | NE & SWB | -0.260 & 0.350 | 12 | 73 | |
| 203 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE & SWB | -0.415 & -0.551 & 0.540 | 10 | 69.92 | |
| 328 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.354 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 80 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.855 & -0.868 | 9 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | LS & NE | 0.42 & -0.26 | 9 | 73.45 | |
| 281 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.606 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 297 | ERS | E | NE | -0.46 | 7 | 未报告 | |
| 297 | ERS | E | NE | -0.34 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 70 | CD-RISC | E | LS & NE | 0.34 & -0.21 | 10 | 65.06 | |
| 518 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.47 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.425 | 12 | 69.13 | |
| 224 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.373 | 10 | 69 | |
| 275 | PPQ | E | SWB | 0.261 | 10 | 77.25 | |
| 942 | PPQ | E | PE | 0.495 | 10 | 76.11 | |
| 207 | PPQ | E | SWB | 0.38 | 10 | 70.5 | |
| 258 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 69 | |
| 205 | RS | E | NE | -0.346 | 7 | 未报告 | |
| 390 | RS | E | PE | 0.58 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 178 | SRQS | E | PE | 0.532 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 485 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.393 | 9 | 未报告 | |
| 511 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.466 | 12 | 73.56 | |
| 161 | CD-RISC | E | SWB | 0.52 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 323 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE | -0.496 & -0.496 | 12 | 78.62 | |
| 228 | RS | E | PE | 0.56 | 10 | 67.80 | |
| 302 | Other | E | PE | 0.55 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 162 | RAS | E | NE | -0.46 | 11 | 72.19 | |
| 205 | CD-RISC | E | NE & SWB & NE | -0.34 & 0.36 & -0.36 | 12 | 65.52 | |
| 439 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE | -0.229 & -0.309 | 12 | 69.08 | |
| 258 | CD-RISC | E | LS & LS & LS | 0.61 & 0.68 & 0.41 | 12 | 68.15 | |
| 262 | RS | E | PE | 0.614 | 12 | 77.22 | |
| 282 | CD-RISC | E | PE | 0.38 | 9 | 67.3 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.16 & -0.29 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.25 & -0.37 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | -0.29 & 0.39 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.32 & -0.38 | 12 | 80 | |
| 111 | RS | W | SWB | 0.34 | 11 | 68.63 | |
| 535 | PR | W | LS | 0.48 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 673 | PR | W | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 第一作者 (发表时间) | 样本量 | 心理韧性 测量工具 | 文化 背景 | 结果变量 | 相关系数 | 文献 质量 | 样本人群 年龄 |
| 474 | PR | W | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 165 | PR | W | LS | 0.46 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 27 | ERS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.11 | 11 | 72.09 | |
| 27 | DRS | W | PE & NE | 0.37 & -0.09 | 12 | 75.5 | |
| 27 | DRS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.34 | 12 | 71.94 | |
| 95 | ERS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.27 | 11 | 76.3 | |
| 299 | RS | W | NE & NE | -0.339 & -0.493 | 11 | 66.30 | |
