1.School of Transportation, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, China 2.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining 810007, China
Fund Project:Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province, China (Grant No. 2018-ZJ-946Q) and Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Nationalities University, China (Grant No. 2017XJG05).
Received Date:21 November 2018
Accepted Date:23 January 2019
Available Online:23 March 2019
Published Online:05 April 2019
Abstract:Wide-band gap SiC is a promising semiconductor material for microelectronic applications due to its superior electronic properties, high thermal conductivity, chemical and radiation stability, and extremely high break-down voltage. Over the past several years, tremendous advances have been made in SiC crystal growth technology. Nevertheless, SiC will not reach its anticipated potential until a variety of problems are solved, one of the problem is step bunching during step flow growth of SiC, because it could lead to uneven distribution of impurity and less smooth surfaces. In this paper, step bunching morphologies on vicinal 4H-SiC (0001) surfaces with the miscut toward $\left[ {1\bar 100} \right]$ or $\left[ {11\bar 20} \right]$ directions are studied with a three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo model, and then compared with the analytic model based on the theory of Burton-Cabera-Frank. In the kinetic Monte Carlo model, based on the crystal lattice of 4H-SiC, a lattice mesh is established to fix the positions of atoms and bond partners. The events considered in the model are adsorption and diffusion of adatoms on the terraces, attachment, detachment and interlayer transport of adatoms at the step edges. The effects of Ehrlich-Schwoebel barriers at downward step edges and inverse Schwoebel barrier at upwards step edges are also considered. In addition, to obtain more elaborate information about the behavior of atoms in the crystal surface, silicon and carbon atoms are treated as the minimal diffusing species. Finally, the periodic boundary conditions are applied to the lateral direction while the " helicoidal boundary conditions” are used in the direction of crystal growth. The simulation results show that four bilayer-height steps are formed on the vicinal 4H-SiC (0001) surfaces with the miscut toward $\left[ {1\bar 100} \right]$ direction, while along the $\left[ {11\bar 20} \right]$ direction, only bunches with two-bilayer-height are formed. Moreover, zigzag shaped edges are observed for 4H-SiC (0001) vicinal surfaces with the miscut toward $\left[ {11\bar 20} \right]$ direction. The formation of these step bunching morphologies on vicinal surfaces with different miscut directions are related to the extra energy and step barrier. The different extra energy for each bilayer plane results in step bunches with two-bilayer-height on the vicinal 4H-SiC (0001) surface. And the step barriers finally lead to the formation of step bunches with four-bilayer-height. Finally, the formation mechanism of the stepped morphology is also analyzed by a one-dimensional Burton-Cabera-Frank analytic model. In the model, the parameters are corresponding to those used in the kinetic Monte Carlo model, and then solved numerically. The evolution characteristic of step bunching calculated by the Burton-Cabera-Frank model is consistent with the results obtained by the kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. Keywords:silicon carbide/ step bunching/ Monte Carlo/ crystal growth
该模型计算邻位原子数目达到16个. 其中, 位于上层的三个Si原子被一个C原子连接属于同一个四面体, 中间层的六个Si原子由三个C原子连接, 最下层有三个Si原子, 它们属于不同的四面体, 如图2所示. 图 2 (a)邻位关系计算模型; (b)中间层俯视图 Figure2. (a) The calculation model of neighbors; (b) top view of medial layer.
4.BCF理论模型在SiC晶体生长过程中, 当碳原子与硅原子射入到基底表面成为吸附原子. 经过一段时间的扩散后, 一些原子脱离生长表面返回到气相中, 一些原子则通过克服ES和ISB能量势垒到达台阶生长为晶体. 因此, 发生在晶体表面的事件包括原子的吸附、扩散以及原子在台阶上的附着、分离和传输等事件, 如图6(a)所示. 图 6 台阶流动生长中SiC晶体邻晶面示意图 (a)台阶表面事件与能量势垒; (b)台阶侧面 Figure6. Schematic top and side view of a vicinal surface during step-flow growth: (a) The events occurring on the surface and energy barriers; (b) side view of a vicinal surface.