王仕琴1,
陈肖如1, 2,
雷玉平1,
高鹏程3,
胡春胜1,,,
马林1
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
3.西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所 杨凌 712100
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0800102
国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0800601
国家自然科学基金面上项目41530859
详细信息
作者简介:李晓欣, 主要研究方向为农田氮素循环及环境效应。E-mail:xiaoxin_li@sjziam.ac.cn
通讯作者:胡春胜, 主要从事农田生态系统碳氮水循环和土壤生态过程研究。E-mail:cshu@sjziam.ac.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2020-10-24
录用日期:2020-11-10
刊出日期:2021-01-01
Spatial distribution and changes of nitrate in the vadose zone and underground water in northern China
LI Xiaoxin1,,WANG Shiqin1,
CHEN Xiaoru1, 2,
LEI Yuping1,
GAO Pengcheng3,
HU Chunsheng1,,,
MA Lin1
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Funds: the National Key R&D Program of China2016YFD0800102
the National Key R&D Program of China2017YFD0800601
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41530859
More Information
Corresponding author:HU Chunsheng, E-mail: cshu@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:我国农业生产过程造成的地下水硝酸盐污染问题备受关注，作为硝态氮累积和存储的重要场所和硝酸盐淋失进入地下水的主要通道，包气带土壤中硝酸盐存储分布特征与地下水硝酸盐污染密切相关。本文以北方典型黑土、潮土和褐土区农田为研究对象，建立了北方地下水硝酸盐监测网（东北、华北、西北），通过对不同区域地下水的采样和测定，比较了地下水硝酸盐污染的区域差异，结合历史数据对地下水硝酸盐时空变化进行了分析。进一步选择华北平原作为厚包气带的代表区域，实地取样分析了包气带硝态氮累积存储和分布特征。结果表明：东北黑土区地下水硝酸盐超标率最高，达39.6%；其次为华北潮土区，超标率为19.3%；西北褐土区的地下水硝态氮超标率最低，为14.9%。随时间推移，华北平原区域尺度浅层地下水硝酸盐超标率有增长趋势，2016—2018年403个采样点地下水超标率为18.9%，高于1998年的11.8%。华北平原区域厚包气带硝酸盐存贮总量可达1854万t，粮食种植对区域包气带硝酸盐累积存储的平均贡献率为78.3%；包气带0~6 m是华北平原区硝酸盐存储的主要土层，这部分存储的硝态氮对地下水构成了潜在的威胁。
关键词:面源污染/
区域尺度/
地下水/
包气带/
硝酸盐存储
Abstract:Nitrate leaching from Chinese farmland causes non-point source pollution and is an increasingly serious issue. The vadose zone is an important place for nitrate nitrogen accumulation and storage and a common way for nitrate to leach into the groundwater. Nitrate spatial-temporal changes in the underground water and vadose zones were analyzed in this study. Farmlands in black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and cinnamon soil in northern China were investigated by monitoring underground water nitrate and water level changes to determine the underground water nitrate contents. The results showed that the black soil region (Northeast China) had the highest groundwater nitrate content with excess standard rate of 39.6%, followed by the fluvo-aquic soil region (North China) (19.3%); the cinnamon soil region (Northwest China) had the lowest rate (14.9%). In the North China Plain, the excess standard rates of nitrate in shallow underground water trended upward over the years; the groundwater nitrate excess standard rate was 11.8% in 1998 and 18.9% from 2016 to 2018. The underground water nitrate excess standard rate was higher in vegetable-planting areas than in grain crop-planting areas. Soil nitrate was distributed and accumulated in the vadose zone before being leached into the underground water. Nitrate accumulation increased with vadose zone thickness; the total nitrate-N storage in the North China Plain deep vadose zone was up to 18.54 million tons. Nitrate accumulated mainly at a depth of 0–6 m, and crop production contributed, on average, 78.3% toward the regional vadose zone nitrate storage.
Key words:Non-point source pollution/
Regional scale/
Ground water/
Vadose zone/
Nitrate storage
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图1中国北方地下水硝酸盐监测网点分布
Figure1.Distribution of groundwater nitrate monitoring sites in northern China
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2不同区域地下水硝酸盐浓度(a:黑土; b:潮土; c:褐土)
Figure2.Groundwater nitrate concentration at the regional scale (a: black soil; b: fluvo-aquic soil; c: cinnamon soil)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图31998年(a)和2016—2018年(b)华北平原(潮土区)不同地貌类型地下水硝酸盐浓度统计特征值变化
Figure3.Changes of nitrate concentration in groundwater of different geomorphic types in the North China Plain (fluvo-aquic soil) in 1998 (a) and 2016-2018 (b)
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图4华北平原区域尺度包气带硝酸盐的累积存储分布
a:基本粮田包气带土壤硝态氮累积存储分布; b:菜地包气带土壤硝态氮累积存储分布; c:华北平原区浅层地下水埋深空间分布。
Figure4.Soil nitrate accumulation of vadose zone at the regional scale in the North China Plain
a: spatial distribution of soil nitrate accumulation in vadose zone of grain field; b: spatial distribution of soil nitrate accumulation in vadose zone of vegetable field; c: spatial distribution of groundwater table.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5华北平原不同农田类型对区域硝态氮累积的贡献率(a:粮田; b:菜地)
Figure5.Spatial distribution of nitrate contribution rate of different farmland types in the North China Plain (a: grain field; b: vegetable field)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1采样时间与数据收集
Table1.Groundwater sampling and history data collection
| 土壤类型 Soil type | 采样时间(年-月) Date of sampling (year-month) | 采集样品数 Number of samples | 历史数据数量(年份) Number of history data (year) |
| 华北潮土Fluvo-aquic soil | 2016-12, 2018-03, 2019-06 | 463 | 221(1998), 172(2005) |
| 东北黑土Black soil | 2018-07 | 159 | 13(2013) |
| 西北褐土Cinnamon soil | 2017-03, 2017-10, 2020-06 | 254 | 232(2001) |
下载: 导出CSV表2华北平原不同地下水埋深区域包气带土壤硝态氮存储量
Table2.NO3--N storage of vadose zone under different groundwater table depths in the North China Plain
| 地下水埋深 Groundwater table depth (m) | 区域面积 Area (km2) | 粮田?Grain field | 菜地?Vegetable field | |||
| 种植面积 Planting area (km2) | 硝态氮存储量 Nitrate nitrogen storage (×104 t N) | 种植面积 Planting Area (km2) | 硝态氮存储量 Nitrate nitrogen storage (×104 t N) | |||
| 2 | 12 712 | 5212 | 55 | 801 | 21 | |
| 3 | 75 451 | 31 186 | 351 | 4753 | 100 | |
| 6 | 77 501 | 39 332 | 494 | 9300 | 119 | |
| 10 | 21 870 | 8967 | 143 | 2078 | 43 | |
| 16 | 29 114 | 9317 | 197 | 3203 | 58 | |
| 25 | 20 776 | 6025 | 129 | 1309 | 39 | |
| 40 | 11 618 | 3486 | 76 | 662 | 19 | |
| 50 | 957 | 287 | 8 | 55 | 2 | |
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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