1.Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China 2.Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Abstract:Radiative shock is an important phenomenon both in astrophysics and in inertial confinement fusion. In this paper, the radiation properties of X-ray heated radiatve shock in xenon is studied with the simulation method. The radiative shock is described by a one-dimensional, multi-group radiation hydrodynamics model proposed by Zinn [Zinn J 1973 J. Comput. Phys.13 569]. To conduct computation, the opacity and equation-of-state data of xenon are calculated and put into the model. The reliabilities of the model and the physical parameters of xenon are verified by comparing the temperature and velocity of the radiative shock calculated by the model with those measured experimentally. The evolution of the radiative shock involves abundant physical processes. The core of the xenon can be heated up to 100 eV, resulting in a thermal wave and forming an expanding high-temperature-core. Shortly, the hydrodynamic disturbances reach the thermal wave front, generating a shock. As the thermal wave slows down, the shock gradually exceeds the high-temperature-core, forming a double-step distribution in the temperature profile. The time evolution of the effective temperature of the radiative shock shows two maximum values and one minimum value, and the radiation spectra often deviate from blackbody spectrum. By analyzing the radiation and absorption properties at different positions of the shock, it can be found that the optical property of the shock is highly dynamic and can generate the above-mentioned radiation characteristics. When the radiative shock is just formed, the radiation comes from the shock surface and the shock precursor has a significant absorption of the radiation. As the shock temperature falls during expansion, the shock precursor disappears and the radiation inside the shock can come out owing to absorption coefficient decreases. When the shock becomes transparent, the radiation surface reaches the outside edge of the high-temperature-core. Then, the temperature of the high-temperature-core decreases further, making this region also optically thin, and the radiation from the inner region can come out. Finally, the radiation strength falls because of temperature decreasing. Keywords:radiative shock/ radiation spectrum/ xenon/ radiation hydrodynamics
在模型计算过程中需要输入气体的状态方程与辐射不透明度参数, 这些参数的准确性对于得到可靠的计算结果非常重要. 本文使用的氙气辐射不透明度数据采用DCA/UTA不透明度程序计算[29]. 该程序中原子的能级结构采用细致组态近似(detailed configuration accounting, DCA), 在计算谱线跃迁时, 使用UTA(unresolved transition array)统计模型近似考虑细致能级的谱线结构[30,31]. 这套程序计算的不透明度结果与其他理论和实验结果进行了大量比较[29,32], 证实其计算结果是可信的, 且具有较高的精度. 本文计算得到两个密度下的氙气不透明度数据如图1所示. 图 1 不同气体密度时氙气的辐射不透明度随光子能量的变化 (a) ρ = 5.33 × 10–7 g/cm3; (b) ρ = 5.33 × 10–3 g/cm3. 不同曲线类型表示不同的温度 (1 eV = 11610 K) Figure1. Opacity data of xenon at the density of 5.33 × 10–7 g/cm3 (a) and 5.33 × 10–3 g/cm3 (b), lines with different style represent different temperature.
氙气状态方程数据的计算结合化学模型[33]与平均原子模型, 其中平均原子模型的原子结构用哈特里-福克-斯莱特(HFS)自洽场方法计算[34]. 计算中, 当温度低于2.6 eV时采用化学模型, 温度高于8.6 eV时采用平均原子模型, 两个温度之间的区域采用插值数据. 化学模型基于经验势和液体变分微扰理论计算了氙分子间相互作用能, 考虑了四级电离, 并基于正则分布和NIST公开数据库[35]提供的原子激发能级计算了离子组分内部的电子热激发能. 计算得到的状态方程参数如图2所示. 图 2 氙气的状态方程数据 (a)温度(T, 单位为eV)与比内能(E, 单位为erg/g (1 erg/g = 10–7 J/g))之比随E的变化; (b)压强(P, 单位dyn/cm2 (1 dyn/ cm2 = 10–5 N/ cm2))与E和密度($ \rho $, 单位g/cm3)乘积之比随E的变化. 参数使用比值形式是为方便程序计算 Figure2. Equation-of-state data of xenon: (a) Variation of the ratio between temperature (T, in eV) and specific inertial energy (E, in erg/g) with E; (b) variation of ratio between pressure (P, in dyn/cm2) and the multiplication of E and density ($ \rho $, in g/cm3) with E. The parameters are shown by ratios for computation convenience.