程秋博2,
金容1,
杜伦静1,
李小龙1,
陈祥1,
刘斌祥1,
袁继超1,,,
孔凡磊1
1.四川农业大学农学院/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室 成都 611130
2.苍溪县农业局 广元 628400
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300307
国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300209
详细信息
作者简介:周芳, 主要从事作物高产栽培研究。E-mail:zhoufang0223@163.com
通讯作者:袁继超, 主要从事作物高产栽培技术研究。E-mail:yuanjichao5@163.com
中图分类号:S5-33计量
文章访问数:405
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2019-04-22
录用日期:2019-09-18
刊出日期:2019-12-01
Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on maize root growth in the middle Sichuan hilly area
ZHOU Fang1,,CHENG Qiubo2,
JIN Rong1,
DU Lunjing1,
LI Xiaolong1,
CHEN Xiang1,
LIU Binxiang1,
YUAN Jichao1,,,
KONG Fanlei1
1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
2. Cangxi County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Guangyuan 628400, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300307
the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300209
More Information
Corresponding author:YUAN Jichao, E-mail:yuanjichao5@163.com
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摘要
摘要:为解决川中丘陵区机播质量差、季节性干旱频发危害玉米生长现象，本试验以该地区主推玉米品种‘正红505’为材料，采用裂区设计，通过田间及盆栽试验，研究不同种子大小及播种深度对玉米苗期、穗期根系生长及分布的影响，以期为本区域玉米的机械化精量播种和抗旱栽培提供理论依据。结果显示：1）种子越大发芽率越高；适当浅播（2~6 cm）能显著提高发芽率，2 cm较10 cm播深发芽率提高6.5%。2）大粒种子的根长、表面积、体积及干重极显著大于小粒种，虽然随生育进程推进，大、小粒种间根系生长的差异逐渐缩小，但至吐丝期，大粒种子的根长、表面积、体积及干重仍较小粒种分别高28.6%、25.0%、22.4%和11.4%。3）三叶期2 cm与6 cm播深的根系较10 cm播深下根长、表面积、体积及干重显著更高，但之后10 cm播深的根系生长更快，五叶期-七叶期后，超过2 cm播深的玉米；至吐丝期，10 cm播深玉米根长、表面积、体积和干重较2 cm浅播处理分别提高17.1%、11.9%、14.0%和10.4%，差异均达显著水平。4）种子大小对根系的分布影响较小，但播种深度对根系分布影响显著。10 cm深播较2 cm浅播处理可显著提高10 cm以下土层玉米根系的分布。5）种子越大，产量越高，大、中粒种子较小粒种子玉米产量分别提高9.1%和7.3%（P < 0.05）；适当深播（6~10 cm）能有效增加产量，6 cm、10 cm播深玉米产量较2 cm播深产量分别提高11.8%、26.3%。研究结果表明玉米大粒种子有利于建成发达的根系，适当深播有利于中、后期根系的生长和增加深层土壤的分布，从而提高玉米水肥吸收能力，提高其抗旱性，最终达到提高产量的目的。因此，川中丘陵区应选大中粒种并适当深播。
关键词:玉米/
种子大小/
播种深度/
根系发育/
根系分布
Abstract:Poorly executed mechanized seeding and frequent occurrence of seasonal drought in the hilly areas in middle Sichuan compresses the growth of maize. Using the main cultivar for this region, 'Zhenghong505', and adopting a split zone design with field and pot experiments, the effects of different kernel sizes and sowing depths on the growth and distribution of roots at the seeding and ear stages of maize were studied to provide a theoretical basis for mechanized precision sowing and drought-resistant cultivation of maize in this region. The results were as follows:1) Larger kernels and an appropriate shallow sowing depth (2-6 cm) can both significantly increase the germination rate. Compared with deep sowing (10 cm), the germination rate under shallow sowing (2 cm) increased by 6.5%. 2) The length, surface area, volume, and dry weight of roots arising from large kernels were significantly greater than those from small kernels. Although the differences in root growth gradually reduced with the growth process, the length, surface area, volume, and dry weight of the roots were still 28.6%, 25.0%, 22.4%, and 11.4% higher, respectively, than for small kernels at the silking stage. 3) At the 3-leaf stage, the root length, surface area, volume, and dry weight of roots arising from kernels planted at 2 cm and 6 cm were significantly higher than for those sowed at 10 cm depth, and these parameters for roots from kernels planted at 10 cm surpassed those for kernels planted at 2 cm by the 5-7-leaf stage. The length, surface area, volume, and dry weight of the roots arising from kernels planted at 10 cm at the silking stage were significantly higher (17.1%, 11.9%, 14.0%, and 10.4%, respectively) than those at the 2 cm sowing depth, and the roots in the 10-20 cm soil layer contributed to an increase in yield. 4) Kernel size had little effect on root distribution, but a sowing depth of 10 cm increased the root distribution rate in soil layers below 10 cm. 5) Yields from large and medium kernels were significantly higher (9.1% and 7.3%, respectively) than those from small kernels. Deep sowing effectively increased yields by 11.8% at 6 cm depth and 26.3% at 10 cm sowing depth compared with sowing at 2 cm. Large kernels were conducive to the establishment of well-developed roots, whereas sowing at an appropriate depth was conducive to the growth and downward distribution of roots in the middle and late stages, thereby increasing their water absorption capacity and drought resistance, ultimately achieving the increase in yield. Therefore, when planting maize, large and medium kernels should be selected and sown deeper appropriately.
