Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61805280) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2019JJ10005)
Received Date:06 February 2021
Accepted Date:03 June 2021
Available Online:29 September 2021
Published Online:20 October 2021
Abstract:Owing to the advantages of high conversion efficiency, compactness and reliability, the fiber lasers are widely applied to many scientific areas, such as optical fiber communication, sensing and industrial processing. Beam quality is an important criterion for evaluating the performances of high-energy laser beam systems. Therefore, researchers have been constantly searching for the methods of evaluating the beam quality while pursuing higher output power. Until now, the researchers have proposed many definitions of beam quality. In practice, the evaluation parameters of beam quality include focused spot size, Strehl ratio, far-field divergence angle, diffraction limited β factor, energy circle rate, beam parameter product, and M 2 factor. Among them, the M 2 factor is the most suitable for the assessment of beam quality in both the near-field and far-field, which avoids the inaccuracy of the measurement of the beam quality only by the far-field radius or the far-field divergence angle. Thus, the M 2 factor is recognized as an important standard for evaluating beam quality by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, it proves that the M 2 factor is not suitable for non-Gaussian distribution spot. On the other hand, in applications of high-energy laser beam transmission and laser industrial manufacturing, people pay more attention to the focusability of laser energy. In this case, the diffraction limited β factor is more suitable for evaluating beam quality. In this paper, we investigate the beam quality of LP01 mode of fiber laser by β factor, and a circular and solid homogenous beam with the energy of 99% of LP01 mode is considered as an ideal beam. The relationship between β factor and the parameters of LP01 mode in a step-index fiber is studied theoretically. It is found that the value of the beam quality β factor is lower than 1 when the normalized frequency V is bigger than 1.8, and the far-field energy focusability of LP01 mode is better than the case of ideal beam. Besides, the value of β factor decreases with the increase of normalized frequency V, core radius a or numerical aperture NA. In addition, the relationship between M 2 factor and β factor is non-linear. Keywords:fiber lasers/ laser beam quality/ diffraction limited β factor/ M 2 factor
式中, θ和θ0分别表示实际光束和理想光束的远场发散角(半角). 一般情况下, β > 1, β越小, 实际光束远场能量集中度越高, 光束质量越好. 然而, 采用不同的理想光束选取标准时, 会得到β < 1的结果[27]. 文献[27]分别选取纤芯半径为圆形实心均匀光束和高斯光束的半径作为理想光束, 对两种计算方式得到的β因子进行对比. 分析指出, LP01模的束腰比纤芯半径小, 将高斯光束作为理想光束计算得到的β值并不能准确反映LP01模的光束质量. 因此, 在实际测量中, 作者提出以LP01模作为理想光束, 计算不同光纤参数下光纤激光器的β因子. 实际上, LP01模取不同归一化频率V时其远场聚焦能力是不同的. 根据LP01模的光强分布变化规律, 本文采用圆形实心均匀光束作为理想光束(其半径为包含LP01模99%能量的环围半径(r99)), 对LP01模的光束质量β因子进行了研究. 归一化频率V取不同值时, 纤芯半径a和r99的变化如图1所示. 由图可知, 当V < 2时, LP01模的较大部分能量分布在纤芯外, r99是纤芯半径的一倍以上, 特别地, 当V = 1.5时, 圆形实心均匀光束的半径约为纤芯半径的3.7倍; 当V > 6时, 圆形实心均匀光束的半径约等于纤芯半径. 半径为r99的圆形实心均匀光束对应的远场发散角为$ {\theta _{\text{0}}}{{ = 0}}{\text{.61}}\lambda {{/}}{r_{99}} $[10], 实际光束远场发散角θ的定义为$ \theta = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{z \to \infty } \dfrac{{w(z)}}{z} $, 实测时通常用近场方法测量远场发散角[26]. 也就是说, 将光束用焦距为f的无像差聚焦光学系统进行聚焦, 在像方焦平面测得聚焦光斑半径wf, 则远场发散角为$ \theta {{ = }}{w_f}/f $. 因此, 只要在焦平面测出光斑半径wf便能求得β因子的值. 图 1 不同归一化频率V下, 纤芯半径(洋红色实线)和包含LP01模99%能量的环围半径(黄色虚线)示意图 Figure1. Schematic of core radius (magenta solid line) and the radius containing 99% of the energy of LP01 mode (yellow dotted line) for different values of normalized frequency V.
在远场平面处, 本文将分别采用环围功率(能量)桶半径定义和二阶矩束宽定义[36]对β因子的计算进行比较分析. 环围功率也叫作桶中功率(power in the bucket, PIB), 用来表征光束的能量集中度, 它反映了激光束的远场聚焦能力. 其定义为给定“桶”半径b内的激光功率占总功率的百分比[13]: