典型城市化地区蔬菜重金属的累积特征与健康风险研究

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赵慧^{1, 2,,},
何博^{1, 2},
孟晶¹,
周云桥^{1, 2},
史斌¹,
王铁宇^{1, 2,,}
1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室北京 100085
2.中国科学院大学北京 100049
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2018YFC1800301
国家自然科学基金项目41877509

详细信息

通讯作者:赵慧, 研究方向为污染生态效应与修复。E-mail:huizhao2016_st@rcees.ac.cn
王铁宇, 主要研究方向为污染生态效应与修复。E-mail:wangty@rcees.ac.cn

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出版历程

收稿日期:2019-03-18
录用日期:2019-07-09
刊出日期:2019-12-01

Accumulation characteristics and health risks of heavy metals in vegetables in typical urbanized areas

ZHAO Hui^{1, 2,,},
HE Bo^{1, 2},
MENG Jing¹,
ZHOU Yunqiao^{1, 2},
SHI Bin¹,
WANG Tieyu^{1, 2,,}
1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regionl Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2018YFC1800301
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41877509

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Corresponding author:WANG Tieyu, E-mail: wangty@rcees.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:工业化和城市化带来的重金属污染对环境质量、食品安全、人体健康及社会经济可持续发展构成严重威胁和挑战。为了掌握典型城市化区域蔬菜生产的重金属污染特征与食用健康风险，从而为快速城市化区域的农业实践提供依据，本研究选取珠三角电镀、染织等工业密集典型城市化区域的蔬菜和土壤为研究对象，通过采集蔬菜和表层土壤样品，使用单因子污染评价和内梅罗综合污染指数法对蔬菜样品中Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Pb 5种重金属进行污染评价，使用目标危害商数法进行健康风险评价。研究发现，该地区菜地土壤存在Cd污染。研究区蔬菜中重金属的富集吸收能力为Cd > Ni > Cr > As > Pb，叶菜类对Cd的富集最多，豆角类对Ni的富集较多。单因子污染评价结果显示蔬菜中重金属超标率按大小排序为Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb=As，Ni、Cr和Cd超标率分别为10.53%、2.63%和1.32%，Pb和As均未超标；综合污染指数的评价显示叶菜类样品处于轻度污染水平，豆角类处于中度污染水平，瓜类尚未受到重金属污染。健康风险评价结果表明，叶菜类和豆角类的综合目标危害商数（TTHQ）均大于1，长期食用叶菜类和豆角类会对健康造成影响，成人和儿童的综合目标危害商数排序均为叶菜类>豆角类>瓜类，儿童摄食蔬菜的重金属健康风险高于成人。总体来说，研究区蔬菜重金属健康风险基本处于可接受范围，但叶菜类Cd和豆角类Ni造成的健康风险需引起重视。
关键词:典型城市化区/
蔬菜/
重金属/
累积特征/
污染评价/
健康风险
Abstract:Heavy metal pollution-related problems due to industrialization and urbanization are of great concern, and they pose severe threats and challenges to environmental quality, food safety, human health, and sustainable socioeconomic development. This study examined vegetables and soils in areas with intensive electroplating and dyeing industries. Vegetable and soil samples were collected, and single-factor pollution assessment and the Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to evaluate the pollution levels of five heavy metals, i.e., Cd, Ni, Cr, As, and Pb, in vegetable samples. Further, the target hazard quotient method was used to assess health risk. Pollution by Cd was found in the vegetable soil in the study area. Enrichment and absorptive capacity of heavy metals in vegetable samples in the study area were in this order:Cd > Ni > Cr > As > Pb. Leafy vegetables had the highest Cd enrichment, whereas beans had the highest Ni enrichment. Single-factor pollution assessment revealed that the over-standard rate of heavy metals in the vegetable samples was in this order:Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb=As; moreover, the over-standard rates of Ni, Cr, and Cd were 10.53%, 2.63%, and 1.32%, respectively, and the content of Pb and As in the vegetable samples did not exceed the standard content. Nemero evaluation of the samples revealed that leafy vegetables had a mild level of pollution, beans had a moderate level of pollution, and melons were not contaminated by heavy metals. Health risk assessment revealed that the comprehensive target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of leafy vegetables and beans was>1 and that the long-term consumption of leafy vegetables and beans in the study area would adversely affect health. The TTHQ for adults and children was as follows:leafy vegetables > beans > melons. The health risks posed by the intake of heavy metals in food were higher for children than for adults. In general, the health risks posed by heavy metals in vegetables in the study area were within the acceptable range, but the health risks posed by Cd in leafy vegetables and Ni in beans need serious consideration.
Key words:Typical urbanized area/
Vegetables/
Heavy metals/
Residual characteristics/
Pollution assessment/
Health risk

