底墒和磷肥对旱地小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

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原亚琦^1,,
孙敏¹,
林文¹,
曹碧芸¹,
田欣¹,
高志强^1,,,
李廷亮²
1.山西农业大学农学院太谷 030801
2.山西农业大学资源与环境学院太谷 030801
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31771727
国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD020040105
国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项经费CARS-03-01-24
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目2017-068
作物生态与旱作栽培生理山西省重点实验室项目201705D111007
小麦旱作栽培山西省重点创新团队项目201605D131041

详细信息

作者简介:原亚琦, 主要从事旱作栽培及生理生态研究。E-mail:18834071238@163.com

通讯作者:高志强, 主要从事小麦栽培高产与优质技术研究。E-mail:gaozhiqiang1964@126.com

中图分类号:S512.01

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-04-23
录用日期:2019-11-05
刊出日期:2020-01-01

Effects of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilizers on grain filling characteristics and yield of dryland wheat

YUAN Yaqi^1,,
SUN Min¹,
LIN Wen¹,
CAO Biyun¹,
TIAN Xin¹,
GAO Zhiqiang^1,,,
LI Tingliang²
1. College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
2. School of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31771727
the National Key Research and Development Program of China2018YFD020040105
the Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System Construction of ChinaCARS-03-01-24
the Research Project of Shanxi Scholarship Council of China2017-068
the Crop Ecology and Dry Cultivation Physiology Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province201705D111007
the Shanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project201605D131041

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Corresponding author:GAO Zhiqiang, E-mail: gaozhiqiang1964@126.com

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摘要
摘要:为分析黄土高原旱地小麦灌浆过程与水分消耗的关系，及其产量对底墒和磷肥的响应情况，在山西省南部设3个播前0~100 cm土壤底墒水平W1（248 mm）、W2（233 mm）、W3（205 mm）和两个施磷量P1（75 kg·hm^-2）、P2（180 kg·hm^-2），调查不同处理下小麦总耗水、土壤水消耗、各生育阶段耗水、产量及其构成因素、灌浆过程的变化。结果表明，随着底墒水平提高小麦返青-拔节和拔节-开花阶段耗水、生育期总耗水、土壤水消耗及其占总耗水比例、产量、穗数、千粒重显著增加，且较W3，W1和W2产量分别显著高14.89%和8.66%。随磷肥增加播种-拔节耗水显著减少，而拔节-开花耗水、产量、千粒重显著增加。底墒和磷肥互作对小麦总耗水、土壤水消耗、播种-返青阶段耗水、拔节-成熟阶段耗水、千粒重有显著影响。通过小麦灌浆方程得，快增期持续时间随底墒的增加而增加、渐增期和快增期持续时间随磷肥的增加而增加、缓增期籽粒增加量及持续时间变异系数达25%。通过小麦水（磷）肥方程得，当0~100 cm底墒为253 mm时获得高产，且同底墒下产量随磷肥增加而提高。可见，旱地小麦拔节-开花阶段耗水对底墒和磷肥敏感，灌浆过程中的快增期持续时间对底墒和磷肥响应较好，缓增期变异对籽粒粒重影响较大。
关键词:旱地小麦/
底墒/
磷肥/
耗水/
灌浆特性/
产量
Abstract:The water needed for dryland wheat growth is provided by soil moisture and rainfall. To some extent, the wheat yield is determined by soil moisture before sowing. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the grain filling process and water consumption in the Loess Plateau (China), and investigate the response of dryland wheat yield to soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilizer. A field experiment was conducted in the southern Shanxi Province of China. There were two factors in the experiment:1) soil moisture before sowing in the 0-100 cm soil layer, including three levels at W1 (248 mm), W2 (233 mm), and W3 (205 mm); and 2) phosphorus fertilizer rates at P1 (75 kg·hm^-2) and P2 (180 kg·hm^-2). We first investigated the changes in total wheat water consumption, soil water consumption, water consumption during each growth stage, yield and yield components, and grouting process under different treatments. Collected data were analyzed using multiple regression with a Logistic fit. The results showed that soil moisture before sowing had a significant effect on water consumption during the greening-jointing and jointing-anthesis stages. The total water consumption during the growth period, the soil water consumption, and the proportion of total water consumption, yield, spike, and thousand-grain weights were also influenced significantly by soil moisture before sowing. Compared with W3, yields of W1 and W2 significantly increased by 14.89% and 8.66%, respectively. Phosphate fertilizer has a significant effect on yield, spike, thousand-grain weight and water consumption in the wheat sowing-greening, greening-jointing, and jointing-anthesis stages. With the increase of phosphorus fertilizer, sowing-jointing water consumption decreased and jointing-anthesis water consumption, yield, and thousand-grain weight increased. The wheat grouting equation showed that the duration of the fast increase period increased with increasing soil moisture before sowing, and the duration of the increasing period and the fast-increasing period both increased with increasing phosphate fertilizer rate. The coefficient of variation of grain increased by 25% during the slow-increasing period; the wheat water (phosphorus) fertilizer equation showed that high yield can be obtained at the 0-100 cm soil moisture boundary before sowing at 253 mm. Additionally, with the same soil moisture before sowing, the yield increased with increasing phosphorus fertilizer rate. The results show that the water consumption of dryland wheat in the jointing-anthesis stage was sensitive to soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilizer application. The duration of the fast-increasing period in the filling process had a better response to soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilizer, and the variation of the slow-increasing period impacted on grain weight.
Key words:Dryland wheat/
Soil water before sowing/
Phosphate fertilizer/
Water consumption/
Filling process character/
Yield

