王璐^{1, 2,},
杜雄^1,,,
王荣³,
杨艳敏^2,,,
胡玉昆²,
侯振军⁴
1.河北农业大学农学院 保定 071000
2.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
3.河北雄安新区公共服务局 雄安 071700
4.保定市望都灌溉试验站 望都 072450
基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理专项2018ZX07110001
科技部国际合作项目2018YFE0110100
国家自然科学基金项目31871518
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0300908

详细信息

作者简介:王璐, 主要从事农业耗水方面的研究。E-mail: 1742646162@qq.com

通讯作者:杜雄, 主要从事作物生长系统调控工程方面的研究, E-mail: duxiong2002@163.com
杨艳敏, 主要从事农业耗水评估方面的研究, E-mail: ymyang@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S5-3

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出版历程

收稿日期:2020-12-30
录用日期:2021-03-19
刊出日期:2021-08-01

Optimization of the planting structure in the upstream region of Baiyangdian Lake based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ)

WANG Lu^{1, 2,},
DU Xiong^1,,,
WANG Rong³,
YANG Yanmin^2,,,
HU Yukun²,
HOU Zhenjun⁴
1. College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
2. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
3. Public Service Bureau of Hebei Xiong'an New Area Management Committee, Xiong'an 071700, China
4. Wangdu Experimental Station of Irrigation, Wangdu 072450, China
Funds: the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Special Project of China2018ZX07110001
the International Cooperation Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China2018YFE0110100
the National Natural Science Foundation of China31871518
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0300908

More Information

Corresponding author:DU Xiong, E-mail: duxiong2002@163.com;YANG Yanmin, E-mail: ymyang@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:合理的种植结构是实现区域水资源及土地资源优化配置的基础。针对白洋淀上游水资源紧缺、种植结构不合理等问题，结合当前主要作物种植结构现状，本研究以作物种植面积为优化变量，以水资源、土地资源、社会需求等为约束条件，以经济效益、生态效益最大及总灌溉耗水量最小为目标，构建基于非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）的作物种植结构多目标调整模型，并提出了针对白洋淀上游平原区、山区等不同水资源限制和农业机械化程度情景下的种植结构调整优化方案。研究结果表明，在平原区现状机械化水平下，在不限制用水的情景下，可以通过调减一年两作的种植面积，增加蔬菜和绿豆-鲜食玉米等的种植面积，达到提高经济效益12.6%的目的，而生态效益和节水效益都有所降低。在限水情景下，小麦-玉米调减比例增加，调增绿豆-鲜食玉米、春季甘薯、蔬菜和果蔬的面积，实现经济效益和节水效益的提高；而要达到节水20%的目标，所有作物的种植面积都要缩减，高耗水种植制度小麦-玉米种植面积缩减比例达21.5%，同时经济效益和生态效益都下降。在未来提高机械化水平的情景下，调整优化后的经济效益相比现状机械化水平提高或下降减少。在山区所有情景下，小麦-玉米种植面积随着对水分限制水平（不限水—小于现状水资源—节水20%）的增加调减比例增加，同时增加果树的种植面积。在山区可以通过种植结构的调整达到既节水20%，同时经济效益提高的目标，这是平原区所不能达到的。总之，无论是平原区还是山区，均是在不限水情景下优化后的经济效益、生态效益相对较高，而节水越多，优化后的经济效益、生态效益增幅越小、降幅越大。并且在平原区如果在节水要求不高的情景下应适当增加蔬菜面积，减少粮食种植面积；在节水要求高的情景下应削减所有作物包括水果、蔬菜的种植面积，在山区应该适当削减粮食种植面积，扩大果树的种植面积。该研究不仅可为研究区未来作物种植结构调整提供决策依据，也为在类似地区种植结构调整和水资源优化管理提供了新的情景参考。
关键词:NSGA-Ⅱ算法/
种植结构/
经济效益/
生态效益/
水资源优化
Abstract:Reasonable planting structures are the basis of the optimal allocation of regional water and land resources. The upstream region of Baiyangdian Lake suffers from the perils of water shortage and an unreasonable planting structure. On the base of the current status of the main crop planting structure, this study considered the crop planting area as optimization variable, the water resources, land resources, and social needs as the constraints, while seeking to maximize the economic and ecological benefits and to minimize the irrigation water consumption based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) of the crop planting structure adjustment model. This study also proposed the planting structure optimization schemes under different scenarios of various water restrictions and agricultural mechanization levels in the mountain area and plain area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake. The results showed that, at the current status of mechanization level, the area of the rotations of two crops in a year scaled down, while vegetables and mung beans-fresh maize areas increased, the economic benefits should increase 12.6%, and ecological and water-saving benefits decreased under the no-restricted irrigation water; while wheat-maize, mung beans-fresh maize, spring sweet potato, vegetables and fruits areas increased under restricted irrigation water inducing increased economic and water-saving benefits. In the 20% water-saving scenario, almost all crop areas would be scaled down, including vegetables, area of wheat-maize decreased 21.5%, and economic and ecological benefits decreased. In the scenario without water limitation, the optimized economic benefit increased the most, the ecological benefit decrease the least, water consumption increased, and the grain yield decreased the least. However, in the scenario of 20% water saving, the economic and ecological benefits and grain yield decreased. Under current and future mechanization levels, the fruit tree area increased under different water restriction scenarios. With no-water limitation, the economic and ecological benefits maximally improved after optimization, and water use and grain yield maximally decrease. Under the 20% water-saving scenario, the economic benefit increased the least, the ecological benefit decreased, and grain yield decreased the most. These results indicate that the current and future mechanization scenarios are not limited by water in the plain or mountainous areas, and the optimized economic and ecological benefits are relatively high. Moreover, in the plain areas with low water-saving requirements, the vegetable planting area should be increased, and the grain planting area should be reduced. In areas with high water-saving requirements, the planting area of all crops, including fruits and vegetables, should be reduced. In the mountainous areas, the grain planting area should be reduced, and the fruit tree planting area should be expanded. This study provides a decision basis for future regional planting structure adjustment. Past adjustments in the planting structure, with more adjustments according to different crop types, tended to ignore adjustments in the different cropping systems or to consider the fixed number of years or different climate scenarios. This paper proposed different scenarios of mechanization and water limitations and highlighted the optimization results under different scenarios for similar areas after adjustment in the planting structure.
Key words:Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ)/
Planting structure/
Economic benefits/
Ecological benefits/
Optimization of water resources

