白灯莎·买买提艾力^1,,,
孙良斌¹,
冯固²
1.新疆农业科学院核技术生物技术研究所/农业部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 乌鲁木齐 830091
2.中国农业大学资源与环境学院 北京 100094
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41461051
国家自然科学基金项目U1703232

详细信息

作者简介:白灯莎·买买提艾力, 主要从事棉花施肥方面的研究。E-mail:baidengsha@126.com

中图分类号:S562

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收稿日期:2020-01-17
录用日期:2020-04-12
刊出日期:2020-07-01

Phosphorus efficiency comparison among cotton varieties cultivated at different times over 63 years

BAIDENGSHA·Maimaitiaili^1,,,
SUN Liangbin¹,
FENG Gu²
1. Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Desert Oasis Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Urumqi 830091, China
2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41461051
the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaU1703232

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Corresponding author:BAIDENGSHA·Maimaitiaili, E-mail: baidengsha@126.com

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摘要
摘要:提高磷肥利用率是当今农田磷养分资源管理面临的重要难题，作物品种改良是提高磷利用率的有效途径之一。为明确新疆不同年代棉花品种（系）磷效率的差异，采用单因素随机区组设计，通过大田试验，以新疆1950s—2013年不同年代的22个棉花品种（系）为材料，研究了不同年代培育的棉花品种（系）在苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期的磷吸收、利用效率特征，并采用模糊数学隶属函数和聚类分析方法，对不同棉花品种（系）磷效率的高低进行了综合评价。结果表明：不同棉花品种（系）磷吸收效率、利用效率、磷由茎叶向籽粒的转移效率（再转移效率）存在差异。吐絮期磷吸收效率为164.26~395.75 mg·株^-1，变异系数为3.3%；磷利用效率为0.25~0.40 g·mg^-1，变异系数为67.7%；磷再转移效率为16.0%~58.1%，变异系数为11.1%。以每20年为一个时期，划分了3个品种更替阶段，棉花磷利用效率在3个阶段没有发生明显改变，始终维持在0.30~0.32 g·mg^-1；磷吸收效率由225.5 mg·株^-1增加到286.3 mg·株^-1，提高了27.0%；磷由根系向地上部的转移效率（转移效率）没有发生明显改变，始终维持在93.9%~94.9%；磷再转移效率由26.8%增加到38.3%；磷经济利用效率由20.6 mg·mg^-1增加到30.4 mg·mg^-1。相关性分析表明：不同棉花品种（系）生物量与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关，而与磷利用效率无显著的相关性；皮棉产量与磷吸收效率、转移效率、再转移效率、经济利用效率呈极显著正相关，而与磷利用效率相关性不明显。对22个棉花品种（系）吐絮期生物量、皮棉产量、磷吸收利用效率及转移效率和经济利用效率等性状指标的综合评价和聚类分析，将22个品种（系）分为磷高效型、中效型、低效型和极低效型4组，‘新陆早50号’‘新陆早57号’‘军棉1号’为磷高效型品种。与磷低效组相比，磷高效组的品种具有较高的生物量和产量。以上结果表明，新疆棉花高产育种过程提高了磷素吸收、再转移和经济利用效率。
关键词:棉花/
种植年代/
磷吸收效率/
磷利用效率/
磷转移效率/
磷再转移效率
Abstract:Improving the phosphorus (P) fertilizer utilization rate is a major challenge when attempting to supply sufficient P nutrients in agriculture. Modifying the crop variety can effectively address this problem. The differences in P utilization efficiency among various cotton varieties cultivated at different times in Xinjiang, China, were clarified by setting up a single-factor random block design field experiment that investigated 22 different cotton varieties cultivated between 1950 and 2013. The P absorption and utilization efficiency characteristics of different cotton varieties during their seedling, budding, flowering, and wadding stages were monitored. Correlation and cluster analyses were used to evaluate the P efficiencies of cotton varieties. The results showed that P absorption efficiency, P utilization efficiency, and P transfer efficiency (from shoot to seed) differed among the 22 cotton varieties. At the wadding stage, the P absorption efficiency was 164.26-395.75 mg·plant^-1 with a coefficient of variation of 3.3%; the P utilization efficiency was 0.25-0.40 g·mg^-1 with a coefficient of variation of 67.7%; and the P re-transfer efficiency was 16.0-58.1% with a coefficient of variation of 11.1%. The P utilization efficiency, which always stayed between 0.30-0.32 g·mg^-1, did not significantly change over the three time periods (every 20 years was one period). Furthermore, P transfer efficiency did not significantly change and was around 93.9%-94.9%. In contrast, P absorption efficiency increased from 225.5 mg·plant^-1 to 286.3 mg·plant^-1, which was a 27.0% increase; and P re-transfer efficiency increased from 26.8% to 38.3%, which was an 11.5% increase. The P economic utilization efficiency rose from 20.6 mg·mg^-1 to 30.4 mg·mg^-1, which was a 47.6% increase. The correlation analysis showed that biomass was positively correlated with P absorption efficiency, but there was no significant relationship with P utilization efficiency. The lint cotton yield was positively correlated with P absorption, transfer, re-transfer efficiency, and economic utilization efficiency, but had no relationship with P utilization efficiency. The cluster analysis divided 22 cotton varieties into four types: P high-efficient type, P medium-efficient, P inefficient type, and extremely inefficient type. 'Xinluzao 50' 'Xinluzao 57', and 'Junmian 1' were P high-efficient varieties. The P high-efficient varieties had higher biomasses and yields than the other three types. In conclusion, these results highlighted that the use of high yielding cotton varieties in Xinjiang had prominently contributed to improvements in the absorption, transfer, and economic utilization of P.
Key words:Cotton/
Cultivated in different ages/
Phosphorus absorption efficiency/
Phosphorus utilization efficiency/
Phosphorus transfer efficiency/
Phosphorus retransfer efficiency