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图1闻喜县试验点小麦休闲期及不同生育时期降雨量
Figure1.Precipitation of fallow period and different growth periods of wheat at the experimental site in Wenxi County

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图2不同底墒和磷肥对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响
W1、W2和W3分别表示播前底墒为248.81 mm、233.19 mm和205.72 mm; P1和P2分别表示施磷量75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2和180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2。W1, W2 and W3 represent soil moisture before sowing of 248.81 mm, 233.19 mm and 205.72 mm, respectively. P1 and P2 indicate phosphorus application of 75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, respectively.
Figure2.Effect of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization on grain filling process of wheat

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图3小麦籽粒产量对底墒和磷肥的响应
Figure3.Response of wheat grain yield to soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization

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表1底墒和磷肥对小麦总耗水、土壤水和降水量的耗水量及其比例的影响
Table1.Effects of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization on total water consumption and proportions of soil water and precipitation consumption

处理 Treatment	总耗水 Total water consumption (mm)	土壤水分Soil water		降水量Precipitation
处理 Treatment	总耗水 Total water consumption (mm)	消耗量 Consumption (mm)	比例 Proportion (%)	消耗量 Consumption (mm)	比例 Proportion (%)
W1P1	318.90±24.67a	167.80±20.06a	52.62±6.29a	151.1	47.38±6.29c
W1P2	311.78±25.11a	160.68±25.44a	51.54±8.16ab	151.1	48.46±8.16c
W2P1	297.54±24.58b	146.44±16.22b	49.22±5.45b	151.1	50.78±5.45b
W2P2	298.91±24.68b	147.81±14.91b	49.45±4.99b	151.1	50.55±4.99b
W3P1	271.80±33.06c	120.70±14.57c	44.41±5.36c	151.1	55.59±5.36a
W3P2	277.13±32.31c	126.03±11.25c	45.48±4.06c	151.1	54.52±4.06a
单一因素平均值Single factor average
W1	315.34±24.89a	164.24±22.75a	52.08±7.23a	151.1	47.92±6.23b
W2	298.23±24.63b	147.13±15.56b	49.33±5.22a	151.1	50.67±4.19b
W3	274.46±32.68c	123.36±12.91c	44.94±4.71b	151.1	55.06±5.11a
P1	296.08±27.44a	144.98±16.95a	48.75±5.70a	151.1	51.25±5.70a
P2	295.94±27.37a	144.84±17.20a	48.82±5.74a	151.1	51.18±5.74a
P值P value
底墒Water (W)	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.05	—	< 0.05
磷肥P fertilizer (P)	ns	ns	ns	—	ns
W × P	< 0.001	< 0.05	ns	—	ns
W1、W2和W3分别表示播前底墒为248.81 mm、233.19 mm和205.72 mm; P1和P2分别表示施磷量75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2和180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2。不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平差异显著, ns表示影响不显著。W1, W2 and W3 represent soil moisture before sowing of 248.81 mm, 233.19 mm and 205.72 mm, respectively. P1 and P2 indicate phosphorus application of 75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. “ns” means no significant effect.

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表2底墒和磷肥对小麦不同生育阶段耗水量的影响
Table2.Effects of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization on water consumption in different growth periods of wheat ?mm

