基于SEPLS模型的GIAHS恢复力评估框架及其在保护成效评估中的应用

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马楠^{1, 2,},
闵庆文^{1, 2,,},
焦雯珺¹,
NadiaBergamini³
1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学北京 100049
3.Bioversity International Rome 00057
基金项目: 农业农村部国际交流合作项目12200020

详细信息

作者简介:马楠, 主要研究方向为农业文化遗产等。E-mail:manan15@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:闵庆文, 主要研究方向为生态农业与农业文化遗产、国家公园与自然保护地体系。E-mail:minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号:S-03;F327.8

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-12-24
录用日期:2020-04-28
刊出日期:2020-09-01

A GIAHS Resilience Assessment Framework based on SEPLS model and its application in the conservation effectiveness assessment

MA Nan^{1, 2,},
MIN Qingwen^{1, 2,,},
JIAO Wenjun¹,
Nadia Bergamini³
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Bioversity International, Rome 00057, Italy
Funds: the International Cooperation Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China12200020

More Information

Corresponding author:MIN Qingwen, E-mail: minqw@igsnrr.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:由联合国粮农组织认定的全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）是一类典型的社会生态生产景观（SEPLS），在传统知识传承保护、粮食与食物安全保障、农业生物多样性保护、气候变化应对等诸多方面具有重要意义。为了更好、更有效地开展GIAHS保护及管理工作，本文在分析GIAHS评估重要性和恢复力概念的基础上，以联合国大学（UNU）等团队开发的社会生态生产景观恢复力评估框架（SEPLS模型）为基础，构建了GIAHS恢复力评估框架（GIAHS-RAF），明确了其评估及计算过程。并以中国第1个GIAHS项目——浙江青田稻鱼共生系统（Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province，RFC）为例，通过对核心保护区——龙现村在2004年（GIAHS项目授牌前）和2016年（GIAHS授牌11年）的恢复力状况进行评估，探讨模型在GIAHS保护成效评估中的适用性。研究结果显示：1）2016年龙现村恢复力整体状况相对较弱，各项资本评估得分为：物质资本（0.75）>经济资本（0.63）>人类资本（0.61）>社会资本（0.57）>自然资本（0.38）；2）虽然农户收入来源多样且社会经济基础设施能较好地满足社区需求，但是遗产地内部农业物种较少，农户对于系统提供的粮食多样性尚不是非常满意；3）相较于2004年，经过11年的保护工作，研究区恢复力有所提高，说明GIAHS项目的实施对该遗产的恢复力有积极影响，尤其是物质资本和经济资本两方面。评估结果与该区域相关研究结果及实地调查情况一致，说明所构建的GIAHS恢复力评估框架可以很好地应用于对GIAHS项目及其他相关农业文化遗产的保护成效评估工作。
关键词:全球重要农业文化遗产/
社会生态生产景观恢复力评估框架(SEPLS模型)/
恢复力评估框架/
保护成效评估/
浙江青田稻鱼共生系统
Abstract:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites, designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), are typical Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS). They play an important role in many areas, including the inheritance and conservation of traditional knowledge, food safety, agrobiodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation. In order to more effectively promote GIAHS conservation and management, this article constructed a "GIAHS Resilience Assessment Framework (GIAHS-RAF)" founded on a comprehensive discussion of the importance of assessing GIAHS sites and resilience concepts. This framework was based on the Resilience Assessment Framework of Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes model (SEPLS Model) developed by a team including the United Nations University (UNU), and clarified the purpose and defined the evaluation and calculation process. We used the GIAHS-RAF to assess the conservation effectiveness of the first GIAHS site in China, the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province (RFC), from 2004 (one year before GIAHS certification) to 2016 (11 years after GIAHS certification). The results showed that the overall resilience of "Longxian Village" (core area of RFC) in 2016 was weak, with the scores of five capitals being 0.75 (material capital), 0.63 (economic capital), 0.61 (human capital), 0.57 (social capital), and 0.38 (natural capital). Additionally, we found that despite diverse local resident incomes and a social and economic infrastructure that adequately met community needs, problems such as local species loss and resident dissatisfaction with food diversity still existed. Compared to 2004, the resilience of the system after 11 years of conservation was higher which implied that implementation of the GIAHS initiative had a positive effect on traditional agricultural system, especially the material and economic capitals. These results are consistent with existing research results and field investigations, proving that the GIAHS-RAF can be satisfactorily applied to the assessment of the conservation effectiveness of GIAHS sites and other agricultural heritage systems.
Key words:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)/
Resilience Assessment Framework of Socio-ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes model (SEPLS Model)/
GIAHS Resilience Assessment Framework (GIAHS-RAF)/
Conservation effectiveness assessment/
Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province (RFC)