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图1NSGA-Ⅱ主要流程图
Figure1.NSGA-Ⅱmain flow chart


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表1白洋淀上游各种种植制度单位面积机械种植成本
Table1.Mechanical planting cost per unit area of various cropping system in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake ?￥?hm^–2

种植制度 Cropping system	灌溉 Irrigation	种子 Seeds	耕地 Cultivated land	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvest	肥料 Fertilizer	农药 Pesticide	农膜 Mulching films	劳力 Labor	总成本 Total cost
小麦-玉米Wheat-maize	1875	1800	1800	675	2100	3900	630	60	1200	14 040
小麦-谷子Wheat-millet	1875	1140	1800	750	1800	3975	480	0	1080	12 900
小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean	1875	1470	1800	600	1800	3405	630	0	1320	12 900
小麦-夏甘薯 Wheat-summer sweet potato	2100	6300	2775	3900	3300	4950	630	0	2130	26 085
小麦-绿豆 Wheat-mung bean	1875	1575	1800	600	1800	3585	630	60	1470	13 395
绿豆-鲜食玉米 Mung beans-fresh maize	1575	2775	900	675	2100	3210	600	120	2050	14 005
玉米一作Maize	375	750	900	375	1200	1800	300	60	390	6150
棉花一作Cotton	1200	540	900	375	1200	2550	1080	615	3180	11 640
春甘薯一作 Spring sweet potato	1800	15 750	1875	3600	2400	3000	1250	900	3740	34 315
谷子一作Millet	375	90	900	450	900	975	150	0	270	4110
花生一作Peanut	375	2370	900	375	900	2250	615	120	750	8655
高粱一作Sorghum	375	600	900	375	900	900	225	0	1095	5370

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表2白洋淀上游各种种植制度单位面积非机械类种植成本
Table2.Non-mechanical planting cost per unit area of various cropping system in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake ?￥?hm^–2