处理 Treatment	播种—返青 Sowing-green	返青—拔节 Green-jointing	拔节—开花 Jointing-anthesis	开花—成熟 Anthesis-mature
W1P1	73.74±8.91a	84.16±8.77a	129.92±6.26a	31.08±3.07ab
W1P2	72.08±6.16a	83.46±7.23a	132.03±5.41a	24.21±1.24d
W2P1	73.72±8.66a	82.55±6.12a	115.79±8.23b	25.48±2.17cd
W2P2	72.74±6.36a	80.06±8.64b	114.86±4.65bc	31.25±4.63ab
W3P1	62.96±9.39b	78.20±6.37b	101.84±7.34d	28.80±2.33bc
W3P2	55.46±8.33c	75.49±8.61c	113.40±5.81c	32.78±1.81a
单一因素平均值Single factor average
W1	72.91±7.54a	83.81±8.00a	130.97±5.84a	27.65±0.91b
W2	73.23±7.51a	81.31±7.38b	115.32±6.44b	30.79±3.40a
W3	59.21±8.86b	76.85±7.49c	107.62±6.58c	28.36±2.07ab
P1	70.14±7.34a	81.64±5.79a	115.85±5.94a	28.45±2.06a
P2	66.76±5.67a	79.67±6.66a	120.10±4.32a	29.41±1.42a
P值P value
底墒Water (W)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	ns
磷肥P fertilizer (P)	< 0.01	< 0.05	< 0.01	ns
W × P	< 0.05	ns	< 0.01	< 0.05
W1、W2和W3分别表示播前底墒为248.81 mm、233.19 mm和205.72 mm; P1和P2分别表示施磷量75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2和180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2。不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平差异显著, ns表示影响不显著。W1, W2 and W3 represent soil moisture before sowing of 248.81 mm, 233.19 mm and 205.72 mm, respectively. P1 and P2 indicate phosphorus application of 75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. “ns” means no significant effect.

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表3底墒和磷肥对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响
Table3.Effect of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization on yield and yield components of wheat

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 Ear number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Ear grain number	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
W1P1	5 200.02±200.80b	594.83±33.54abc	30.35±1.83ab	38.17±1.80d
W1P2	5 694.43±145.43a	645.50±52.46a	30.83±1.86a	40.52±1.27a
W2P1	5 024.57±229.60b	582.00±45.23abc	29.42±1.59ab	39.67±1.43b
W2P2	5 331.16±341.95ab	607.50±32.56ab	30.53±1.95ab	39.02±1.60c
W3P1	3 740.37±242.03d	533.50±22.91c	27.38±1.76b	33.60±1.95f
W3P2	4 178.50±324.73c	552.00±27.78bc	27.68±1.77ab	34.35±1.73e
单一因素平均值Single factor average
W1	5 447.23±173.12a	620.16±43.00a	30.59±0.02a	39.34±1.54a
W2	5 177.87±285.78a	594.75±63.40ab	29.98±0.18ab	39.34±1.52a
W3	3 959.43±141.35b	542.75±24.64b	27.53±1.77b	33.98±1.84b
P1	4 654.99±251.27a	570.11±27.67a	29.05±1.41a	37.15±1.41b
P2	5 068.03±221.03a	601.67±20.14a	29.68±0.56a	37.96±1.25a
P值P value
底墒Water (W)	< 0.001	< 0.05	ns	< 0.001
磷肥P fertilizer (P)	< 0.05	ns	ns	< 0.001
W × P	ns	ns	ns	< 0.001
W1、W2和W3分别表示播前底墒为248.81 mm、233.19 mm和205.72 mm; P1和P2分别表示施磷量75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2和180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2。不同小写字母表示P < 0.05水平差异显著, ns表示影响不显著。W1, W2 and W3 represent soil moisture before sowing of 248.81 mm, 233.19 mm and 205.72 mm, respectively. P1 and P2 indicate phosphorus application of 75 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2 and 180 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. “ns” means no significant effect.

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表4小麦产量及其构成因素的拟合方程及通径系数
Table4.Fit equation and path coefficients of yield and its components of wheat

因子 Factor	直接 Direct	→X₁	→X₂	→X₃	X对于Y的总影响 Total impact of X on Y	方程 Equation
X₁	0.289 2		0.406 7	0.269 8	0.545 9	Y=5.39X₁+214.99X₂+77.19X₃-7 507.39 (R²=0.990 8^*)
X₂	0.432 7	0.271 9		0.276 4	0.594 0
X₃	0.299 0	0.261 0	0.399 9		0.547 6
Y、X₁、X₂、X₃分别为产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重。表示P < 0.05。Y, X₁, X₂ and X₃ is yield, ear number, ear grain number, and 1000-grain weight, respectively. indicates P < 0.05.

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表5底墒和磷肥对小麦籽粒灌浆方程参数和特征参数的影响
Table5.Effects of soil moisture before sowing and phosphate fertilization on parameters and characteristic parameters of wheat grain filling equation

