1.Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China 2.School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12004303), the Challenge Project of Basic National Defense Research, China (Grant No. TZ2016001), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. DUT20ZD207)
Received Date:09 April 2021
Accepted Date:11 June 2021
Available Online:15 August 2021
Published Online:20 October 2021
Abstract:Nitro explosive is a main type of energetic material which can release a large amount of energy when detonated under extreme conditions. Further study of the excited state dynamics of photo-induced nitro explosive can provide an effective method to understand the complex process of ultrafast detonation physics. In this paper, the initial step of photodissociation at the first excited electron state of some typical nitro explosives including nitromethane (NM), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) is studied using the time-dependent density functional theory and the molecular dynamic method. The transient structures of energetic molecules and time evolutions of excited energy levels are observed. It is found that the structural relaxation of energetic molecules occurs immediately after the electronic excitation, and the entire photoexcitation process comes into being within a range of 200 fs. At the same time, the positions of molecular energy levels change to various degrees with the oscillations of different frequencies, such as the overlap between HOMO and LUMO, which is related to the obvious change of molecular configuration, indicating that the energy of excited carriers transfers to atoms in the form of heat through electron-phonon coupling, and the energy is redistributed through vibration relaxation in the initial stage of photodissociation which causes the chemical bonds of C—H, N—N and N—N to rupture, and the hydrogen atoms dissociated from methyl, methylene or amino groups, and the nearest nitro group to form some new intermediate states. In this process, the energy levels near the excited electron and hole energy also change significantly with time, suggesting that the coupling between electron and electron also plays a role in the dissociation process. Comparing with NM and RDX, the evolution of the excited energy level of TATB has obvious lower-frequency (phonon frequency) oscillations, showing that the coupling between electronic state and phonon of TATB is weak and thus makes it more difficult to dissociate. Our study can deepen the understanding of the structural relaxation of excited states and the time evolution of excitation energy levels in energetic materials, and provide a new understanding of the photoinduced reaction and the initial steps of laser ignition in energetic materials. Keywords:nitro explosives/ time-dependent density functional/ excited carriers/ photo dissocation
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3.1.NM, RDX, TATB分子的基态几何结构与电子性质
首先, 我们通过结构优化给出了0 K下NM, RDX, TATB分子的基态构型, 如图1所示. 表1也列出了这几种含能分子的详细键长, 并同实验值进行了对比. 总体来说, 计算所得键长与实验测量值误差小于8%, 表明我们的计算方法能够很好地描述含能分子的基态构型. 但需要强调的是, 实验中主要是对含能材料分子晶体进行测量, 而本文则是针对含能分子进行模拟. 图 1 基态含能分子结构示意图 (a) 硝基甲烷(NM); (b) 环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX); (c) 三氨基三硝基苯(TATB); 其中蓝色为N原子, 红色为O原子, 棕色为C原子, 白色为H原子 Figure1. Structure diagrams of (a) nitromethane (NM); (b) cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX); (c) triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) at ground state. Blue ball is N atom, red ball is O atom, brown ball is C atom, and white ball is H atom.