| 55 | DRS | W | LS | 0.43 | 11 | 71.45 | |
| 810 | RS | W | LS & SWB & NE | 0.3 & 0.28 & -0.37 | 12 | 71.10 | |
| 106 | CD-RISC | W | NE | -0.57 | 12 | 72 | |
| 200 | BRS | W | PE & LS & PE | 0.368 & 0.355 & 0.438 | 11 | 73.720 |
表3元分析文献汇总
| 第一作者 (发表时间) | 样本量 | 心理韧性 测量工具 | 文化 背景 | 结果变量 | 相关系数 | 文献 质量 | 样本人群 年龄 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 622 | CD-RISC | E | SWB | 0.389 | 11 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | NE & SWB | -0.260 & 0.350 | 12 | 73 | |
| 203 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE & SWB | -0.415 & -0.551 & 0.540 | 10 | 69.92 | |
| 328 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.354 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 80 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.855 & -0.868 | 9 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | LS & NE | 0.42 & -0.26 | 9 | 73.45 | |
| 281 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.606 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 297 | ERS | E | NE | -0.46 | 7 | 未报告 | |
| 297 | ERS | E | NE | -0.34 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 70 | CD-RISC | E | LS & NE | 0.34 & -0.21 | 10 | 65.06 | |
| 518 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.47 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 240 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.425 | 12 | 69.13 | |
| 224 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.373 | 10 | 69 | |
| 275 | PPQ | E | SWB | 0.261 | 10 | 77.25 | |
| 942 | PPQ | E | PE | 0.495 | 10 | 76.11 | |
| 207 | PPQ | E | SWB | 0.38 | 10 | 70.5 | |
| 258 | CD-RISC | E | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 69 | |
| 205 | RS | E | NE | -0.346 | 7 | 未报告 | |
| 390 | RS | E | PE | 0.58 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 178 | SRQS | E | PE | 0.532 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 485 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.393 | 9 | 未报告 | |
| 511 | CD-RISC | E | NE | -0.466 | 12 | 73.56 | |
| 161 | CD-RISC | E | SWB | 0.52 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 323 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE | -0.496 & -0.496 | 12 | 78.62 | |
| 228 | RS | E | PE | 0.56 | 10 | 67.80 | |
| 302 | Other | E | PE | 0.55 | 10 | 未报告 | |
| 162 | RAS | E | NE | -0.46 | 11 | 72.19 | |
| 205 | CD-RISC | E | NE & SWB & NE | -0.34 & 0.36 & -0.36 | 12 | 65.52 | |
| 439 | CD-RISC | E | NE & NE | -0.229 & -0.309 | 12 | 69.08 | |
| 258 | CD-RISC | E | LS & LS & LS | 0.61 & 0.68 & 0.41 | 12 | 68.15 | |
| 262 | RS | E | PE | 0.614 | 12 | 77.22 | |
| 282 | CD-RISC | E | PE | 0.38 | 9 | 67.3 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.16 & -0.29 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.25 & -0.37 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | -0.29 & 0.39 | 12 | 80 | |
| 74 | Other | W | LS & NE | 0.32 & -0.38 | 12 | 80 | |
| 111 | RS | W | SWB | 0.34 | 11 | 68.63 | |
| 535 | PR | W | LS | 0.48 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 673 | PR | W | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 第一作者 (发表时间) | 样本量 | 心理韧性 测量工具 | 文化 背景 | 结果变量 | 相关系数 | 文献 质量 | 样本人群 年龄 |
| 474 | PR | W | LS | 0.49 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 165 | PR | W | LS | 0.46 | 12 | 未报告 | |
