Epigenetics in the genesis and development of cancers
Jingwen Zhang, Qian Xu, Guoliang Li,College of Informatics, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Abstract Cancer is a complex disease caused by the malignant cellular proliferation and metastasis. Elucidating its pathogenic mechanism is one of the major challenges that we face currently. Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for maintaining specific patterns of gene expression and normal development and growth of living individuals. Disorders of epigenetic markers, such as histone modification, DNA/RNA methylation, and changes in the three-dimensional conformation of chromatin, can interfere with gene expression to some extent, and result in cancers. This review provides a brief overview of epigenetics, focusing on their association with the genesis of cancers, and we look forward to the application of epigenetics in cancer clinical diagnosis and treatment. Keywords:cancers;epigenetics;DNA/RNA methylation;histone modification;nucleosome positioning;non-coding RNA;chromatin three-dimensional structure
PDF (653KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 张競文, 续倩, 李国亮. 癌症发生发展中的表观遗传学研究[J]. 遗传, 2019, 41(7): 567-581 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.19-077 Jingwen Zhang, Qian Xu, Guoliang Li. Epigenetics in the genesis and development of cancers[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2019, 41(7): 567-581 doi:10.16288/j.yczz.19-077
表观遗传学研究DNA序列之外可遗传的变化特征。生命个体的所有细胞具有基本相同的DNA,但不同的器官和组织具有不同的功能,而且随着多次细胞分裂仍能维持其特定的细胞身份,这在很大程度上被认为是由表观遗传信息介导的。表观遗传信息诸如组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化和染色质三维构象等受基因组序列、环境暴露、饮食习惯和其他随机因素等的共同调控,代表着基因和环境等因素之间的相互作用。表观遗传信息对维持基因特定的表达模式和生命个体的正常发育至关重要,表观遗传修饰紊乱可能改变基因表达,导致疾病发生。癌症是由细胞恶性增殖和扩散引发的常见疾病,已经成为最主要的疾病死亡原因。深入研究并解析其致病机制是当今人类社会面临的重大挑战之一。近年来,癌症基因组图谱(the cancer genome atlas, TCGA)揭示了许多癌症的基因组突变,包括单碱基突变、拷贝数变异和染色体重排等。另外,许多研究也表明表观遗传修饰在癌症中发生了改变。表观遗传修饰的动态变化性和可逆性也为癌症的治疗提供了思路。因此,表观遗传学研究在癌症中的应用将有助于人们解析病人基因组、环境暴露和生活方式等因素之间的关系,进而更好地预防、诊治癌症,促进人类健康。本文将从DNA/RNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、核小体定位、非编码RNA和染色质三维结构等方面概述表观遗传学的研究内容,并聚焦其与癌症发生发展之间的关联,展望表观遗传学在癌症临床诊治中的应用。
非编码RNA (non-coding RNA, ncRNA)被认为是基因组中不编码蛋白质的“暗物质”,占人类基因组的80%左右。DNA元件百科全书(encyclopedia of DNA elements, ENCODE)和表观基因组学图谱(roadmap epigenomics project)等项目通过生化方法和生物信息学手段发现了数百万个非编码调控区域。功能性非编码RNA主要包括miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA和siRNA等。
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