处理 Treatment	R²	t_max	V_max	t	V(-)	Y₁	t₁	V₁	Y₂	t₂	V₂	Y₃	t₃	V₃
W1P1	0.996 8	20.35	3.39	37.44	1.02	8.52	12.52	0.68	23.29	15.66	1.49	6.37	9.26	0.69
W1P2	0.980 1	23.15	3.17	37.27	1.09	9.81	13.51	0.73	26.80	19.28	1.39	3.92	4.48	0.88
W2P1	0.989 1	20.47	3.50	37.43	1.06	8.88	12.56	0.71	24.27	15.83	1.53	6.52	9.04	0.72
W2P2	0.994 2	22.01	3.20	37.30	1.05	9.10	13.14	0.69	24.85	17.74	1.40	5.07	6.43	0.79
W3P1	0.992 7	20.07	2.94	34.27	0.98	7.85	11.74	0.67	21.45	16.67	1.29	4.29	5.87	0.73
W3P2	0.992 7	20.81	2.94	34.12	1.01	8.24	12.07	0.68	22.50	17.48	1.29	3.61	4.57	0.79
CV (%)	0.59	5.65	7.22	4.51	3.75	7.91	5.21	2.98	7.90	7.92	7.22	25.14	31.89	8.73
R²是方程拟合决定系数; t_max是最大灌浆速率出现时间, d; V_max是最大灌浆速率, g·(1000 grains)^-1·d^-1; t是灌浆持续时间, d; V(-)是平均灌浆速率, g·(1000 grains)^-1; Y₁、Y₂、Y₃分别表示渐增期、快增期、缓增期的籽粒增加质量, g; t₁、t₂、t₃是对应阶段的灌浆持续时间, d; V₁、V₂、V₃是对应阶段的灌浆速率, g·(1000 grains)^-1。R² is the equation fitting coefficient; t_max is the maximum filling rate occurrence time, d; V_max is the maximum filling rate, g·(1000 grains)^-1; t is the filling duration, d; V(-) is the average filling rate, g·(1000 grains)^-1; Y₁, Y₂ and Y₃ is grain weight increment during the increasing, fast increasing, and slowing increasing periods of grain filling, respectively, g; t₁, t₂, t₃ are the filling duration of the corresponding stages, d; V₁, V₂, V₃ is the filling rate of the corresponding stages, g·(1000 grains)^-1.

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表6小麦不同籽粒灌浆阶段增加质量与各生育时期耗水拟合方程
Table6.Fitting equations of grain weight increment in different filling periods with water consumption in different growth periods of wheat

灌浆阶段Filling period	方程Equation	决定系数R²
渐增期Increasing period	Y′₁=0.15X′₁-0.47X′₂+0.08X′₃-0.15X′₄+30.93	0.994 1^*
快增期Fast period	Y′₂=0.41X′₁-1.27X′₂+0.26X′₃-0.40X′₄+84.46	0.994 1^*
缓增期Slowing period	Y′₃=0.003X′₁+0.56X′₂-0.08X′₃+0.20X′₄-36.22	0.760 5
Y′₁、Y′₂、Y′₃分别表示渐增期、快增期、缓增期籽粒增加质量, X'₁、X'₂、X'₃、X'₄分别表示播种—返青、返青—拔节、拔节—开花、开花—成熟阶段耗水量。表示P < 0.05。Y'₁, Y'₂, Y'₃ are the grain weight increment in the increasing, fast increasing, and slow increasing periods of grain filling, respectively. X'₁, X'₂, X'₃, X'₄ are water consumption in the sowing-regreening, regreening-jointing, jointing-anthesis, anthesis-mature periods, respectively. indicates P < 0.05.

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表7小麦不同籽粒灌浆阶段增加质量与不同生育时期耗水量间的通径系数
Table7.Path coefficients between grain weight increment in different filling periods and water consumption in different growth period of wheat

灌浆阶段 Filling period	因子 Factor	直接 Direct	→X′₁	→X′₂	→X′₃	→X′₄	X′_i对X′_i的总影响 Total impact of X′_i on X′_i
渐增期Increasing period	X′₁	1.644 0		-2.084 8	0.718 6	0.352 3	7.064 9
	X′₂	-2.277 3	1.505 1		0.966 7	0.414 7	1.145 8
	X′₃	1.291 7	0.914 6	-1.704 3		0.208 6	6.525 5
	X′₄	-0.723 5	-0.800 5	1.305 3	-0.372 4		-5.493 0
快增期Fast increasing period	X′₁	1.642 0		-2.082 0	0.718 6	0.351 8	7.051 1
	X′₂	-2.274 3	1.503 2		0.966 7	0.414 2	1.143 5
	X′₃	1.291 7	0.913 4	-1.702 1		0.208 3	6.512 0
	X′₄	-0.722 6	-0.799 5	1.303 5	-0.372 4		-5.481 0
X′_i表示灌浆渐增期或快增期籽粒增加质量, X'₁、X'₂、X'₃、X'₄分别表示播种—返青、返青—拔节、拔节—开花、开花—成熟阶段耗水量。表示P < 0.05。X′_i is the grain weight increment in the increasing or fast increasing period of grain filling. X'₁, X'₂, X'₃, X'₄ are water consumption at sowing-regreening, regreening-jointing, jointing-anthesis, anthesis-mature of wheat, respectively. indicates P < 0.05.

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