1.School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China 2.Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays, Ministory of Education, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China 3.Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4.Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0404201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U2031101, 11475141, 12047576, U1931108), and the Key Laboratory of Cosmic Ray of Tibet University Ministry of Education, China(Grant No. KLCR-202101)
Received Date:05 April 2021
Accepted Date:20 May 2021
Available Online:26 September 2021
Published Online:05 October 2021
Abstract:A large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) located at Daocheng in Sichuan province, China, with an altitude up to 4410 m above the sea level, takes the function of hybrid technology to detect cosmic rays. It is composed of three sub-arrays: a 1.3 km2 ground-based particle detector array (KM2A) for γ-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics, a 78000 m2 water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) for γ-ray astronomy, and 18 wide field-of-view air Cherenkov/fluorescence telescopes array (WFCTA) for cosmic ray physics. As the major array of LHAASO, KM2A is composed of 5195 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs, each with 1 m2) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs, each with 36 m2). In the ground-based experiments, there are two common independent data acquisition systems, corresponding to the shower and scaler operation modes. Up to now, the KM2A array operates only in shower mode with the primary energy threshold of about 10 TeV. In the scaler mode, it is not necessary for too many detectors to be hit at the same time. The energy threshold of the experiment can be greatly lowered. In order to learn more about the scaler mode in LHAASO-KM2A, we adopt the CORSIKA 7.5700 to study the cascade processes of extensive air showers in the atmosphere, and employ the G4KM2A (based on Geant4) to simulate the detector responses. The KM2A-ED array is divided into dozens of clusters. For one cluster (composed of 64 EDs), the event rates of showers having a number of fired EDs ≥ 1, 2, 3, 4 (in a time coincidence of 100 ns) are recorded. The average rates of the four multiplicities are ~88 kHz, ~1400 Hz, ~220 Hz, and ~110 Hz, respectively. The particle multiplicities m ≥ 3 are almost completely due to cosmic ray secondary particles. The corresponding primary energies and effective areas are also given in this paper. According to our simulations, the energy threshold of the scaler mode can be lowered to 100 GeV, and the effective areas reach up to ~100 m2. The simulation results in this work are helpful in the online triggering with the scaler mode, and provide information for the subsequent data analysis in LHAASO-KM2A. Keywords:cosmic rays/ scaler mode/ Monte Carlo simulations
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4.1.Scaler模式中不同多重数的计数率
为了统计一个cluster中不同多重数的计数, 本文假设ED探测器的噪声为800 Hz (服从均匀分布). 当64个ED作为一个cluster、符合时间窗口为100 ns时, 图3给出了不同多重数时的计数率分布. 可见, 在scaler模式中, 随着多重数的增加, 计数率迅速减少, 不同多重数时的平均计数率见表1. 图 3 Scaler模式中多重数 m ≥ 1, 2, 3和4的计数率分布 Figure3. Event rate distribution with m ≥ 1, 2, 3 and 4 in scaler mode.
多重数(m)
≥ 1
≥ 2
≥ 3
≥ 4
平均计数率
88 kHz
1400 Hz
220 Hz
110 Hz
宇宙线贡献率
42.3%
62.3%
96.9%
99.7%
表1Scaler模式中不同多重数时的平均计数率和宇宙线贡献率 Table1.Average rates and the contribution of cosmic rays in scaler mode.
表2Scaler模式中探测原初质子和氦的平均有效面积 Table2.Average effective area for primary Proton and Helium in scaler mode.
24.3.Scaler模式中不同多重数探测到的原初宇宙线能量 -->
4.3.Scaler模式中不同多重数探测到的原初宇宙线能量
降低探测器的阈能是地面宇宙线实验的一个重要目标. 在scaler模式中, 由于不需要太多探测器同时被击中, 即不需要满足高多重数的触发条件, 可降低探测原初宇宙线的阈能. 本文通过模拟, 得到了scaler模式中不同多重数时探测到的原初质子(图6)和原初氦(图7)的能量分布. 图 6 Scaler 模式中不同多重数时探测到的原初质子能量分布 Figure6. Energy distribution for primary Proton in scaler mode.
图 7 Scaler 模式中不同多重数时探测到的原初氦能量分布 Figure7. Energy distribution for primary Helium in scaler mode.