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图1全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)恢复力评估流程
Figure1.Process of the resilience assessment of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)

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图2龙现村恢复力雷达图
Figure2.Radar diagram of resilience of Longxian Village of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province

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表1SEPLS模型中的指标及其描述^[6]
Table1.Indicators in SEPLS Model and their description^[6]

指标类型 Indicator type	编号 No.	指标名称 Name	指标描述 Description
景观多样性和生态系统保护 Landscape/seascape diversity and ecosystem protection	1	景观多样性 Landscape/seascape diversity	景观内生态系统和土地利用的多样性 Diversity of ecosystem and land use in landscape/seascape
	2	生态系统保护 Ecosystem protection	景观内生态系统因其生态/文化重要性得到妥善保护 Ecosystems are protected for their ecological and/or cultural importance.
	3	景观不同组成部分间的相互作用 Ecological interactions between different components of the landscape/seascape	自然资源管理中考虑到景观内部不同组分之间的生态交互作用 The ecological interactions between different components of landscape/ seascape are taken into consideration in natural resource management.
	4	景观的恢复能力 Recovery and regeneration of the landscape/seascape	景观从自然灾害及人为压力中的恢复能力 Ability of landscape/seascape recovering from natural disasters and human stress
生物多样性 (包括农业生物多样性) Biodiversity (including agricultural biodiversity)	5	景观的粮食系统多样性 Diversity of local food system	景观内居民能够获得本地自产的食物 Residents of landscape/seascape could consume food locally produced.
	6	本地作物品种和动物品种的维持和使用 Maintenance and use of local crop varieties and animal breeds	景观内本地作物/动物品种多样性被农户/社区保留较好 The diversity of local crop varieties and animal breeds is good preserved by the local farmers/communities.
	7	公共资源的可持续管理 Sustainable management of common resources	景观内公共资源得到可持续管理, 以避免过度开发和资源枯竭 The public resources of landscape/seascape are managed sustainably to avoid overexploitation and depletion.
知识与创新 Knowledge and innovation	8	农业和保护实践的创新 Innovation in agriculture and conservation practices	景观内农业、渔业及林业相关传统方式被振兴以适应时代环境 The traditional practices of agriculture, fisheries and forestry are revitalized to adapt to the nowadays environment.
	9	生物多样性相关传统知识 Traditional knowledge related to biodiversity	景观内部生物多样性相关传统知识世代传承 The biodiversity-related traditional knowledge and cultural traditions are transmitted from generation to generation.
	10	与生物多样性相关传统知识的记录 Documentation of biodiversity- associated knowledge	景观内部农业生物多样性及相关传统知识得到妥善记录保存, 并且社区农户能够获得相关传统知识 The agricultural biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge are documented and protected, and available to community farmers.
	11	妇女知识 Women’s knowledge	妇女的知识经验技能得到尊重和认可 Women’s knowledge, experience and skills are respected and recognized.
管理与社会公平 Governance and social equity	12	与水、土等自然资源管理有关的权利 Rights in relation to land, water and other natural resources management	社区内部关于水、土等自然资源获取权限的统一协定(政策、法律等) A unified agreement (policy, law, etc.) within the community on rights over natural resources such as water and soil
	13	基于社区的景观管理 Community-based landscape/seascape governance	具有对自然资源进行有效管理的多个利益相关方参与的机构或平台 Institutions or platforms with multiple stakeholder participation for effective management of the natural resources
	14	跨景观合作形式的社会资本 Social capital in the form of cooperation across the landscape/seascape	社区内部/之间的农户通过管理网络进行沟通交流, 该网络管理资源并交换材料、技能和知识 The farmers within and between communities communicate and coordinate through networks which manage and exchange resources, materials, skills and knowledge.
	15	社会公平(包括性别公平) Social equity (including gender equity)	居民享有同等的机会和权利, 例如获取公共资源以及接受教育等 Residents have equal opportunities and rights, such as access to public resources and education.
生计和福祉 Livelihoods and well-being	16	社会经济基础建设 Socio-economic infrastructure	社会经济基础设施能够满足社会需要 Socio-economic infrastructure could meet community needs.
	17	人类健康和环境条件 Human health and environmental conditions	在变化的环境背景下, 社区居民健康状况令人满意 The situation of human health in the community is satisfactory in a changing environment.
	18	收入多样性 Income diversity	景观内居民具有多样、可持续的收入来源 Residents have diverse and sustainable sources of income.
	19	生计相关生物多样性 Biodiversity-based livelihoods	景观社区内具有与生物多样性的利用创新相关的生计改善 Livelihood improvements are related to biodiversity use innovation in the community.
	20	社会生态机动性 Socio-ecological mobility	景观内农户能够采取转变生产机会等行动以避免土地退化及过度开发 Farmers can take action to transform production opportunities to avoid land degradation and overexploitation.

