孔凡磊,
赵波,
吴雅薇,
李小龙,
陈祥,
柯永培,
袁继超^,
四川农业大学农学院/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室 成都 611130
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2017YFD0301704
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300307
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300209


详细信息

作者简介:孔凡磊, 研究方向为玉米高产高效栽培。E-mail:kflstar@163.com

通讯作者:袁继超, 主要研究方向为玉米高产高效栽培。E-mail:yuanjc5@163.com

中图分类号:S513;S225

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-07-18
录用日期:2019-10-27
刊出日期:2020-01-01

Effects of harvesting date on mechanical grain-harvesting quality of spring maize in Sichuan Province

KONG Fanlei,
ZHAO Bo,
WU Yawei,
LI Xiaolong,
CHEN Xiang,
KE Yongpei,
YUAN Jichao^,
College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Program of China2017YFD0301704
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300307
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2016YFD0300209


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Corresponding author:YUAN Jichao, yuanjc5@163.com

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摘要
摘要:开展收获时期对玉米机械粒收质量影响的研究，对确定玉米适宜机械粒收时期和粒收技术的推广应用具有重要意义。本文以四川4个主栽玉米品种为材料，研究不同收获时期（7月31日、8月7日、8月13日、8月19日、8月25日、8月31日）对四川春玉米机械粒收质量的影响，并分析籽粒含水率与机械粒收质量之间的关系。结果表明：随收获日期推迟，玉米籽粒含水率逐渐降低，破碎率先快速降低后略有升高，杂质率快速降低并趋于稳定，而落穗损失率显著增加，落粒损失率变化规律不明显。机械粒收损失主要为落穗损失，占总损失率的比例平均为76.34%。随收获日期推迟籽粒破碎率和杂质率在品种间的差异逐渐减小，而落穗损失和总损失率在品种间的差异逐渐增大。籽粒含水率是影响机械粒收质量的关键因素，破碎率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.032 9x²-1.332 8x+15.529（R²=0.55^**），含水率为10.76%~29.76%，破碎率低于5%；杂质率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.031 8e^{0.118 5x}（R²=0.71^**），含水率低于38.37%，杂质率低于3%；落穗损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=2 083.3/x^2.135（R²=0.68^**）；籽粒总损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=911.02/x^1.769（R²=0.68^**），含水率高于18.96%，籽粒总损失率低于5%。推迟收获有利于降低籽粒破碎率和杂质率，但增加落穗风险和籽粒总损失率。本试验播期条件下，玉米适宜机械粒收的籽粒含水率范围为18.96%~29.76%，适宜机械粒收时间在8月7-19日，较传统收获日期推迟10~15 d。
关键词:春玉米/
收获时期/
机械粒收/
籽粒含水率/
收获质量
Abstract:Studying the impact of harvesting date on mechanical grain-harvesting quality is of great importance to determine a suitable harvesting date and promote the mechanical grain harvest technology. This paper describes an experimental study of the effects of harvesting date (31^st July, and 7^th, 13^th, 19^th, 25^th, and 31^st August) on mechanical grain-harvesting quality and the relationship between grain moisture content and mechanical grain-harvesting quality in Sichuan spring maize. The results showed that, with a delay in harvest date, grain moisture content decreased gradually, and the broken-grain rate decreased rapidly at first and then increased slightly. The impurity rate decreased rapidly and tended to be stable, while the ear-loss rate increased significantly and the variation in grain loss rate was not notable. The total grain loss rate was primarily associated with ear loss, which accounted for 76.34% of the total average grain loss. With a delay in harvest date, the differences in broken-grain and impurity rates between varieties decreased gradually while they increased for ear-loss and total grain-loss rates. Grain moisture content was the key factor affecting the quality of mechanical grain harvest, the relationship between the broken-grain rate and grain moisture content could be described by the equation y=0.032 9x²-1.332 8x + 15.529 (R²=0.55^**, n=72). The broken-grain rate was lower than 5% when the moisture content was between 10.76% and 29.76%. The relationship between the impurity rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=0.031 8e^{0.118 5x} (R²=0.71^**, n=72), and the grain impurity rate was lower than 3% when grain moisture content was lower than 38.37%. The relationship between the ear-loss rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=2 083.3/x^2.135 (R²=0.68^**). The relationship between the total grain-loss rate and moisture content could be described by the equation y=911.02/x^1.769 (R²=0.68^**), and the total grain-loss rate could be lower than 5% when grain moisture content was higher than 18.96%. A delayed harvest was associated with a decrease in the broken-grain and impurity rates and an increase in the risk of ear-loss and the total grain-loss rate. The optimal grain moisture content for mechanical harvesting in Sichuan spring maize was 18.96%-29.76% and the optimal mechanical-grain harvesting date was between August 7 and August 19 in this study, which was approximately 10-15 days later than the traditional harvest date.
Key words:Spring maize/
Harvesting date/
Mechanical grain harvesting/
Grain moisture content/
Harvesting quality

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图1研究区玉米季降雨与平均气温
Figure1.Daily precipitation and average temperature in maize season in the study area


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图2不同收获日期不同品种玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率和杂质率变化
Figure2.Broken rates and impurity rates of different maize varieties mechanical grain harvested in different dates


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图3不同收获日期不同品种玉米机械粒收落穗损失率和落粒损失率变化
Figure3.Ear loss rates and grain loss rates of different maize varieties mechanical grain harvested in different dates


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图4不同收获日期不同品种玉米机械粒收籽粒总损失率变化
箱形图中箱体部分代表 50%(25%~75%)样本的分布区域, 为四分位区间(IQR)。两端线为Tukey法判定的合理观测样本边界。箱体内实线为样本中位线数, “□”为样本均值。
Figure4.Total grain loss rates of different maize varieties mechanical grain harvested in different dates
The main box is IQR containing fifty percent samples in Box-whisker Plot. The two sidelines are the reasonable sample borders in Tukey method. The solid line in box is the sample median, “□” is the average.


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图5不同收获日期不同品种玉米机械粒收籽粒含水率的变化
Figure5.Maize grain moisture contents of different maize varieties mechanical grain harvested in different dates


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图6玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率、杂质率、落穗损失率、总损失率与籽粒含水率的关系
Figure6.Relationships of grain moisture content with grain broken rate, impurity rate, ear loss rate and grain total loss rate of mechanical grain harvested maize


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