吴彤?,,
石岳骄?,,
朱毅,
中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院 北京 100083
基金项目: 黑龙江省密山市有机农业发展与职业培训项目201905510610202
详细信息
作者简介:谢文凤, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全, E-mail:xiewenfeng17112@163.com
吴彤, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全, E-mail:estela_tong@163.com
石岳骄, 主要研究方向为食品质量与安全, E-mail:18810791293@163.com
通讯作者:朱毅, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:zhuyi@cau.edu.cn
?同等贡献者中图分类号:S141.4
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收稿日期:2020-04-20
录用日期:2020-08-14
刊出日期:2020-12-01
Chinese and international organic fertilizer standard comparison and risk assessment
XIE Wenfeng?,,WU Tong?,,
SHI Yuejiao?,,
ZHU Yi,
College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Funds: the Organic Agriculture Development and Vocational Training Project in Mishan City of Heilongjiang Province of China201905510610202
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Corresponding author:ZHU Yi, E-mail:zhuyi@cau.edu.cn
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摘要
摘要:中国是人口最多的发展中国家，生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大，堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式，而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源，规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生，针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状，本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标，对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析，为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准，在具体指标要求方面优于美国，但和欧盟相比还有差距，比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失，对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格，长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值，严重影响农作物安全；同时，由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素，加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺，农户施用时缺乏指导，监管部门执法不严等因素，我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此，进一步完善有机肥标准体系，强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制，要求选用原料批批检，加大准入和过程的落实力度，才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。
关键词:有机肥/
标准对比/
风险评价/
有机肥标准/
土壤重金属
Abstract:China has a large population, daily life and manufacturing activities produce large quantities of organic waste. An efficient way to reduce organic waste pollution is by transforming it into organic fertilizer. Agricultural industry-standard NY 525-2012, established in 2012, is the only policy used to regulate organic fertilizers in China, but it is outdated. To improve the Chinese organic fertilizer standard system, we reviewed and analyzed the quality standards in Chinese, Japanese, Australian, European Union, and American organic fertilizers by comparing the organic matter, nutrient, and heavy metal concentrations and pathogen levels. The results showed that the Chinese organic fertilizer quality standard is stricter than that in the United States, but has disadvantages compared to the European Union. In China, there are no organic fertilizer limits for copper, zinc, and nickel, and some of the heavy metal limits (e.g., cadmium) are loose. Therefore, long-term application may lead to soil heavy metal contamination, risking crops. Additive and antibiotic overuse in the livestock and poultry industries, an organic fertilizer production technology shortage, missing scientific and professional guidance for farmers, and insufficient direction from relevant departments and agencies all increase the risks associated with organic fertilizer application in China. Improving the standard system, restricting heavy metals, antibiotics, and other toxic substances, and inspecting raw material batches before processing will support the quality and sustainable development of the organic fertilizer industry in China.
Key words:Organic fertilizer/
Standard comparison/
Risk assessment/
Organic fertilizer standard/
Soil heavy metal
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表1国内外有机肥养分含量标准
