1.Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2.China North Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd., Baotou 014035, China 3.College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China 4.Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. ZX069).
Received Date:15 March 2019
Accepted Date:12 April 2019
Available Online:01 June 2019
Published Online:20 June 2019
Abstract:Nuclear grade graphite is a kind of key material in the high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM), where nuclear grade graphite acts as the fuel element matrix material, structural material and neutron reflector. In the reactor, the service environment of nuclear grade graphite suffers high temperature and strong neutron radiation. Both neutron radiation and the oxidation by the oxidizing impurities in HTGR coolant can cause the structure to damage and the properties to deteriorate. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the evolution of defects in nuclear grade graphite for improving the reactor safety. The effects of ion irradiation and oxidation on the point defects in IG-110 graphite are studied in this work. The 190 keV He+ implantation treatments at room temperature with fluences of 1 × 1015, 5 × 1015, 1 × 1016 and 1 × 1017 cm–2 are performed to induce 0.029, 0.14, 0.29 and 2.9 displacements per atom respectively. Oxidation treatments are performed at 850 ℃ for 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. Different sequences of He+ ion irradiation and oxidation are performed, which include irradiation only (Irr.), oxidation only (Ox.), irradiation followed by oxidation (Irr.-Ox.), and oxidation followed by irradiation (Ox.-Irr.). Raman spectrum shows that with the increase of ion irradiation dose, the intensity ratio of D peak to G peak (ID/IG) first increases and then decreases, implying that the point defects in graphite are induced by ion irradiation and the point defects evolve as dose increases; the degree of graphitization increases after oxidation, implying that the point defects are recovered by the annealing effect at high temperature, and the point defects decrease after oxidation. This makes Ox.-Irr. samples have a lower point defect content than Irr. samples, and leads Irr.-Ox. samples to possess a higher point defect content than Ox. samples. The positron annihilation Doppler broadening tests reveal that there are only point defects after ion irradiation and oxidation have partially recovered point defects. The ion irradiation and oxidation have opposite effects on the evolution of point defect in graphite. The ion irradiation increases the average S-parameter and reduces the average W-parameter, while oxidation reduces the average S-parameter and increases the average W-parameter. The annealing effect at 850 ℃ cannot completely recover the point defects in Irr.-Ox. samples. Keywords:high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module/ nuclear grade graphite/ ion irradiation/ oxidation/ point defect
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2.1.离子辐照和氧化条件
选择He+离子进行离子辐照. He具有很好的化学惰性, 不会与石墨产生反应, 造成辐照损伤之外的其他破坏. 离子辐照实验在BNU-400 kV离子注入机上进行. 离子辐照使用He+离子能量为190 keV. 由SRIM2008软件[23]模拟的结果(如图1所示)可知, 190 keV的He+在IG-110石墨中造成最大辐照损伤的深度约为表面以下950 nm处, 造成辐照损伤的深度不超过1200 nm. 辐照在室温下进行, 采用注量1 × 1015, 5 × 1015, 1 × 1016和1 × 1017 cm–2模拟不同程度的辐照损伤. 辐照损伤的程度由原子平均离位(dpa)表示, 经计算上述4个注量造成的辐照损伤分别为0.029, 0.14, 0.29和2.9 dpa. 图 1 SRIM软件模拟不同注量的190 keV He+辐照后IG-110核级石墨中缺陷数量的深度分布 Figure1. SRIM simulation of the depth profiling of defects in IG-110 nuclear grade graphite after different fluences of 190 keV He+ irradiation.