| 27 | ERS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.11 | 11 | 72.09 | |
| 27 | DRS | W | PE & NE | 0.37 & -0.09 | 12 | 75.5 | |
| 27 | DRS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.34 | 12 | 71.94 | |
| 95 | ERS | W | PE & NE | 0.41 & -0.27 | 11 | 76.3 | |
| 299 | RS | W | NE & NE | -0.339 & -0.493 | 11 | 66.30 | |
| 55 | DRS | W | LS | 0.43 | 11 | 71.45 | |
| 810 | RS | W | LS & SWB & NE | 0.3 & 0.28 & -0.37 | 12 | 71.10 | |
| 106 | CD-RISC | W | NE | -0.57 | 12 | 72 | |
| 200 | BRS | W | PE & LS & PE | 0.368 & 0.355 & 0.438 | 11 | 73.720 |
表4出版偏误检验结果
| 结果 变量 | k | Classic Fail-safe N | Begg | Egger’s regression | Trill and fill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 1069 | 0.245 | 0.169 | [0.343, 0.469] |
| 生活 满意度 | 19 | 4605 | 0.132 | 0.343 | [0.344, 0.482] |
| 积极 情感 | 12 | 2268 | 0.583 | 0.439 | [0.483, 0.577] |
| 消极 情感 | 34 | 843 | 0.504 | 0.952 | [-0.530, -0.423] |
表4出版偏误检验结果
| 结果 变量 | k | Classic Fail-safe N | Begg | Egger’s regression | Trill and fill |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 1069 | 0.245 | 0.169 | [0.343, 0.469] |
| 生活 满意度 | 19 | 4605 | 0.132 | 0.343 | [0.344, 0.482] |
| 积极 情感 | 12 | 2268 | 0.583 | 0.439 | [0.483, 0.577] |
| 消极 情感 | 34 | 843 | 0.504 | 0.952 | [-0.530, -0.423] |
表5异质性检验结果
| 结果变量 | k | Q | df | p | I2 | Tau-squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 27.227 | 9 | 0.000 | 66.944 | 0.007 |
| 生活满意度 | 19 | 150.535 | 19 | 0.000 | 88.043 | 0.028 |
| 积极情感 | 12 | 25.012 | 11 | 0.000 | 56.021 | 0.006 |
| 消极情感 | 34 | 255.410 | 33 | 0.000 | 87.080 | 0.030 |
表5异质性检验结果
| 结果变量 | k | Q | df | p | I2 | Tau-squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 27.227 | 9 | 0.000 | 66.944 | 0.007 |
| 生活满意度 | 19 | 150.535 | 19 | 0.000 | 88.043 | 0.028 |
| 积极情感 | 12 | 25.012 | 11 | 0.000 | 56.021 | 0.006 |
| 消极情感 | 34 | 255.410 | 33 | 0.000 | 87.080 | 0.030 |
表6主效应检验结果
| 结果变量 | k | r | z | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 0.377 | 11.741 | [0.318, 0.432] | 0.000 |
| 生活满意度 | 19 | 0.416 | 10.356 | [0.344, 0.482] | 0.000 |
| 积极情感 | 12 | 0.507 | 17.757 | [0.460, 0.551] | 0.000 |
| 消极情感 | 34 | -0.401 | -12.909 | [-0.454, -0.345] | 0.000 |
表6主效应检验结果
| 结果变量 | k | r | z | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 10 | 0.377 | 11.741 | [0.318, 0.432] | 0.000 |
| 生活满意度 | 19 | 0.416 | 10.356 | [0.344, 0.482] | 0.000 |
| 积极情感 | 12 | 0.507 | 17.757 | [0.460, 0.551] | 0.000 |
| 消极情感 | 34 | -0.401 | -12.909 | [-0.454, -0.345] | 0.000 |
表7测量工具的调节效应检验结果
| 调节变量 | 结果变量 | 类别 | k | r | 95% CI | I2 | Qw | Qb | df | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最低值 | 最高值 | |||||||||
| 心理韧性 测量工具 | 幸福感 | RS | 2 | 0.287 | 0.227 | 0.354 | 0 | 0.420 | 13.254** | 2 |
| CD-RISC | 5 | 0.429 | 0.352 | 0.501 | 63.501 | 10.959 | ||||
| Other① | 3 | 0.331 | 0.331 | 0.572 | 22.884 | 2.593 | ||||
| 生活满意度 | PR | 4 | 0.485 | 0.449 | 0.519 | 0 | 0.239 | 14.765** | 2 | |
| CD-RISC | 8 | 0.504 | 0.406 | 0.590 | 86.383 | 51.407*** | ||||
| Other② | 7 | 0.230 | 0.087 | 0.363 | 79.831 | 29.011*** | ||||
| 消极情感 | CD-RISC | 18 | -0.459 | -0.532 | -0.380 | 90.545 | 179.799*** | 12.960** | 4 | |
| RS | 5 | -0.408 | -0.468 | -0.344 | 63.620 | 10.995* | ||||
| ERS | 4 | -0.352 | -0.457 | -0.236 | 6.797 | 55.860 | ||||