Table1.Domestic and foreign standards for nutrients contents of organic fertilizer
| 国家/地区 Country/region | 分类 Category | 全氮含量 Total N content (%) | P2O5含量 P2O5 content (%) | K2O含量 K2O content (%) | 总养分 Total nutrient (%) |
| 中国?China | ≥5.0 | ||||
| 日本?Japan | 树皮堆肥?Bark composting | ≥1.0 | ≥1.0 | ||
| 下水污泥堆肥?Sewage sludge composting | ≥1.5 | ≥2 | ≥3.5 | ||
| 粪类污泥堆肥?Fecal sludge composting | ≥2.0 | ≥2 | ≥4.0 | ||
| 食品污泥堆肥?Food sludge composting | ≥2.5 | ≥2 | ≥4.5 | ||
| 家畜粪堆肥?Livestock manure composting | ≥1.0 | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥3.0 | |
| 欧盟 European Union | ≤2TS |
下载: 导出CSV表2国内外有机堆肥产品中重金属限量标准
Table2.Domestic and foreign standards for heavy metals limits of organic fertilizer
| 国家/地区 Country/region | 分类 Category | 重金属质量分数 Heavy metal mass fraction (mg·kg–1) | |||||||
| Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | Ni | ||
| 中国?China | 50 | 3 | 150 | 15 | 2 | ||||
| 日本?Japan | 100 | 5 | 500 | 50 | 2 | 300 | |||
| 澳大利亚?Australia | 200 | 200 | 250 | 3 | 400 | 20 | 1 | 60 | |
| 欧盟?European Union | 有机耕种?Organic farming | 70 | 45 | 200 | 0.7 | 70 | 0.4 | 25 | |
| 美国?American | 1 500 | 300 | 2 800 | 1.5 | 100 | ||||
下载: 导出CSV表3国内外有机肥病原体残余标准
Table3.Domestic and foreign standards for pathogen residues of organic fertilizer
| 国家/地区 Country/region | 分类 Category | 蛔虫卵死亡率 Mortality of ascaris eggs (%) | 类大肠杆菌数 Escherichia coli value | 沙门氏菌 Salmonella spp. |
| 中国?China | 畜禽粪便人工堆肥 Artificial livestock manure compost | ≥95 | ≤100个·g–1 | 不得检出?No detected |
| 畜禽粪便机械堆肥 Mechanical livestock manure compost | 不得检出?No detected | |||
| 日本?Japan | ≤1 000 MPN·g–1 | 25 g样品中不得检出?No detected in 25 g sample | ||
| 欧盟?European Union | ＜100 CFU·g–1 | 25 g样品中不得检出?No detected in 25 g sample |
下载: 导出CSV表4欧盟部分成员国有机肥的病原体质量评估标准
Table4.Pathogen quality assessment criteria of organic fertilizer in some European Union Member States
| 国家?Country | 参数?Parameter | 极限值?Limit value |
| 捷克共和国?Czech Republic | 沙门氏菌? Salmonella spp. | 不存在?Absent |
| 大肠杆菌? Escherichia coli | < 1 000 CFU·g–1 | |
| 肠球菌? Enterococcus spp. | < 1 000 CFU·g–1 | |
| 德国?German | 沙门氏菌Salmonella spp. | 50 g样品中不存在Absent in 50 g sample |
| 铜色桨虫? Plasmodoph Brass | 感染指数≤50% ?Infection index ≤50% | |
| 烟草花叶病毒1? Tobacco mosaic virus 1 | ≤8·plant–1 | |
| 杂草繁殖体?Weeds/propagules | 发芽率≤2粒·L–1? Germination ≤2 plants·L–1 | |
| 意大利?Italy | 沙门氏菌? Salmonella spp. | 25 g样品中不存在?Absent in 25 g sample |
| 大肠杆菌? Escherichia coli | ≤1 000 CFU·g–1 | |
| 杂草?Weeds | 发芽率≥60% ?Germination index ≥60% | |
| 荷兰?Netherlands | 蠕虫?Eelworms | 不存在?Absent |
| 铜色桨虫? Plasmodoph Brass | 不存在?Absent | |
| 英国?United Kingdom | 沙门氏菌? Salmonella spp. | 25 g样品中不存在?Absent in 25 g sample |
| 大肠杆菌? Escherichia coli | ≤1 000 CFU·g–1 | |
| 杂草繁殖体?Weeds/propagules | 发芽杂草植物: 0·L–1 ?Germination weed plant: 0·L–1 |
下载: 导出CSV表5我国Cu、Zn、Ni的农用地土壤风险筛选值
Table5.Domestic soil risk screening values of Cu, Zn, and Ni for agricultural soil in China
| 重金属 Heavy metal | 分类 Category | 风险筛选值?Risk screening value (mg·kg–1) | |||
| pH≤5.5 | 5.5 < pH≤6.5 | 6.5 < pH≤7.5 | pH > 7.5 | ||
| Cu | 果园土壤?Orchard soil | 150 | 150 | 200 | 200 |
| 其他农用地土壤?Other agricultural soil | 50 | 50 | 100 | 100 | |
| Ni | 60 | 70 | 100 | 100 | |
| Zn | 200 | 200 | 250 | 300 | |
| ??农用地土壤污染风险筛选值:农用地土壤中污染物含量等于或者低于该值, 对农产品质量安全、农作物生长或土壤生态环境的风险低, 一般情况下可以忽略; 超过该值, 对农产品质量安全、农作物生长或土壤生态环境可能存在风险, 应当加强土壤环境监测和农产品协同监测, 原则上应当采取安全利用措施[30]。The conception of Risk Screening Values for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land is that if the pollutant content in farmland soil is equal to or lower than the value, the quality of agricultural products and the safety of crop growth or soil ecological environment is low, and can be ignored in general; but if the content exceeds the value, the quality and safety of crop is at risk, certain monitor of soil together with agricultural product is needed and measures should be taken to guarantee the safety as well[30]. | |||||
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