1.Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 2.Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China 3.State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 4.State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, China 5.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 6.Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China 7.Key Laboratory of Nuclear Data, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China 8.Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China 9.Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China 10.Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China 11.School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0401604), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12005115), and the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2019A1515110287)
Received Date:02 November 2020
Accepted Date:27 December 2020
Available Online:07 April 2021
Published Online:20 April 2021
Abstract:At present, there exist few proton-beam terminals for the detector calibration in the world. Meanwhile, most of these terminals provide monoenergetic protons. Back-n white neutron source from China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) was put into operation in 2018. Based on the white neutron flux ranging from 0.5 eV to 200 MeV from the CSNS Back-n white neutron source, continuous-energy protons involved in a wide energy spectrum can be acquired from the 1H(n, el) reaction. Adopting this method, a new research platform for researches such as proton calibration is realized at CSNS. As hydrogen exists as gas at normal temperature and pressure, in the selecting of the proton-converting target, the hydrogen-rich compounds are preferential considered. Considering the reaction cross sections of the 1H(n, el), 12C(n, p)12B, 12C(n, d)11B, 12C(n, t)10B, 12C(n, 3He)10Be, 12C(n, α)9Be and 1H(n, γ)2H, polyethylene and polypropylene are suitable for serving as targets in this research. Based on a 3U PXIe, digitizers with 1 GSps sampling rate and 12 bit resolution are utilized to digitize and record the output signals of telescopes. The time and amplitude information of each signal are extracted from its recorded waveform. Proton fluxes can be calculated by using the neutron energy spectrum and the cross section of the 1H(n, el) reaction. Using the γ-flash event as the starting time of the time-of-flight (TOF) and the time information of signal in detector as the stopping time, the kinematic energy of each secondary proton can be deduced from the TOF and the angle of the detector. A calibration experiment on three charged particle telescopes, with each telescope consisting of a silicon detector and a CsI(Tl) detector, is carried out on this research platform. The readout methods of the CsI(Tl) detectors in these three telescopes are different. In the calibration experiment, ΔE-E two-dimensional spectra and amplitude-Ep two-dimensional spectra of these telescopes are obtained. Through comparing these particle identification spectra, the SiPM is chosen as the signal readout method for CsI(Tl) detectors in the charged particle telescopes. These researches provide experimental evidence for the construction of the charged particle telescope at Back-n, and also illustrate the feasibility of wide-energy spectrum proton calibration based on the Back-n white neutron source. Keywords:proton calibration/ detector/ 1H(n, el) reaction/ back-n white neutron source
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--> --> --> 1.引 言在空间探测及大科学装置探测谱仪的研究中, 探测器在束测试及标定中发挥了重要的作用[1-3]. 在一些相关的研究工作中, 不仅需要使用单能质子进行标定, 同时也需要利用连续能量的质子开展研究工作. 目前国内可供开展质子标定的终端比较少, 且大多为单能质子[4]. 本文介绍利用反角白光中子源的白光中子束流得到连续能量的质子, 为探测器标定等研究提供新的研究平台. 中国散裂中子源(CSNS)一期工程于2018年建成运行, 其中子束流产生于能量为1.6 GeV的质子束流与钨靶的散裂反应. 利用沿质子束打靶通道反流回来的中子束流(即反角中子), 在中国散裂中子源建设了反角白光中子源(Back-n). Back-n是我国第一台高性能白光中子源, 与CSNS同步建成, 可以提供0.5 eV—200 MeV能区的连续能量中子[5-8]. 目前已经测定的能谱如图1所示, 能谱峰值位于MeV附近[9]. 反角白光中子源有两个实验厅, 实验厅一及实验厅二的中心位置距离散裂中子源的钨靶分别约55和76 m. 通过调节中子开关以及准直器一、准直器二的孔径的组合, 可以得到不同束斑尺寸及束流通量的白光中子束流. 在散裂中子源的质子束流打靶功率为100 kW时, 使用束斑直径Φ60的孔径组合, 在实验厅一的中心位置(距离钨靶55 m)的束流通量为1.75 × 107 s–1·cm–2, 实验厅二的中心位置(距离钨靶76 m)的束流通量为7.03× 106 s–1·cm–2[10]. 图 1 使用裂变室测量得到的Back-n实验厅二中心位置的能谱(束流功率为100 kW) Figure1. The measured neutron energy spectrum at the center of Endstation (ES) #2 at 100 kW. The neutron energy spectrum measurement is achieved using a fission chamber.
2.基于反角白光中子源得到的宽能谱次级质子相较于中子与其他核素相互作用产生质子的过程, 1H(n, el)反应的反应截面大. 基于中子与质子的1H(n, el)反应, 可以利用白光中子束流及含1H靶得到反冲质子. 如图2所示, 发生弹性散射时, 反冲质子将会获得动能. 图 21H(n, el)反应示意图 Figure2. Schematic diagram of the 1H(n, el) reaction.