1.Key Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China 2.The First Sub-Institute, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610005, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51501119) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Received Date:26 August 2020
Accepted Date:24 September 2020
Available Online:26 January 2021
Published Online:05 February 2021
Abstract:Irradiation damage to zirconium alloys (e.g., zirconium niobium (Zr-Nb) alloy) is the key to the design of fission-reactor structural materials and fuel rod cladding materials. Atomic scale computational simulations such as molecular dynamics and first principles are often needed to understand the physical mechanism of irradiation damage. For the simulation of randomly substitutional solid solution, it is necessary to construct large-sized supercells that can reflect the random distribution characteristics of alloy elements. However, it is not suitable to use large-size supercells (such as ≥ 200 atoms) for first principle calculation, due to the large computational cost. Special quasirandom supercells (SQS) are usually used for first principles calculation. The SQS can partly reflect the random distribution characteristics of alloy elements, but it only corresponds to one configuration for specific components, hence whether this model can reflect the statistical average of multiple local configurations in a real randomly substitutional solid solution is still an open question, and needs further studying and verifying. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation can be carried out on the randomly substitutional solid solution with a larger scale based on random substitution (RSS) method, these supercells include more local configurations. Therefore, the MD studies of Zr-Nb alloy are carried out for the RSS and SQS-extended supercells. The critical size of RSS supercell which can truly reflect the statistical properties of solid solution alloy is determined. Then the lattice constant, formation energy and energy-volume relationship of SQS-extended supercell of Zr-Nb alloy and a series of RSS supercells are calculated and compared. The results show that the lattice constants, the formation energy and energy volume curves of the solid solution obtained by SQS supercell simulation are close to a series of corresponding statistical values of the physical properties of RSS supercells, so the SQS supercells can be used to study the random substitution of solid solution alloys. Keywords:Zr-Nb alloy/ molecular dynamics/ special quasirandom supercells model/ critical supercell
晶格常数是晶体物质的基本结构参数, 晶格常数的变化通常反映了晶体内部的成分、受力状态等的变化. 平衡晶格常数对应于体系能量最小时的晶格常数, 本节通过调整晶格常数找到合金的最低能量, 从而确定对应浓度合金的平衡晶格常数. bcc结构的Zr-60%Nb合金的体系能量与晶格常数变化如图3所示, 可以看到晶格产生在3.41 ?时, 能量最低, 因而确定该合金的晶格常数为3.41 ?. 采用该方法确定了SQS超胞和RSS超胞在各个浓度下的平衡晶格常数, 结果如图4所示, 图中还比较了Smirnova和Starikov[2]采用ADP (angular-dependent potential)势计算得到的合金晶格常数. 图 3 bcc结构Zr-60%Nb合金能量与晶格常数的关系 Figure3. Relationship between solid solution energy and lattice constant of Zr-60%Nb alloy in bcc lattice.
图 4 由SQS和RSS模型得到的合金晶格常数与Nb浓度的关系 (a) bcc晶格; (b) hcp晶格; (a)中实验值取自文献[22, 23], ADP势函数计算的晶格常数取自Smirnova和Starikov[2] Figure4. Relationships between the alloy lattice constant and Nb concentration obtained from SQS and RSS models: (a) The bcc lattice; (b) the hcp lattice. In Fig. 4(a), the experimental values were obtained from literatures[22,23], and the lattice constant calculated from the ADP potential function was taken from Smirnova and Starikov[2].
其中V是原子体积; E是单个原子总能量; Ec, B0和V0分别是平衡状态下结合能、体积弹性模量和原子体积. 通过分子动力学模拟得到的SQS模型和RSS模型的E-V关系曲线如图6(bcc晶格)和图7(hcp晶格)所示. 从图6和图7可以看到, EOS方程能较好地描述Zr-Nb随机置换固溶体的E-V关系. SQS模型和RSS模型的E-V关系曲线几乎完全重合, 固溶体能量随着Nb浓度的增大而降低. 由于势函数的不同, Smirnova和Starikov[2]的E-V曲线与相应随机置换固溶体合金的E-V关系明显偏离. 需要指出的是, 图中Smirnova和Starikov的E-V曲线(由ADP势函数计算获得)对应的是金属化合物L12和B2, 而非随机置换固溶体. 图 6 bcc晶格RSS超胞和SQS超胞的E-V曲线, 以及ADP势的计算结果, 其中, 多边形和圆形图标为对应的SQS和RSS模型的能量计算值, 对应的曲线是用EOS方程[27]拟合得到的E-V曲线; 单点划线、双点划线和短划线是Smirnova和Starikov[2]得到的ADP势模拟结果 Figure6. Energy-volume curves of RSS and SQS supercells in bcc lattice, and the calculation results of ADP potential. The polygon and circular icons are the energy calculation values of the corresponding SQS and RSS structure, and the corresponding curves are the E-V curves obtained by fitting EOS equation[27]. Single dotted line, double dotted line and short dotted line are the calculated results of ADP potential obtained by Smirnova and Starikov[2].
图 7 hcp晶格SQS超胞和RSS超胞的Zr-25%Nb合金E-V曲线, 以及ADP势的计算结果[2] Figure7.E-V curves of Zr-25%Nb alloy obtained by SQS supercells and RSS supercells in hcp lattice, and the calculation results of ADP potential[2].
表1由EOS方程拟合得到的Zr-Nb合金性质(带“*”的为文献[17]的拟合结果; 第一行对应RSS超胞, 第二行对应SQS超胞) Table1.Properties of Zr-Nb alloy obtained by fitting EOS equation, and the “ * ” is the fitting result of literature[17]. The first line corresponds RSS structure, and the second line corresponds SQS structure.