唐佳丽2,
杨小明3,
于台泽4, 5,
李颖5,
马林6,,
1.农业农村部农村经济研究中心 北京 100810
2.福建农林大学公共管理学院 福州 350002
3.生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心 北京 100029
4.中国农业大学 北京 100083
5.大自然保护协会 北京 100600
6.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 石家庄 050022
基金项目: 国家社会科学基金重点项目20AGL022
国家重点研发计划课题2016YFD0201304
详细信息
通讯作者:马林, 主要研究方向为养分资源管理、农业生态学。E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:S141.4计量
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出版历程
收稿日期:2021-01-21
录用日期:2021-04-19
刊出日期:2021-07-01
European Union organic fertilizer product standards, management mechanisms, and its enlightenment
JIN Shuqin1,TANG Jiali2,
YANG Xiaoming3,
YU Taize4, 5,
LI Ying5,
MA Lin6,,
1. Research Center for Rural Economy, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100810, China
2. School of Public Administration, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
3. Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
4. China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
5. The Nature Conservancy, Beijing 100600, China
6. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the National Social Science Foundation of China20AGL022
the National Key R & D Program of China2016YFD0201304
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Corresponding author:MA Lin, E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:使用有机肥是消纳畜禽粪便、减少化肥投入、改善土壤结构的多赢举措。欧盟国家将有机肥分为矿物和非矿物两类，形态上又分别有固态和液体两种，其产品标准既包括有效养分的含量要求，也包括有害物质的含量限值，通过企业信息台账、告知义务、追溯体系实现严格的市场监管，并通过污染区域划定避免肥料过度使用造成环境风险，其做法对于当前我国大力推进农业绿色发展具有重要借鉴意义。本文基于中国与欧盟在有机肥标准和市场管理等方面的比较研究，提出5条建议：一是尽快开展"硝酸盐污染区"划定；二是细化产品标准，规范有机肥分类、名称；三是压实各方责任，尤其是严控源头添加和生产规范；四是大力推广种养结合，将有机肥推广与化肥减量、畜禽粪污资源化利用融为一体；五是深化科学用肥宣传。下一步，我国应科学完善有机肥标准并加强监管，尽快启动硝酸盐污染区划定工作，实现种养结合农业绿色发展格局。
关键词:有机肥标准/
欧盟经验/
种养结合/
农业绿色发展
Abstract:The use of organic fertilizers is a beneficial measure for absorbing livestock manure, reducing chemical input, and improving soil health. European Union (EU) countries divide organic fertilizers into two types of mineral and non-mineral fertilizers, and solids and liquids in form. The organic fertilizer standards include the effective nutrients contents and the hazardous substances limits. Information ledgers, an obligation to disclose, and traceability has helped the EU to achieve strict market supervision and avoid environmental risks caused by excessive fertilizer application through the delineation of polluted areas. Such practices represent important references for China to vigorously promote the green development of agriculture. This study compared the standards of organic fertilizer products in China with the standards of organic fertilizer products from the EU and presents five recommendations. First, nitrate pollution areas should be delineated as soon as possible. Second, the product standards should be refined for the classification and designation of organic fertilizers. Third, the responsibilities of all parties should be considered, especially for the strict control of source addition and production specifications. Fourth, planting and breeding combinations should be vigorously promoted; we need to combine the promotion of organic fertilizer with fertilizer decrement and better resource utilization for livestock and poultry manure. Finally, we need broader publicity for organic fertilizer use. Therefore, it is recommended that China start delineating nitrate pollution areas as soon as possible, formulating organic fertilizer standards, strengthening supervision, and realizing the green development of combining planting and breeding.