种植制度 Cropping system	灌溉Irrigation	种子 Seed	耕地Cultivated land	播种Sowing	收获Harvest	肥料Fertilizer	农药Pesticide	农膜Mulching films	劳力Labor	总成本 Total cost
小麦-谷子 Wheat-millet	1875	1140	3600	1200	3150	3975	480	0	1080	16 500
小麦-大豆 Wheat-soybean	1875	1470	3600	900	3150	3405	630	0	1320	16 350
小麦-夏甘薯 Wheat-summer sweet potato	2100	6300	6300	3900	5700	4950	630	0	2130	32 010
小麦-绿豆 Wheat-mung bean	1875	1575	3600	900	3150	3585	630	60	1470	16 845
绿豆-鲜食玉米 Mung beans-fresh maize	1575	2775	2700	1375	5950	3210	600	120	2050	20 355
玉米一作Maize	375	750	2700	750	2700	1800	300	60	390	9825
棉花一作Cotton	1200	540	2700	750	3000	2550	1080	615	3180	15 615
春甘薯一作 Spring sweet potato	1800	15 750	5400	3600	4800	3000	1250	900	3740	40 240
谷子一作Millet	375	90	2700	900	2250	975	150	0	270	7710
花生一作Peanut	375	2370	2700	750	2700	2250	615	120	750	12 630
高粱一作Sorghum	375	600	2700	900	2250	900	225	0	1095	9045

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表3白洋淀上游蔬菜的完全非机械化以及完全机械化种植成本
Table3.Cost of fully mechanized and completely non-mechanized planting of vegetables in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake ?￥?hm^–2

项目 Item	蔬菜类别 Vegetables category	蔬菜名称 Vegetable name	种子 Seeds	灌溉Irrigation	耕地 Cultivated land	播种 Sowing	收获 Harvest	肥料 Fertilizer	农药 Pesticide	劳力 Labor	总成本 Total cost
完全非机械化种植成本Completely non-mechanized planting cost	大田蔬菜 Outdoor vegetables	白菜Cabbage	1450	2750	2250	2200	7500	4000	1362	3300	24 812
		萝卜Radish	1350	2850	2250	2015	9200	3800	1254	3100	25 819
		南瓜Pumpkin	1050	2890	2250	2350	8000	4150	1450	3300	25 440
		大葱Onion	1500	2630	2250	2550	7670	4550	1560	3000	25 710
	设施蔬菜Facilities vegetables	黄瓜Cucumber	2650	3750	3125	3750	12 500	7420	3600	4658	41 453
		西红柿Tomatoes	2600	3055	3125	3250	12 300	7500	3000	4575	39 405
		豆角Beans	2825	3175	3125	3500	10 920	7650	3250	4820	39 265
		辣椒Chili	2750	3505	3125	3620	10 620	7200	3060	3200	37 080
完全机械化 种植成本 Fully mechanized planting cost	大田蔬菜Outdoor vegetables	白菜Cabbage	1450	2750	1500	1467	5000	4000	1362	3300	20 829
		萝卜Radish	1350	2850	1500	1343	6133	3800	1254	3100	21 331
		南瓜Pumpkin	1050	2890	1500	1567	5333	4150	1450	3300	21 240
		大葱Onion	1500	2630	1500	1700	5113	4550	1560	3000	21 553
	设施蔬菜Facilities vegetables	黄瓜Cucumber	2650	3750	2083	2500	8333	7420	3600	4658	34 994
		西红柿Tomatoes	2600	3055	2083	2167	8200	7500	3000	4575	33 180
		豆角Beans	2825	3175	2083	2333	7280	7650	3250	4820	33 416
		辣椒Chili	2750	3505	2083	2413	7080	7200	3060	3200	31 291

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表4白洋淀上游各果树的完全机械化以及完全非机械化种植成本
Table4.Cost of fully mechanized and completely non-mechanized planting of fruit trees in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake ?￥?hm^–2

项目 Item	水果 Fruit	灌溉加人工Irrigation and labor	施肥加人工Fertilization and labor	农药加人工 Pesticide and labor	剪枝 Pruning	疏果 Fruit thinning	套袋加袋子 Bagging and bags	收获 Harvest	反光膜Reflective film	总成本 Total cost
完全非机械化种植成本 Completely non-mechanized planting cost	苹果Apple	1200	5400	6350	1500	6000	8000	5400	2250	36 100
	梨Pear	1170	5175	5160	1450	5600	8025	4500		31 080
	葡萄Grapes	1300	7500	6500	1700	6500	9000	4800		37 300
	桃Peach	1350	5700	6600	1300	5400	7500	4000		31 850
完全机械化种植成本Fully mechanized planting cost	苹果Apple	1200	5400	6350	1500	6000	8000	3600	2250	34 300
	梨Pear	1170	5175	5160	1450	5600	8025	3000		29 580
	葡萄Grapes	1300	7500	6500	1700	6500	9000	3200		35 700
	桃Peach	1350	5700	6600	1300	5400	7500	2667		30 517

