Abstract:An efficient Nd:YVO4 crystal self-Raman laser combined with second-order nonlinear frequency conversion is demonstrated to achieve an switchable output of three wavelengths in the yellow-green band. In order to improve the thermal effect and increase the length of Raman medium, a three-stage diffusion-bonded YVO4/Nd:YVO4/YVO4 crystal is designed for high power and efficient self-Raman laser operation. Selective frequency mixing mechanisms between the fundamental wave and the first Stokes wave using the LiB3O5 (LBO) and BaB2O4 (BBO) crystals are comparatively studied by temperature tuning and angle tuning, respectively. Considering the frequency mixing conversion efficiency and a relatively fast wavelength switching, the BBO crystal with critical phase matching is selected as the second order nonlinear optical crystal for frequency conversion. It only needs to fine-tune the phase match angle of BBO crystal within 1.4°, and thus successfully realizing all second harmonic and sum frequency generation between the fundamental wave and the first Stokes wave. Therefore the efficient-switchable output of the three wavelengths of 532 nm green light, 559 nm lime light and 588 nm yellow light is obtained. Under the incident pump power of 19.5 W and the pulse repetition rate of 60 kHz, maximum average output power of 4.37 W at 532 nm, 2.03 W at 559 nm, 3.43 W at 588 nm are achieved. The conversion efficiency values of the corresponding pump light to visible light are 22.4%, 10.4% and 17.6%, respectively. The corresponding pulse widths are 36 ns, 12.2 ns and 12.7 ns, respectively. The results show that the selective frequency mixing of self-Raman operation is an efficient approach to achieving the wavelength-switchable emission in visible waveband. This wavelength-switchable laser source has important applications in the areas of laser therapy, visual display, spectral imaging and biological medicine. Keywords:self-Raman/ Nd:YVO4 crystal/ visible source/ wavelength switchable
表1不同混频机制的LBO和BBO相位匹配参数(SHG, 倍频; SFM, 和频) Table1.Phase-matching (PM) angles for frequency mixing mechanism (SHG, second harmonic generation; SFM, sum frequency generation).
图1是基于双端键合自拉曼混频实现可见波段三波长可选激光的装置示意图. 为了在更高的抽运功率下实现更高的输出功率, 设计双端键合的YVO4/Nd:YVO4/YVO4晶体用于自拉曼变频, 如图2所示. 图2为在掺杂Nd3+浓度0.3%的a切Nd:YVO4晶体(尺寸为3 mm × 3 mm × 10 mm)的抽运输入端键合一段尺寸为3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm的a切纯YVO4晶帽, 在另一端键合一段尺寸为3 mm × 3 mm × 17 mm的a切纯YVO4长晶体而组成的复合晶体. 晶体的侧面用铟箔包于紫铜块内, 并用半导体制冷器控温在20 ℃. 10 mm长Nd:YVO4晶体两端键合的纯的YVO4晶体不但可通过热传导帮助Nd:YVO4晶体散热, 改善自拉曼系统的热效应, 而且可与Nd:YVO4晶体一起作为拉曼增益介质, 使得拉曼作用介质的长度达30 mm, 有效提高拉曼转换效率和输出功率, 从而降低激光阈值. 而且晶体变长后, 与冷却的热沉相互接触面积增大, 提高了晶体的冷却效果. 热透镜效应的改善, 又可降低对基波和拉曼光的衍射损耗, 改善激光光束质量. 双端键合自拉曼晶体的抽运输入端镀制对抽运光808 nm、基频光1064 nm和拉曼光1176 nm增透的膜系(AR, R < 0.2%); 另一端面镀制对1064和1176 nm增透(AR), 同时对混频产生的0.53—0.59 μm可见光波段高反 (R > 95%)的膜系, 起到反射反方向混频产生的可见光使激光输出最大化的作用, 同时消除了激光晶体对可见光吸收产生的附加热效应. 在实验中, 发现键合晶体的质量对自拉曼激光效率影响非常大. 图2给出了本文实验中使用过的两块双端键合晶体通过He-Ne激光照射后的散射图片. 其中, 上方两个晶体图片是本实验所用的同一块晶体, 获得本文对应的实验结果; 下方的晶体图片是另一块键合面散射严重的键合晶体, 严重影响拉曼激光效率. 图 1 可见光三波长可切换激光实验装置示意图(AO, 声光Q开头; RP, 旋转平台; LD, 激光二极管) Figure1. Experimental arrangement of the three visible wavelength switchable laser (AO, acousto-optic Q-switcher; RP, rotating platform; LD, laser diode).
图 2 双端键合YVO4/Nd:YVO4/YVO4晶体照片(上方两个晶体图片是本实验所用的同一块晶体, 下方的晶体图片是另一块键合面散射严重的键合晶体) Figure2. An image of the double-end diffusion-bonded YVO4/ Nd:YVO4/YVO4 crystals (the top two are the same crystal used in the experiment, the bottom one is another crystal with defective bonding).