1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 2.Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 310056, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51772012, 52002042, 52002011), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2018YFA0702100, 2018YFB0703600), the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant No. JQ18004), the 111Project (Grant No. B17002), the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents of China (Grant No. BX20200028), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2021M690280), the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0554), the High-Performance Computing (HPC) Resources at Beihang University, China, and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No. 51925101).
Received Date:05 August 2021
Accepted Date:25 August 2021
Available Online:07 September 2021
Published Online:20 October 2021
Abstract:SnSe, a layered material with intrinsic low thermal conductivity, is reported to have excellent thermoelectric properties. SnSe2 has a similar structure to SnSe, but the SnSe2 has a low electrical transport, resulting in a poor thermoelectric performance, and the intrinsic SnSe2 has a maximum ZT value of only ~ 0.09 at 773 K. In this work, SnSe1.98Br0.02-y%Cu (y = 0, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) bulk materials are synthesized by the melting method combined with spark plasma sintering (SPS) based on the carrier concentration improved through Br doping. In the SnSe2 materials with van der Waals chemical bonding between layers, the synergistic effects of intercalating Cu on the thermoelectric properties are investigated. On the one hand, the extra Cu not only provides additional electrons but also can be embedded stably in the van der Waals gap and form an intercalated structure, which is beneficial to the charge transfer in or out of the layers, and thus synergistically improving the carrier concentration and carrier mobility. On the other hand, owing to the dynamic Cu doping, the increase of carrier concentration compensates for the decrease of carrier mobility caused by carrier-carrier scattering, which maintains the high electrical transport properties at high temperature. The present results show that at room temperature, the power factors along the parallel and perpendicular to the SPS (//P and ⊥P) sintering directions increase from ~0.65 and ~0.98 μW·cm–1·K–2 for intrinsic SnSe2 to ~10 and ~19 μW·cm–1·K–2 for SnSe1.98Br0.02-0.75%Cu samples, respectively. Finally, at 773 K, the maximum ZT value of ~0.8 is achieved along the ⊥P direction. This study proves that the SnSe2 greatly promises to become an excellent thermoelectric material. Keywords:SnSe2/ thermoelectric properties/ Cu intercalation/ anisotropic structure
为了进一步探究电导率大幅提升的原因, 分别测试了未含Cu样品和引入Cu样品的室温和变温载流子浓度和迁移率. 如图3(a)所示, 随着Cu含量的增加, 室温下所有样品的载流子浓度逐渐增加, 这是因为Cu作为额外的电子掺杂剂, 被引入基体后导致其载流子浓度进一步地提升, 说明了Cu以间隙原子的形式稳定存在于基体中. 当引入0.75% Cu后, 样品沿//P方向的载流子浓度提升到5.35 × 1019 cm–3, 迁移率达到34 cm2·V–1·s–1. 在以往报道的工作中[33], Cl掺杂后载流子浓度可优化到6.2 × 1019 cm–3, 但其迁移率非常低, 仅有12 cm2 ·V–1·s–1, 最终导致其电导率不佳(78 S·cm–1). 这说明, 与卤素元素取代掺杂相比, 引入额外的Cu不仅能优化基体的载流子浓度, 而且能显著提升其迁移率(后面将详细阐述Cu对SnSe2载流子迁移率的优化作用). 此外, 根据实验测量的载流子浓度(nH)和Seebeck系数值, 通过以下公式得到了有效质量m*[34]: 图 3 (a) SnSe1.98Br0.02-y%Cu样品沿//P和⊥P方向的载流子浓度和载流子迁移率; (b) SnSe2–xBrx和SnSe1.98Br0.02-y%Cu的Seebeck系数随载流子浓度的变化; SnSe1.98Br0.02[29]和SnSe1.98Br0.02-0.75%Cu样品的(c)载流子浓度和(d)载流子迁移率随温度的变化 Figure3. (a) Carrier concentration and carrier mobility at room temperature for the samples of SnSe1.98Br0.02-y%Cu along the //P and ⊥P directions; (b) Seebeck coefficient as function of carrier concentration; (c) carrier concentration and (d) carrier mobility as function of temperature for SnSe1.98Br0.02[29] and SnSe1.98Br0.02-0.75%Cu samples.