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表2基于SEPLS模型的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)恢复力评估框架(GIAHS-RAF)
Table2.SEPLS Model-based Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Resilience Assessment Framework (GIAHS-RAF)

资本类型 Capital type	编号 No.	原编号 Original number	评估指标 Indicator
自然资本 Natural capital	N1	6	作物及动物品种的保存和使用状态 Preservation and use of crop and animal species
	N2	5	本地粮食作物的多样性供给情况 Diversity in supply of local agricultural products
	N3	1	居民/社区提高农田植物多样性的状况 Status of local residents/communities enhancing the diversity of agricultural products
	N4	2, 4	GIAHS的可持续健康状态 Sustainable health of the GIAHS
社会资本 Social capital	S1		居民的认同感及归属感情况 Local residents’ senses of identity and belonging
	S2	15	农民社会地位提升状况 Improvement in social status of famers
	S3	15	居民获得机会、资源、信息等公共资源的公平情况 Fairness in public resource acquisition including opportunities, resources and information for residents
	S4	13	能够有效管理系统公共资源的多方参与机构建设情况 Construction of a multi-party organization for effective management of public resources
	S5	12	公共资源使用及保护相关的法规政策制定情况 Use and protection of public resources, and formulation of related laws and regulations
	S6	3, 7	组织及机构应对环境变化的快速反应及对社区的支持情况 Response of organizations to environmental changes and support for community
	S7	14	社区内部及社区间资源管理的协调合作情况 Coordination and correlation within communities and resource management between different communities
物质资本 Physical capital	P1	16	社会经济基础设施满足社会需求的程度 Meeting extent of social and economic infrastructure to social demands
物质资本 Physical capital	P2	15	居民获取农业相关资源、知识、工具等的难易程度 Difficulty for residents to acquire agricultural resources, information and tools
人类资本 Human capital	H1	9	农业相关知识、技能及文化的传承情况 Inheritance of agricultural knowledge, skills and culture
	H2	10	农业生物多样性相关知识、技能及工具的记录情况 Records of knowledge, skills and tools related to agricultural biodiversity
	H3	11	妇女的知识经验被社区的认可尊重情况 Approval of women’s knowledge and experience by the community
	H4	8, 20	应对环境变化能力 Adaptability to environmental changes
	H5	17	居民整体健康状况 Overall health of residents
	H6	2	传统农业、文化及景观重要性的认知状态 Recognition of importance of traditional agriculture, culture and landscape
	H7	15	居民/社区的决策参与程度 Participation of residents/communities in decision making
经济资本 Economic capital	E1	18	居民的长期收入来源多样性状况 Diversity of residents’ long-term incomes
	E2		居民对于系统提供足够工作机会的满意情况 Satisfaction of residents in job opportunities provided by the system
	E3	7, 19	农业及文化资源的旅游开发情况 Tourist development of agricultural and cultural resources
	E4		农户/社区获得财政支持情况 Financial support of farmers/communities

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表3龙现村恢复力评估指标得分
Table3.Score of each resilience indicator of Longxian Village of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zhejiang Province

资本类型 Capital type	权重 Weight	编号 No.	权重 Weight	基准数据(2004年) Baseline data in 2004	现有数据(2016年) Current data in 2016
自然资本 Natural capital	0.2	N1	0.300	0.25	0.25
		N2	0.200	0.25	0.25
		N3	0.250	0.25	0.50
		N4	0.250	0.50	0.50
社会资本 Social capital	0.2	S1	0.150	0.50	0.50
		S2	0.120	0.25	0.50
		S3	0.155	0.25	0.50
		S4	0.155	0.50	0.75
		S5	0.150	1.00	1.00
		S6	0.170	0.25	0.25
		S7	0.100	0.50	0.50
物质资本 Physical capital	0.2	P1	0.600	0.50	0.75
物质资本 Physical capital	0.2	P2	0.400	0.50	0.75
人类资本 Human capital	0.2	H1	0.160	0.25	0.25
		H2	0.150	0.25	0.25
		H3	0.150	0.75	0.75
		H4	0.150	0.50	1.00
		H5	0.150	0.75	0.75
		H6	0.150	0.75	0.75
		H7	0.100	0.50	0.50
经济资本 Economic capital	0.2	E1	0.250	0.25	1.00
		E2	0.250	0.25	0.25
		E3	0.250	0.25	0.75
		E4	0.250	0.50	0.50
评估原始数据来自于研究组与国际生物多样性中心合作完成的国际农业发展基金会项目。The original data is from the project of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) — Underpinning the Resiliency of Agricultural Heritage Systems, Smallholders, Family Farmers and Indigenous Communities.

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