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表5白洋淀上游平原区、山区不同种植制度的作物单位面积产量与产值
Table5.Output value per unit area and yield per unit area of crops of different cropping systems in plain and mountainous areas in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake

种植制度 Cropping system	价格 Price (￥?kg–1)	平原区Plain area			山区Mountainous area
		产量Yield (×103 kg?hm–2)	产值Output value (×103 ￥?hm–2)		产量Yield (×103 kg?hm–2)	产值Output vale (×103 ￥?hm–2)
小麦-玉米Wheat-maize	2.2~1.8	6.5~7.6	27.9		5.8~5.9	23.4
小麦-谷子Wheat-millet	2.2~4.0	6.5~3.9	29.7		5.8~3.4	26.5
小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean	2.2~4.5	6.5~2.3	24.8		5.8~2.1	22.3
小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato	2.2~2.0	6.5~15.2	44.8		5.8~11.1	35.0
小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean	2.2~7.4	6.5~1.4	24.8		5.8~1.1	21.1
绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize	7.4~2.2	1.4~13.7	40.6		1.1~10.6	31.6
玉米一作Maize	1.8	7.6	13.7		5.9	10.6
棉花一作Cotton	7.6	3.2	24.2		2.3	17.6
春甘薯一作Spring sweet potato	2	31.0	61.9		22.6	45.1
谷子一作Millet	4	3.9	15.4		3.4	13.7
花生一作Peanut	5.5	4.9	26.8		4.2	23.1
高粱一作Sorghum	2.6	6.0	15.6		6.0	15.5
蔬菜Vegetables	/	/	99.3		/	99.3
果树Fruit	/	/	113.1		/	113.1

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表6白洋淀上游不同情景下平原区、山区各作物单位面积净产值取值
Table6.Value of net output value per unit area of crops of different cropping systems in plain and mountain areas under differentscenarios in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake ?×10³ ￥?hm^–2

种植制度 Cropping system	平原区Plain area			山区Mountainous area
	现状机械化情景 Current mechanization scenario	未来机械化情景 Future mechanization scenario		现状机械化情景 Current mechanization scenario	未来机械化情景 Future mechanization scenario
小麦-玉米Wheat-maize	13.9	13.9		9.4	9.4
小麦-谷子Wheat-millet	16.2	16.8		11.7	12.2
小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean	11.3	11.9		7.5	8.0
小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato	17.6	18.7		5.8	6.6
小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean	10.8	11.4		5.8	6.3
绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize	25.4	26.5		14.1	15.0
玉米一作Maize	6.8	7.5		2.5	3.0
棉花一作Cotton	11.9	12.6		3.8	4.4
春甘薯一作Spring sweet	26.6	27.6		7.6	8.4
谷子一作Millet	10.7	11.3		7.6	8.1
花生一作Peanut	17.4	18.2		12.3	12.8
高粱一作Sorghum	9.6	10.2		8.2	8.7
蔬菜Vegetables	68.5	68.6		68.5	68.6
果树Fruit	79.9	80.0		80.0	80.0

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表7白洋淀上游平原区不同情景下种植结构优化调整后不同种植制度的面积变化
Table7.Changes in planting areas of different cropping systems after planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the plain area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

种植制度 Cropping system	面积现状 Area status (hm2)	面积变化率Change rate of area (%)
		CS1	CS2	CS3	FS1	FS2	FS3
小麦-玉米Wheat-maize	266 117.0	–5.8	–15.9	–21.5	–6.0	–16.1	–22.0
小麦-谷子Wheat-millet	886.5	–15.9	–14.3	–8.0	–13.3	–16.1	–6.5
小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean	4923.0	–19.4	–18.2	–17.6	–17.7	–15.8	–15.7
小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato	644.8	–18.0	–13.1	–7.2	–13.4	–8.9	–2.9
小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean	459.9	–17.1	–12.1	–8.7	–14.9	–10.3	–6.9
绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize	51.1	1.1	2.2	–3.9	6.2	7.1	2.1
玉米一作Maize	10 182.0	–19.1	–18.5	–15.6	–19.0	–18.3	–15.4
棉花一作Cotton	4633.0	–17.4	–11.5	–13.7	–14.9	–9.6	–11.9
春薯一作Spring sweet	5803.2	–19.2	3.3	–16.2	–14.5	8.5	–11.3
谷子一作Millet	98.5	–7.8	–11.3	–10.2	–5.4	–9.4	–8.5
花生一作Peanut	86 791.0	–17.8	–13.9	–14.9	–15.3	–12.7	–12.9
高粱一作Sorghum	27.0	–19.0	–17.2	–15.1	–17.1	–15.9	–13.8
蔬菜Vegetables	113 838.0	32.1	17.6	–18.0	32.6	17.7	–17.5
果树Fruit	20 140.0	–4.5	15.6	–17.6	1.1	20.0	–12.4
CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively.