Key words:Maize/
Kernel size/
Sowing depth/
Root development/
Root distribution
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图1田间试验期间降水量和日均温度
Figure1.Precipitation and daily mean temperature during the field experiment
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2盆栽试验不同深度土壤含水量及日间温度的变化
不同字母表示不同土层差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Soil moisture and daily temperature change in different depths of soil layer in the pot experiment
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P < 0.05 according to LSD test.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3籽粒大小与播种深度对玉米发芽率的影响(2016年田间试验)
A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on emergence rate of maize (field experiment in 2016)
A1, A2 and A3 respectively represent large kernel, medium kernel and small kernel; B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4种子大小与播种深度对玉米不同生育期单株根系干重的影响(2015年和2016年大田试验)
Figure4.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on root dry matter per plant of maize at different growth stages (field experiment in 2015 and 2016)
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5种子大小与播种深度对不同时期不同土层根系干物质分布百分比的影响
A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure5.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on distribution of maize root dry matter in different soil layers in different periods
A1, A2 and A3 respectively represent large kernel, medium kernel and small kernel; B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图6种子大小与播种深度对玉米产量的影响(2016年大田试验)
A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure6.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on yield of maize (field experiment in 2016)
A1, A2 and A3 res pectively represent large grain, medium grain and small grain, B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05).
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1供试不同大小玉米‘正红505’种子的粒径和千粒重
Table1.Diameter and 1000-grain weight of the tested maize seeds with different sizes
| 大粒种Large kernel | 中粒种Medium kernel | 小粒种Small kernel | |||||
| 直径 Diameter (mm) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 直径 Diameter (mm) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 直径 Diameter (mm) | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | ||
| ≥9.3 | 349.16 | 7.5~7.7 | 266.53 | ≤6.0 | 171.40 | ||
下载: 导出CSV表2种子大小与播种深度对玉米苗期地下形态的影响(2015年大田)
Table2.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on underground part shape of maize seedlings (field experiment in 2015)
| 处理 Treatment | 三叶期Three-leaf stage | 五叶期Five-leaf stage | 七叶期Seven-leaf stage | |||||||||
| 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | ||||
| A1 | B1 | 103.1b | 29.4a | 0.63a | 209.3b | 68.8b | 1.93b | 395.1b | 139.9b | 4.0b | ||
| B2 | 133.5a | 34.2a | 0.70a | 229.3a | 79.6a | 2.36a | 406.5b | 150.0a | 4.5a | |||
| B3 | 86.0c | 23.3b | 0.46b | 236.3a | 79.6a | 2.49a | 464.4a | 158.7a | 4.6a | |||
| 平均Average | 107.5a | 29.0a | 0.60a | 224.9a | 76.0a | 2.30a | 422.0a | 149.5a | 4.4a | |||
| A2 | B1 | 94.6b | 27.1a | 0.62a | 193.8b | 62.7b | 1.84b | 370.8b | 126.1b | 3.3b | ||
| B2 | 128.9a | 33.1a | 0.68a | 201.2ab | 70.5a | 2.01ab | 406.1a | 130.3ab | 3.4ab | |||
| B3 | 67.2c | 17.2b | 0.36b | 213.0a | 69.7a | 2.22a | 397.3a | 137.2a | 3.9a | |||
| 平均Average | 96.9b | 25.8a | 0.55a | 202.7b | 67.6a | 2.02b | 391.4ab | 131.2b | 3.5b | |||
| A3 | B1 | 71.5b | 17.1b | 0.32b | 141.0c | 50.0a | 1.40a | 351.3a | 114.0b | 3.2a | ||