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图1不同棉花品种(系)不同生育期生物量比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure1.Comparison of biomasses at different growth stages of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图2不同棉花品种(系)不同生育期磷含量比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure2.Comparison of P contents at different growth stages of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图3不同棉花品种不同(系)生育期磷吸收效率比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure3.Comparison of P absorption efficiencies at different growth stages of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图4不同棉花品种(系)不同生育期磷利用效率比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure4.Comparison of P utilization efficiencies at different growth stages of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图5不同棉花品种(系)磷转移和磷再转移效率比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure5.Comparison of P transfer and retransfer efficiencies of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图6不同棉花品种(系)经济利用效率比较
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure6.Comparison of economic utilization efficiencies of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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图7棉花生物量与磷吸收效率、磷利用效率相关关系
**表示P < 0.01水平显著相关。
Figure7.Correlation diagrams of cotton biomass with P absorption and P utilization efficiencies
** mean significant correlation at P < 0.01.


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图8不同棉花品种(系)产量与磷效率相关性分析图
*和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。
Figure8.Diagrams of correlation analysis between cotton lint yield and P efficiency
* and ** mean significant correlation at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively.


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图9不同棉花品种(系)磷效率聚类分析结果
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。
Figure9.Cluster analysis of P efficiency of different cotton cultivars (lines)
Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.


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表1供试棉花品种(系)及育成年份和单位
Table1.Released (introduced) years and breeding institutions of the tested cotton cultivars (lines)

编号 No.	品种(系) Cultivar (line)	育成(引进)年份 Released (introduced) year	育成单位 Name of institution
1	C-3174	1954	前苏联Former Soviet Union
2	KK-1543	1955	前苏联柯尔克孜农业研究所 Kirgiz Agricultural Research Institute of the former Soviet Union
3	108夫108 Fu	1960	前苏联Former Soviet Union
4	农垦5号Nongken No. 5	1961	新疆农八师莫二场良种队 Mo’erchang Well-bred Species Group of Xinjiang Agricultural Eighth Division
5	车61-72 Che 61-72	1961	新疆农七师车排子试验站 Chepaizi Test Station of Xinjiang Agricultural Seventh Division
6	C-4744	1963	前苏联Former Soviet Union
7	新陆早1号Xinluzao No. 1	1978	新疆农七师下野地试验站 Xiayedi Test Station of Xinjiang Agricultural Seventh Division
8	新陆201 Xinlu 201	1979	新疆农业科学院和巴州农业科学研究所 Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Bazhou Agriculture Institute
9	军棉1号Junmian No. 1	1979	新疆农二师塔里木良种繁育试验站 Tarim Breeding Experiment Station of Xinjiang Second Agricultural Division
10	新陆早2号Xinluzao No. 2	1988	石河子棉花研究所 Shihezi Cotton Research Institute
11	塔什干2号Tashigan No. 2	1991	前苏联Former Soviet Union
12	苏K-202 Su K-202	1991	前苏联费尔干试验站 Fergana Test Station of the Former Soviet Union
13	新陆中4号Xinluzhong No. 4	1992	新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所 Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
14	新陆早13号Xinluzao No. 13	2002	新疆农七师农业科学研究所 Agricultural Institute of Xinjiang Agricultural Seventh Division
15	新陆早19号Xinluzao No. 19	2004	石河子棉花研究所 Shihezi Cotton Research Institute
16	新陆早31号Xinluzao No. 31	2006	新疆奎屯万氏棉种公司 Wanshi Cotton Seed Company in Kuitun, Xinjiang
17	新陆中35号Xinluzhong No. 35	2007	新疆巴州富全新科种业 Fuquanxinke Seed Industry in Bazhou, Xinjiang
18	新陆中40号Xinluzhong No. 40	2009	库尔勒市种子公司 Seed Company of Korla City
19	新陆早48号Xinluzao No. 48	2010	惠远公司 Huiyuan Company
20	新陆早50号Xinluzao No. 50	2011	新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所 Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
21	新陆早57号Xinluzao No. 57	2013	新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所 Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences
22	TM-1 (遗传标准系Genetic standard system)		美国USA

