1.School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China 2.College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61971115, 61975177, 61721001)
Received Date:12 April 2021
Accepted Date:17 May 2021
Available Online:07 June 2021
Published Online:05 October 2021
Abstract:Orbital angular momentum, as a basic physical quantity of electromagnetic waves, has been widely studied since 1992. Recently, the geometric phase metasurface, which is also known as Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase metasurface, has been proposed. Because of its frequency-independent and angle-dependent phase control characteristics, it can generate high-performance and broadband vortex wave. However, the current design of reflective metasurface encounters the following problems: 1) the reflected vortex wave is partly blocked by the feeding antenna; 2) in practical applications, the cross-polarized field will inevitably be induced due to the feed antenna and the reflective metasurface. How to avoid the cross-polarization is still worth further investigating. In this work, an offset-fed vortex wave generator is proposed. It consists of a right-handed circularly polarized Archimedes spiral antenna and a reflective metasurface. Firstly, the offset feeding design is introduced to avoid generating the cross-polarized fields caused by the feeding antenna. A geometric meta-atom of the reflective metasurface is designed at a working frequency of 8.5 GHz. By regularly arranging meta-atoms with different orientation angles, the convergence and phase compensation functions are imparted only to the co-polarization field. The cross-polarized field is intentionally weakened and refracted along other directions. Subsequently, a low cross-polarized vortex wave with an enhancement effect is obtained at the desired observation position. There are three contributions made in this work: 1) a P-B meta-atom is proposed to fabricate the reflective metasurface; 2) the conversion relationship between the co-polarized and cross-polarized field is studied from the initial state to the final state, and the four transformation processes are demonstrated in detail; 3) an offset-fed vortex wave generator is established which allows one to generate high-performance vortex beam with arbitrary OAM mode. The experimental results are in good agreement with those simulation results, proving the proposed method effective and feasible. The proposed design shows its advantages including simple structure, polarization selectivity, and regional field enhancement effect, which has great potential applications in vortex wave communication and OAM-based target detection. Keywords:metasurfaces/ vortex wave/ offset-fed/ Pancharatnam-Berry phase
通过印制线路板(printed circuit board, PCB)工艺, 可以加工出上述单层反射式超表面, 具体参数与节2.2中描述一致(即l = 1, $ {{\boldsymbol{r}}_{\rm{f}}} = {\rm{ }}\left[ { - 8 p, 0, 8 p} \right] $, $ {{\boldsymbol{r}}_{\rm{o}}} = {\rm{ }}\left[ {0, 0, 24 p} \right] $). 具体实物图见图6, 图6(a))和图6(b)分别是超表面的正面与反面, 介质板上下面金属为厚度0.018 mm的铜, 介质板为厚度3 mm的F4B (εr = 2.65 + 0.002j). 超表面与馈源用3D打印定制的支架固定并对准如图6(c)所示, 具体空间位置和设置参数与仿真中给出的偏馈汇聚模型一致. 最后我们将整个涡旋波发生装置放置暗室中测量其方向图, 测量系统为法国MVG集团的SATIMO天线测量系统, 测量场景如图6(d)所示. 通过探头探测近场信息后, 该系统可以计算出远场方向图见图7. 从图7的增益图中可以看出, 其主极化辐射沿正z方向即θ = 0°且增益达到 14 dB. 甜甜圈状的方向图和一个周期的螺旋相位证明了l = 1涡旋波的产生. 对于交叉极化场, 其主瓣如图4(d)所示, 从(θ = 45o, φ = 180o)方向入射被有效的折射到(θ = 45o, φ = 0o)方向. 测量结果与理论设计一致, 有效地验证了方法可行性. 图 6 实物照片 (a) 超表面正面; (b) 超表面背面; (c) 偏馈式涡旋波发生装置; (d) 暗室测量图 Figure6. The photograph of the specific generator and the fabricated metasurface: (a) The front view of the metasurface; (b) the back view of the metasurface; (c) the offset-fed vortex wave generator; (d) the measurement scene in anechoic chamber.
图 7 上半平面的远场测量结果, 包括主、交叉极化的增益和电场相位图, 其中半径大小对应于θ范围0°到90° Figure7. Far-field measurement results of the upper half plane including the gain and phase pattern of the co and cross polarization.