| B2 | 108.7a | 26.1a | 0.5b | 183.7a | 56.7a | 1.75a | 359.3a | 124.0ab | 3.7a | |||
| B3 | 69.6b | 17.5b | 0.35b | 157.3b | 54.0a | 1.47a | 372.8a | 127.1a | 3.6a | |||
| 平均Average | 83.2c | 20.2b | 0.39b | 160.6c | 53.5b | 1.54c | 361.1b | 121.7b | 3.5b | |||
| F值 F value | A | 25.8** | 20.2** | 52.6** | 46.6** | 21.7** | 63.0** | 8.6* | 14.9* | 28.1** | ||
| B | 46.0** | 24.3** | 27.0** | 20.1** | 12.0** | 6.6* | 12.0** | 11.5** | 8.1** | |||
| A × B | 1.2 | 1.8 | 3.7* | 5.3* | 0.6 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | |||
| RL:根长; RSA:根表面积; RV:根体积。A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别代表在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。RL: root length; RSA: root surface area; RV: root volume. A1, A2 and A3 respectively represent large kernel, medium kernel and small kernel; B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). * and ** indicated the significant level at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. | ||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3种子大小与播种深度对玉米苗期地下形态的影响(盆栽试验)
Table3.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on underground part shape of maize seedlings (pot experiment)
| 处理 Treatment | 三叶期Three-leaf stage | 五叶期Five-leaf stage | 七叶期Seven-leaf stage | |||||||||
| 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | ||||
| A1 | B1 | 737.2a | 108.5a | 1.36a | 982.6b | 170.1b | 2.35b | 1 597.0b | 339.7a | 5.56a | ||
| B2 | 688.9a | 108.1a | 1.35a | 1 341.1a | 229.9a | 3.27a | 1 707.1a | 348.3a | 6.00a | |||
| B3 | 660.9a | 101.9a | 1.25b | 1 317.6a | 232.6a | 3.18a | 1 710.4a | 346.3a | 5.89a | |||
| 平均Average | 695.7b | 106.2b | 1.32b | 1 213.8a | 210.9a | 2.93a | 1 671.5a | 344.7a | 5.81a | |||
| A2 | B1 | 819.8a | 116.6a | 1.44a | 983.7b | 163.6b | 2.17b | 1 708.3a | 351.3a | 6.25a | ||
| B2 | 806.0a | 121.6a | 1.46a | 1 265.4a | 224.9a | 3.20a | 1 766.0a | 353.1a | 6.22a | |||
| B3 | 811.4a | 120.4a | 1.39a | 1 217.4a | 217.9a | 3.11a | 1 490.5b | 343.2a | 5.74a | |||
| 平均Average | 812.4a | 119.7a | 1.43a | 1 155.5ab | 202.1ab | 2.83a | 1 654.9a | 349.2a | 6.07a | |||
| A3 | B1 | 743.3a | 102.5a | 1.13a | 875.1b | 145.7b | 1.94b | 1 316.7a | 282.3a | 4.68a | ||
| B2 | 650.0a | 94.3a | 1.09a | 1 193.7a | 216.5a | 3.20a | 1 271.6a | 285.5a | 5.18a | |||
| B3 | 475.8b | 76.6b | 0.98b | 1 183.0a | 214.4a | 3.09a | 1 127.9b | 265.8a | 5.08a | |||
| 平均Average | 623.0c | 91.2c | 1.07c | 1 084.0b | 192.2b | 2.75a | 1 238.7b | 277.9b | 5.00b | |||
| F值 F value | A | 50.8** | 169.8** | 66.0** | 11.1* | 10.4* | 0.6 | 104.4** | 14.7* | 10.6* | ||
| B | 6.8* | 2.8 | 8.7** | 76.6** | 85.4** | 24.7** | 9.4** | 0.3 | 0.7 | |||
| A × B | 3.1 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 6.1** | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||
| RL:根长; RSA:根表面积; RV:根体积。A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别代表在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。RL: root length; RSA: root surface area; RV: root volume. A1, A2 and A3 respectively represent large kernel, medium kernel and small kernel; B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). * and ** indicated the significant level at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. | ||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4种子大小与播种深度对玉米中后期根系形态的影响(2015年和2016年大田试验)
Table4.Effects of kernel size and sowing depth on root morphology of maize at medium-late growth stage (field experiment in 2015 and 2016)