Key words:Organic fertilizer standard/
European Union experience/
Combination of planting and breeding/
Green agricultural development
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表1中国和欧盟有机肥产品标准比较
Table1.Comparison of standards of organic fertilizer products between China and European Union
| 中国 China | 欧盟 European Union | |
| 有机质含量 Organic matter content | > 45% (干燥基Dry base) | ≥20% |
| 养分含量 Nutrients contents | ≥5% (烘干基, Dry base) | 详见表 2-6 Shown in the table 2 to 6 |
| 重金属限量 Heavy metals limits | Pb 50 mg?kg?1; Cd 3 mg?kg?1; Cr 150 mg?kg?1; As 15 mg?kg?1; Hg 2 mg?kg?1 | 详见表 4、7 Shown in the table 4 and 7 |
| 包装 Packaging | 包装上须注明产品名称、商标、有机质含量、总养分含量、净含量、标准号、登记证号、企业名称、厂址, 其余按GB18382—2016执行 The package must be labeled with name, brand, organic matter content, total nutrients contents and net contents, standard number of product, and name and address of the producer. The rests is according to GB18382—2016 | 包装上须注明类型编号、批号、产品名称、注册商标、可联系的邮寄地址等, 如果包装太小而无法容纳所有信息, 则应在包装随附的传单中提供。如果是散装的产品, 则所有信息应以传单形式提供 The package must be labeled with type number, batch number, name, brand, address of the producer. For bulk products, the information must be listed in a sheet. |
下载: 导出CSV表2单一养分有机肥含量标准
Table2.Single nutrient organic fertilizers content standard ?
| 养分Nutrient | 固体有机肥料Solid organic fertilizer | 液体有机肥料Liquid organic fertilizer |
| N | > 2.5 | > 2 |
| P2O5 | > 2 | > 1 |
| K2O | > 2 | > 2 |
下载: 导出CSV表3多种养分有机肥含量标准
Table3.Nutrients contents standard of multi-nutrient organic fertilizers ?
| 养分 Nutrient | 固体有机肥料 Solid organic fertilizer | 液体有机肥料 Liquid organic fertilizer |
| N | > 1 | > 1 |
| P2O5 | > 1 | > 1 |
| K2O | > 1 | > 1 |
| 总含量Sum | > 4 | > 3 |
下载: 导出CSV表4非矿物有机肥料的污染物的限值
Table4.Limits for contaminants in non-mineral organic fertilizers
| 元素 Element | 含量限值 Limit of content [mg?kg?1(dry matter)] |
| 镉Cd | 1.5 |
| 六价铬Cr | 2 |
| 汞Hg | 1 |
| 镍Ni | 50 |
| 铅Pb | 120 |
| 无机砷As | 40 |
| 铜Cu | 300 |
| 锌Zn | 800 |
| 缩二脲C2H5N3O2 | 不得检出No detectable |
下载: 导出CSV表5单一养分有机矿物肥料含量标准
Table5.Single nutrient organo-mineral fertilizer content standard ?
| 养分 Nutrient | 固体有机矿物肥料 Solid organo-mineral fertilizer | 液体有机矿物肥料 Liquid organo-mineral fertilizer |
| N | > 2.5 | > 2 |
| P2O5 | > 2 | > 2 |
| K2O | > 2 | > 2 |
下载: 导出CSV表6多种养分有机矿物肥料含量标准
Table6.Nutrients contents standard of multi-nutrient organo-mineral fertilizers ?
| 养分 Nutrient | 固体有机矿物肥料 Solid organo-mineral fertilizer | 液体有机矿物肥料 Liquid organo-mineral fertilizer |
| N | > 2, Norg=0.5 | > 2, Norg=0.5 |
| P2O5 | > 2 | > 2 |
| K2O | > 2 | > 2 |
| 总含量Sum | > 8 | > 6 |
| Norg为有机氮。Norg is organic nitrogen. | ||
下载: 导出CSV表7有机矿物肥料中的污染物的限值
Table7.Limits for contaminants in organic mineral fertilizers
| 元素 Element | 含量限值 Limit of content [mg?kg?1(dry matter)] |
| 镉Cd | 3 (P2O5 < 5%) 60 (P2O5≥5%) |
| 六价铬Cr | 2 |
| 汞Hg | 1 |
| 镍Ni | 50 |
| 铅Pb | 120 |
| 无机砷As | 40 |
| 铜Cu | 600 |
| 锌Zn | 1500 |
| 缩二脲C2H5N3O2 | 12 |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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