1.National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China 2.College of Instrumental Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Fund Project:Project suported by the Open Fund of the National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, China (Grant No. KFJJ20180205), the Science and Research Start-up Fund for Introducing Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication, China (Grant No. NY218113), and the Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunication Science Foundation, China (Grant No. NY219077).
Received Date:01 July 2020
Accepted Date:10 August 2020
Available Online:19 January 2021
Published Online:05 February 2021
Abstract:Electromagnetic diffusion surface can reduce the radar cross section, thus profiting stealth of targets. Terahertz diffusion surface has a wide prospect in the field of next-generation radar and communication, promising to act as a kind of intelligent smart skin. In this paper, utilizing the excellent tunable properties of graphene in the terahertz band, a hybrid structure of graphene and metal which has inverse phase response of reflecting waves is proposed. The reflection phase switches in the mechanism of resonant modes and can be controlled efficiently by the bias voltage. Meanwhile, unlike metal materials, graphene has a non-negligible loss characteristic, which leads the response amplitudes corresponding to the two different switching states to be inconsistent with each other. According to the interference and superposition principle of electromagnetic field, it is not conducive to eliminating the coherent far-field, leading to an unsatisfactory diffusion result. In this paper, we present a “molecular” structure by secondary combination of the above-mentioned reverse phase element states, and take it as the basic element of the diffusion surface. Finally, we use particle swarm optimization to optimize the arrangement of “molecular” structures. The final diffusion surface consists of a combinatorial design of “molecules” rather than randomly distributed reflection units. In addition, molecules designed artificially have similar amplitude responses but different phase responses, which improves the convergence speed and reduces the computation quantity during algorithm evolution. The method of designing molecular structure, described in this paper, is simple, rapid and widely applicable, which effectively improves the amplitude-to-phase modulation ability of graphene metasurface against electromagnetic waves. When diffuse reflection optimization is applied to most of graphene metasurfaces, the method described in this paper can achieve the results that are the same as or even better than the results after a large number of iterations of traditional particle swarm optimization in the most computation-efficient manner. The results show that the dynamic diffusion surface designed by this method has the advantages of fast convergence speed and small far-field peak. Keywords:graphene/ terahertz/ diffuse reflection/ particle swarm optimization
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2.1.单元结构设计
本文设计了一种基于谐振模式开关机理的石墨烯/金属协同结构单元, 其由石墨烯贴片、金属电极、金属过孔、介质隔层、馈电网络、金属背板构成. 通过馈电网络可对各个不同单元上的石墨烯加载偏置电压, 进而改变其化学势参数, 由其组成的阵列如图1(a)所示. 而图1(b)表示了太赫兹波照射下所设计结构处于非谐振/谐振状态条件时的电流分布示意. 其原理是: 在未加载偏置电压下, 结构处于非谐振状态, 石墨烯近似于一种“透明”材料, 太赫兹反射场的相位变化由介质及背板贡献而得, 感应电流分布在金属背板上; 而当结构加载偏置电压后, 石墨烯化学势的随之升高、导电特性增强, 结构上的感应电流可以沿着过孔过渡到石墨烯表层, 形成环形电流, 结构产生磁响应谐振, 并引发反射场相位的骤变. 图 1 (a) 石墨烯漫反射表面单元结构; (b) 谐振/非谐振状态下电流分布 Figure1. (a) Unit cell of graphene diffuse reflecting surface; (b) the current distribution under resonance/non-resonance condition.
其中$ n $为本文实验中设置的粒子总数, 即有$ n $个随机的阵列排布方式参与优化; $ x $为粒子在优化过程结束后的远场峰值, 即根据优化结束后得到的最优“分子”排布方式, 对阵列仿真后得到的远场峰值. 每个种群个体数量对应“分子”阵列的规模$ M\times M $, 而每个“分子”的构成方式为图5(b)中随机抽取产生. 为验证本文提出的方法的有效性, 定义漫反射表面优化效率为
表1传统PSO算法与本文提出的方法的效果对比 Table1.Effect comparison between the traditional PSO and the proposed method in this paper.
图 7 三种规模的“分子”阵列情形下使用传统PSO算法与本文提出的方法优化过程的对比 (a) 9 × 9; (b) 18 × 18; (c) 27 × 27 Figure7. Comparisons between the traditional PSO and the proposed method in this paper for three sizes of “molecular” arrays: (a) 9 × 9; (b) 18 × 18; (c) 27 × 27.