自我损耗降低决策理性:心理机制与边界条件

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马钰¹, 肖晨洁², 车敬上¹, 王海侠³(

), 李爱梅¹(

)

¹暨南大学管理学院, 广州 510632
²湖南第一师范学院商学院, 长沙 410205
³暨南大学新闻与传播学院, 广州 510632

收稿日期:2020-04-06出版日期:2020-11-15发布日期:2020-09-23
通讯作者:王海侠,李爱梅E-mail:whxpsy@126.com;tliaim@jnu.edu.cn

基金资助:* 国家自然科学基金项目(71571087);* 国家自然科学基金项目(71971099);* 国家自然科学基金项目(71801109);广东省自然科学基金重大项目(2017A030308013)

Ego depletion impedes rational decision making: Mechanisms and boundary conditions

MA Yu¹, XIAO Chenjie², CHE Jingshang¹, WANG Haixia³(

), LI Aimei¹(

)

¹Management School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
²Business School of Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, China
³School of Journalism &Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;

Received:2020-04-06Online:2020-11-15Published:2020-09-23
Contact:WANG Haixia,LI Aimei E-mail:whxpsy@126.com;tliaim@jnu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 处于自我损耗状态时, 个体在意愿上偏好即时利益和目标, 并且会做出许多非理性决策行为。在梳理自我损耗对行为决策的影响基础上, 指出自我损耗降低决策理性的注意机制和执行机制:一方面, 损耗使个体注意力更容易为即时利益所捕获, 进而重视短期利益而忽视长远利益, 即降低个体关注未来的能力; 另一方面, 损耗导致个体缺少计划性和行为实施的执行力, 即降低个体坚守未来的能力。此外, 损耗对决策理性的影响存在个体和情境两个方面的重要边界。未来可结合眼动技术验证损耗降低决策理性的注意机制, 进一步探究潜在边界条件以及寻找助推理性决策的方法。

图/表 1

表1关于****对理性或非理性的描述

来源	相关描述
Russell (1955)	理性意味着选择正确的方式达到所希望达到的目标。
Simon (1976)和Simon (1986)	理性分为两类:实质理性(substantive rationality, “根据所进行的选择来判断”)和程序理性(procedural rationality, “根据所采用的过程来判断”)。实质理性关注的是对特定目标的主观选择结果, 假设所有相关的可用信息都以某种(接近)最佳的方式组合在一起, 其主要目标是最大化所做决策的效用, 而不考虑决策所需的流程的效率。而程序理性描述的是决策者的认知过程。
西蒙 (1989)	理性是逻辑指引下的思考, 非理性则是依靠情感机制做出的决策。
Manktelow和Over (1993)	理性在广义上包括思维和行为的合理性或逻辑性, 具有三种形式:(1)理性信念:具有内在一致性; (2)理性论证:遵循逻辑规则; (3)理性偏好:满足完整性(completeness)、传递性(transitivity)和情景独立性(context-free)原则。
Colman (2003)	理性决策或选择是指行为人根据他们的偏好, 相对于他们在行动时的知识和信念而采取的行动, 这就是工具理性(instrumental rationality; 或意义-目的理性, means-end rationality), 强调“描述-不变性”。
Thaler和Sunstein (2003)	非理性指人们对自己的行为没有理性的预期, 不能做出符合贝叶斯定理的预测, 使用引导他们犯系统性错误的启发式, 表现出偏好反转, 以及仅仅因为措辞不同而对同一问题做出不同选择(引自Gerd Gigerenzer et al., 2019)。
张结海和张玲(2003)	在经济学中, 所谓理性是指每个人都会在给定的约束条件下追求自身效用最大化。
Baron (2009)	理性就是帮助我们实现目标的思维, 理性决策就是能最好地服务于目标的决策。理性往往是蕴含在选择中的, 它是一个程度的问题, 说某种选择或决策比另一种选择更为理性或更不理性才是有意义的。
Evans (2008)	理性加工是控制的、系统的、分析式的、有意识的、反思性的、需要付出努力且合乎逻辑的, 而非理性加工是自动化的、启发式的、直觉的、冲动性的、快速、不费力且依赖于情景的(引自胡金生等, 2012)。
Nicolis等(2011)	选择偏好违背不相关选项之间的独立性, 则是“非理性”的。
唐辉等(2014)、Zhao等(2018)、Zheng等(2019)	提出两种决策模式:(1) “基于‘价’选择” (value-based choice):个体选择追求自身当下利益最大化; (2) “基于‘值’选择” (worth-based choice):个体选择令自己当下吃亏或损失的选项且认为“值得”。前者符合经典决策理性中个人选择遵循价值或效用最大化的原则, 属于理性选择; 后者违背了该原则, 可被归类为非理性。

表1关于****对理性或非理性的描述

来源	相关描述
Russell (1955)	理性意味着选择正确的方式达到所希望达到的目标。
Simon (1976)和Simon (1986)	理性分为两类:实质理性(substantive rationality, “根据所进行的选择来判断”)和程序理性(procedural rationality, “根据所采用的过程来判断”)。实质理性关注的是对特定目标的主观选择结果, 假设所有相关的可用信息都以某种(接近)最佳的方式组合在一起, 其主要目标是最大化所做决策的效用, 而不考虑决策所需的流程的效率。而程序理性描述的是决策者的认知过程。
西蒙 (1989)	理性是逻辑指引下的思考, 非理性则是依靠情感机制做出的决策。
Manktelow和Over (1993)	理性在广义上包括思维和行为的合理性或逻辑性, 具有三种形式:(1)理性信念:具有内在一致性; (2)理性论证:遵循逻辑规则; (3)理性偏好:满足完整性(completeness)、传递性(transitivity)和情景独立性(context-free)原则。
Colman (2003)	理性决策或选择是指行为人根据他们的偏好, 相对于他们在行动时的知识和信念而采取的行动, 这就是工具理性(instrumental rationality; 或意义-目的理性, means-end rationality), 强调“描述-不变性”。
Thaler和Sunstein (2003)	非理性指人们对自己的行为没有理性的预期, 不能做出符合贝叶斯定理的预测, 使用引导他们犯系统性错误的启发式, 表现出偏好反转, 以及仅仅因为措辞不同而对同一问题做出不同选择(引自Gerd Gigerenzer et al., 2019)。
张结海和张玲(2003)	在经济学中, 所谓理性是指每个人都会在给定的约束条件下追求自身效用最大化。
Baron (2009)	理性就是帮助我们实现目标的思维, 理性决策就是能最好地服务于目标的决策。理性往往是蕴含在选择中的, 它是一个程度的问题, 说某种选择或决策比另一种选择更为理性或更不理性才是有意义的。
Evans (2008)	理性加工是控制的、系统的、分析式的、有意识的、反思性的、需要付出努力且合乎逻辑的, 而非理性加工是自动化的、启发式的、直觉的、冲动性的、快速、不费力且依赖于情景的(引自胡金生等, 2012)。
Nicolis等(2011)	选择偏好违背不相关选项之间的独立性, 则是“非理性”的。
唐辉等(2014)、Zhao等(2018)、Zheng等(2019)	提出两种决策模式:(1) “基于‘价’选择” (value-based choice):个体选择追求自身当下利益最大化; (2) “基于‘值’选择” (worth-based choice):个体选择令自己当下吃亏或损失的选项且认为“值得”。前者符合经典决策理性中个人选择遵循价值或效用最大化的原则, 属于理性选择; 后者违背了该原则, 可被归类为非理性。

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