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表2棉花栽培中灌水和施氮肥的时间和数量
Table2.Date and amounts of both water irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application during cotton growth period

日期(月-日) Date (month-day)	灌水量 Water irrigation amount (m3·hm–2)	施尿素量 Urea application amount (kg·hm–2)
06-24	450	45
07-03	600	90
07-19	600	90
07-28	150	105
08-09	450	75
08-22	750	45

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表3不同年代棉花品种(系)的磷吸收和利用效率
Table3.Changes in P absorption and utilization efficiency of cotton cultivars (lines) released/introduced in different periods

年代 Period	品种(系)数 Cultivars (lines) number	阶段 Stage	磷吸收效率 P absorption efficiency (mg·plant-1)	磷利用效率 P utilization efficiency (mg·mg-1)	磷转移效率 P transfer efficiency (%)	磷再转移效率 P re-transfer efficiency (%)	经济利用系数 Economic utilization efficiency (mg·mg-1)
1954—1974	6	前期Early stage	225.5±9.6a	300.8±5.8a	93.9±0.4ab	26.8±5.6a	20.6±1.2a
1975—1995	7	中期Medium stage	261.9±37.4a	324.1±17.9a	93.3±0.6b	30.3±4.2a	24.6±5.0a
1996—2013	8	后期Later stage	286.3±25.0a	323.7±21.6a	94.9±0.4a	38.3±4.8a	30.4±3.0a
表中数据为平均值±标准差; 不同小写字母表示不同年代间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Date are means ± S.E. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among different ages at P < 0.05 level.

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表4不同棉花品种(系)的磷效率评价指标测定结果及综合评价结果
Table4.Comprehensive evaluation of P efficiency of different cotton cultivars (lines)

编号 No. of cultivar (line)	评价指标Evaluation index							综合评价值(D) Comprehensive evaluation	位次Order
	生物量 Biomass (g·plant–1)	磷吸收量 P absorption amount (mg·plant–1)	磷利用效率 P utilization efficiency (g·mg–1)	皮棉产量 Lint cotton yield (g·plant –1)	磷转移效率 P transfer efficiency (%)	磷再转移效率 P retransfer efficiency (%)	经济利用效率 Economic utilization efficiency (mg·mg–1)
1	58.24	197.12	294.77	3.25	93.63	19.66	16.93	0.107	22
2	74.69	254.54	293.55	5.72	94.33	22.25	22.71	0.282	15
3	60.64	209.90	292.63	3.23	92.93	19.28	16.95	0.116	21
4	68.49	211.08	325.55	4.44	92.94	27.59	23.48	0.257	17
5	70.83	250.66	287.93	4.62	94.11	53.87	20.26	0.379	10
6	73.59	237.25	310.34	5.47	95.49	17.86	23.16	0.255	18
7	66.83	190.24	362.84	3.54	91.02	15.97	20.96	0.164	19
8	59.08	165.81	359.67	7.19	95.35	39.74	45.00	0.491	6
9	120.36	374.79	324.01	9.41	94.39	44.88	27.08	0.681	3
10	70.21	239.80	300.16	8.01	93.83	26.59	38.79	0.444	9
11	63.87	165.22	385.84	3.10	92.05	18.41	18.83	0.143	20
12	107.48	407.22	271.58	4.03	92.27	27.98	11.41	0.341	12
13	84.13	320.45	264.58	3.16	94.31	38.58	10.36	0.266	16
14	75.59	187.14	403.19	4.38	93.23	29.13	23.45	0.300	14
15	77.72	315.79	248.60	6.24	94.50	33.87	21.09	0.361	11
16	81.60	249.17	337.08	7.23	94.96	26.39	35.78	0.452	8
17	76.93	202.94	386.39	8.28	95.08	28.93	45.84	0.540	4
18	115.53	308.21	374.50	7.27	93.96	25.77	23.69	0.492	5
19	77.46	300.17	258.54	7.60	94.68	46.62	26.05	0.481	7
20	119.61	377.85	313.31	11.97	96.18	58.11	32.02	0.834	1
21	96.22	358.96	268.09	12.62	96.43	57.34	35.26	0.787	2
22	58.51	194.87	300.81	5.86	95.46	32.90	31.09	0.327	13
各品种(系)序号及具体介绍见表 1。Detail information of cultivars (lines) was shown in the table 1.

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