| Other③ | 7 | -0.229 | -0.468 | -0.344 | 86.627 | 44.867*** | ||||
表7测量工具的调节效应检验结果
| 调节变量 | 结果变量 | 类别 | k | r | 95% CI | I2 | Qw | Qb | df | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最低值 | 最高值 | |||||||||
| 心理韧性 测量工具 | 幸福感 | RS | 2 | 0.287 | 0.227 | 0.354 | 0 | 0.420 | 13.254** | 2 |
| CD-RISC | 5 | 0.429 | 0.352 | 0.501 | 63.501 | 10.959 | ||||
| Other① | 3 | 0.331 | 0.331 | 0.572 | 22.884 | 2.593 | ||||
| 生活满意度 | PR | 4 | 0.485 | 0.449 | 0.519 | 0 | 0.239 | 14.765** | 2 | |
| CD-RISC | 8 | 0.504 | 0.406 | 0.590 | 86.383 | 51.407*** | ||||
| Other② | 7 | 0.230 | 0.087 | 0.363 | 79.831 | 29.011*** | ||||
| 消极情感 | CD-RISC | 18 | -0.459 | -0.532 | -0.380 | 90.545 | 179.799*** | 12.960** | 4 | |
| RS | 5 | -0.408 | -0.468 | -0.344 | 63.620 | 10.995* | ||||
| ERS | 4 | -0.352 | -0.457 | -0.236 | 6.797 | 55.860 | ||||
| Other③ | 7 | -0.229 | -0.468 | -0.344 | 86.627 | 44.867*** | ||||
表8文化背景的调节效应检验结果
| 调节变量 | 结果变量 | 类别 | k | r | 95% CI | I2 | Qw | Qb | df | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最低值 | 最高值 | |||||||||
| 文化背景 | 幸福感 | 东方 | 7 | 0.399 | 0.329 | 0.465 | 66.929 | 18.143** | 7.334** | 1 |
| 西方 | 3 | 0.302 | 0.248 | 0.354 | 0 | 1.750 | ||||
| 生活满意度 | 东方 | 8 | 0.504 | 0.406 | 0.590 | 86.383 | 51.407*** | 22.937*** | 1 | |
| 西方 | 11 | 0.343 | 0.245 | 0.433 | 86.875 | 76.191** | ||||
| 积极情感 | 东方 | 7 | 0.525 | 0.496 | 0.552 | 68.074 | 18.794** | 5.971* | 1 | |
| 西方 | 5 | 0.421 | 0.335 | 0.500 | 0 | 0.247 | ||||
| 消极情感 | 东方 | 22 | -0.443 | -0.502 | -0.379 | 88.513 | 182.813*** | 6.609* | 1 | |
| 西方 | 12 | -0.297 | -0.401 | -0.179 | 83.332 | 65.996*** | ||||
表8文化背景的调节效应检验结果
| 调节变量 | 结果变量 | 类别 | k | r | 95% CI | I2 | Qw | Qb | df | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最低值 | 最高值 | |||||||||
| 文化背景 | 幸福感 | 东方 | 7 | 0.399 | 0.329 | 0.465 | 66.929 | 18.143** | 7.334** | 1 |
| 西方 | 3 | 0.302 | 0.248 | 0.354 | 0 | 1.750 | ||||
| 生活满意度 | 东方 | 8 | 0.504 | 0.406 | 0.590 | 86.383 | 51.407*** | 22.937*** | 1 | |
| 西方 | 11 | 0.343 | 0.245 | 0.433 | 86.875 | 76.191** | ||||
| 积极情感 | 东方 | 7 | 0.525 | 0.496 | 0.552 | 68.074 | 18.794** | 5.971* | 1 | |
| 西方 | 5 | 0.421 | 0.335 | 0.500 | 0 | 0.247 | ||||
| 消极情感 | 东方 | 22 | -0.443 | -0.502 | -0.379 | 88.513 | 182.813*** | 6.609* | 1 | |
| 西方 | 12 | -0.297 | -0.401 | -0.179 | 83.332 | 65.996*** | ||||
表9调节变量的元回归
| 结果变量 | 调节变量 | beta | SE | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 文献年份 | 0.005** | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| 样本量 | -0.108** | 0.037 | 0.034 | |
| 生活满意度 | 样本量 | 0.171*** | 0.035 | 0.000 |
| 样本人群年龄 | -0.103*** | 0.014 | 0.000 | |
| 积极情感 | 样本人群年龄 | 0.067* | 0.028 | 0.014 |
| 消极情感 | 文献质量 | 0.028*** | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| 样本人群年龄 | 0.043** | 0.013 | 0.001 |
表9调节变量的元回归
| 结果变量 | 调节变量 | beta | SE | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 幸福感 | 文献年份 | 0.005** | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| 样本量 | -0.108** | 0.037 | 0.034 | |
| 生活满意度 | 样本量 | 0.171*** | 0.035 | 0.000 |
| 样本人群年龄 | -0.103*** | 0.014 | 0.000 | |
| 积极情感 | 样本人群年龄 | 0.067* | 0.028 | 0.014 |
| 消极情感 | 文献质量 | 0.028*** | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| 样本人群年龄 | 0.043** | 0.013 | 0.001 |
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