| 处理 Treatment | 2015 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| 大喇叭口期 Bell mouthed stage | 吐丝期 Silking stage | 大喇叭口期 Bell mouthed stage | 吐丝期 Silking stage | |||||||||||||
| 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | 根长RL (cm) | 根表面积RSA (cm2) | 根体积RV (cm3) | |||||
| A1 | B1 | 6 875.6a | 1 313.5b | 24.0a | 16 024.7c | 3 853.7b | 83.4c | 4 908.4a | 1 093.4b | 26.0ab | 10 722.6b | 2 626.5b | 63.5b | |||
| B2 | 7 149.8a | 1 464.2a | 24.7a | 17 081.9b | 4 100.3ab | 87.7b | 4 791.6a | 1 176.5a | 26.8a | 12 345.4a | 2 811.6ab | 70.0a | ||||
| B3 | 6 947.7a | 1 426.1a | 21.0b | 18 949.1a | 4 344.4a | 93.4a | 4 812.8a | 1 155.8a | 25.6b | 13 532.1a | 2 942.8a | 76.4a | ||||
| 平均 Average | 6 991.0a | 1 401.3a | 23.2a | 17 351.9a | 4 099.5a | 88.2a | 4 837.6a | 1 141.9a | 26.1a | 12 200.1a | 2 793.6a | 70.0a | ||||
| A2 | B1 | 6 493.4ab | 1 102.7b | 20.6a | 15 097.7b | 3 960.6a | 80.1a | 4 828.6a | 1 088.1b | 25.0b | 11 034.9a | 2 508.2a | 61.2b | |||
| B2 | 6 840.5a | 1 372.3a | 22.2a | 15 683.9ab | 4 061.3a | 83.3a | 4 822.0a | 1 174.1a | 26.7a | 11 644.3a | 2 590.0a | 71.7a | ||||
| B3 | 6 120.1b | 1 127.6b | 20.8a | 16 435.4a | 4 241.0a | 83.5a | 4 690.5a | 1 085.8b | 26.4a | 11 600.3a | 2 721.1a | 73.5a | ||||
| 平均 Average | 6 484.7b | 1 200.9b | 21.2b | 15 739.0ab | 4 087.6a | 82.3a | 4 780.3a | 1 116.0a | 26.0a | 11 426.5a | 2 606.4b | 68.8a | ||||
| A3 | B1 | 5 502.8b | 976.1b | 20.1a | 11 355.0b | 2 970.4b | 62.6b | 4 160.5a | 981.6a | 20.9b | 8 951.4b | 2 053.3a | 54.3b | |||
| B2 | 6 238.4a | 1 309.0a | 21.7a | 12 645.1b | 3 416.3ab | 68.9a | 4 103.3a | 936.0a | 23.4a | 10 767.7a | 2 239.3a | 66.6a | ||||
| B3 | 5 475.9b | 1 307.6a | 20.1a | 15 109.7a | 3 575.1a | 74.0a | 4 067.1a | 956.5a | 21.2b | 10 109.8ab | 2 286.0a | 61.2ab | ||||
| 平均 Average | 5 739.0c | 1 197.6b | 20.6b | 13 036.6b | 3 320.6b | 68.5b | 4 110.3b | 958.0b | 21.8b | 9 943.0a | 2 192.9c | 60.7b | ||||
| F值 F Value | A | 55.1** | 14.2* | 18.2** | 5.4 | 6.2 | 9.1* | 20.9** | 11.2* | 118.0** | 2.0 | 43.5** | 6.3 | |||
| B | 7.0** | 13.7** | 8.4** | 21.4** | 5.5* | 13.3** | 0.5 | 4.0* | 12.8** | 7.0** | 3.9* | 12.8** | ||||
| A × B | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 5.3* | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.2 | ||||
| RL:根长; RSA:根表面积; RV:根体积。A1、A2和A3分别代表大、中、小粒种子, B1、B2和B3分别代表 2 cm、6 cm、10 cm播种深度。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。*和**分别代表在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。RL: root length; RSA: root surface area; RV: root volume. A1, A2 and A3 respectively represent large kernel, medium kernel and small kernel; B1, B2 and B3 respectively represent 3 sowing depth (2 cm, 6 cm, 10 cm). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). * and ** indicated the significant level at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. | ||||||||||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5玉米产量与吐丝期不同土层根系特性相关性(2016年大田)
Table5.Correlation between yield and root characteristics of different soil layers at silking stage of maize (field experiment in 2016)
| 性状Character | 相关系数Correlation coefficient | |||
| 0~10 cm | 10~20 cm | 20~40 cm | 0~40 cm | |
| 根长Root length | 0.41* | 0.61** | 0.27 | 0.52** |
| 根表面积Root surface area | 0.37 | 0.73** | 0.73** | 0.51** |
| 根体积Root volume | 0.56** | 0.34 | 0.40* | 0.60** |
| 根干重Root dry matters | 0.44* | 0.48* | 0.67** | 0.54** |
| *和**分别代表在0.05和0.01水平显著相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively. | ||||
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