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表8白洋淀上游平原区不同情景下种植结构优化调整的效益分析
Table8.Benefits of planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the plain area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

种植制度 Cropping system	现状 Status quo	变化率Change rate (%)
		CS1	CS2	CS3	FS1	FS2	FS3
经济Economic benefit	149.8×108 ￥	12.6	5.3	–18.4	14.9	6.6	–16.9
生态Ecological benefit	11.4×108 ￥	–1.0	–8.1	–19.7	–0.4	–7.7	–19.4
用水Water consumption	15.9×108 m3	3.0	–6.3	–19.8	3.4	–5.9	–19.6
产量Crop yield	40.7×108 kg	–6.8	–15.0	–20.9	–6.7	–14.9	–21.1
CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。表中产量仅为粮食作物产量, 不包括经济作物以及蔬菜、果树产量。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively. The crop yield is the output of food crops, excluding those of cash crops, vegetables and fruit trees.

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表9白洋淀上游山区种植结构优化调整后不同种植制度的面积变化
Table9.Changes in planting areas of different cropping systems after planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the mountainous area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

种植制度 Cropping system	面积现状 Area status (hm2)	面积变化率Change rate of area (%)
		CS1	CS2	CS3	FS1	FS2	FS3
小麦-玉米Wheat-maize	72 304.0	–6.3	–11.8	–65.9	–6.7	–11.7	–61.5
小麦-谷子Wheat-millet	1439.5	–18.4	–17.7	–14.1	–12.2	–16.8	–15.9
小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean	6141.0	–16.7	–18.4	–17.9	–17.7	–17.4	–17.8
小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato	1338.4	–16.6	–14.8	–18.5	–9.1	–13.0	–14.9
小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean	461.7	–16.9	–11.6	–15.4	–11.7	–11.8	–15.4
绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize	51.3	0.6	1.7	3.5	–2.1	–10.2	1.1
玉米一作Maize	74 083.0	–11.0	–8.5	–18.2	–17.8	–19.4	–18.1
棉花一作Cotton	1903.0	–18.0	–16.8	–17.5	–16.4	–13.1	–13.8
春薯一作Spring sweet	12 045.6	–19.0	–18.1	–19.2	–18.2	–19.4	–18.2
谷子一作Millet	12 955.5	–16.3	–18.3	–14.4	–19.0	–16.8	–19.2
花生一作Peanut	20 964.0	–18.0	–18.8	–17.9	–17.0	–18.3	–18.2
高粱一作Sorghum	1880.0	–13.9	–16.0	–18.0	–16.3	–17.1	–18.1
蔬菜Vegetables	36 095.0	–0.4	9.7	1.5	14.1	6.0	–17.0
果树Fruit	115 925.0	18.5	14.7	13.2	16.1	13.9	17.1
CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively.

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表10白洋淀上游山区不同情景下种植结构优化调整的效益分析
Table10.Benefits of planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in themountainous area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

种植制度 Cropping system	现状 Status quo	变化率Change rate (%)
		CS1	CS2	CS3	FS1	FS2	FS3
经济Economic benefit	131.4×108 ￥	11.8	10.7	5.2	13.3	9.6	5.2
生态Ecological benefit	8.0×108 ￥	3.7	1.7	–13.6	3.0	0.1	–12.4
用水Water consumption	5.8×108 m3	0.9	0.0	–20.0	1.7	–2.1	–20.0
产量Crop yield	17.0×108 kg	–10.5	–12.4	–42.0	–12.1	–15.3	–39.7
CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。表中产量仅为粮食作物产量, 不包括经济作物以及蔬菜、果树产量。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively. The crop yield is the output of food crops, excluding those of cash crops, vegetables and fruit trees.

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