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图1蔬菜和土壤采样点分布示意图
Figure1.Sketch map of vegetable and soil sampling points distribution

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图2不同采样点蔬菜与土壤重金属含量水平
Figure2.Heavy metals contents in vegetables and soil at different sampling sites

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图3研究区土壤中重金属向蔬菜的富集系数
Figure3.Enrichment coefficients of heavy metals in soil to vegetables in study area

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表1采集蔬菜品种与样本数
Table1.Type and number of the vegetable samples

类型 Type	样本数 Sample size	品种和样本数 Varieties and sample size
瓜类Melon-vegetable	31	黄瓜11个、丝瓜8个、冬瓜5个、苦瓜4个、蒲瓜2个、南瓜1个Cucumis sativus L. 11; Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. 8; Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. 5; Momordica charantia L. 4; Lagenaria sciceraria var. hispida (Thunb.) Hara 2; Cucurbita moschata (Duch.) ex Lam. 1
豆角类Beans	17	短豆角6个、长豆角11个Phaseolus vulgaris L. 6; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 11
叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	28	生菜1个、蕹菜5个、红薯叶3个、油麦菜7个、莙荙菜1个、甜菜1个、菜心4个、苋菜4个、油菜1个、木耳菜1个Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. 1; Ipomoea aquatica Forsk 5; Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam 3; Lactuca sativa var longifoliaf. Lam 7; Beta vulgaris L. 1; Beta vulgaris L. 1; Brassica campestris L. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee 4; Amaranthus tricolor L. 4; Brassica napus L. 1; Gynura cusimbua 1

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表2蔬菜质量分级标准
Table2.Grading standard of vegetables quality

等级划分 Gradation	P_综	污染等级 Gradation	污染水平 Pollution level
1	P_综≤0.7	安全Safe level	清洁Clean
2	0.7 < P_综≤1	警戒级Alert level	尚清洁Clean yet
3	1 < P_综≤2	轻度污染Mild pollution	蔬菜开始受到污染Vegetables are beginning to be contaminated
4	2 < P_综≤3	中度污染Moderate pollution	蔬菜受中度污染Vegetables are moderately contaminated
5	P_综 > 3	重度污染Heavy pollution	蔬菜受污染已相当严重Vegetables have been seriously polluted

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表3人体健康风险模型参数取值^[21]
Table3.Parameters of human health risk assessment model^[21]

评价参数 Evaluation parameter	物理意义 Physical significance	参考值Reference value
评价参数 Evaluation parameter	物理意义 Physical significance	成人Adult	儿童Child
BW	体重Weight (kg)	56.8	15.9
ED	蔬菜暴露年限Exposure time of vegetable (a)	70	70
EF_R	蔬菜暴露频率Exposure frequency of vegetable (d·a^-1)	365	365
F_IR	日蔬菜摄入量Daily vegetable intake (g·d^-1)	300	200
AT	蔬菜平均作用时间Average action time of vegetable (d)	EDx365	EDx365
C_i	蔬菜中重金属浓度Heavy metal concentration in vegetable (mg·kg^-1)	—
R_fD[mg·(kg?d)^-1]	Ni	0.02
	Cd	0.001
	As	0.000 3
	Pb	0.003 5
	Cr	0.003

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表4研究区蔬菜中重金属的累积量统计
Table4.Statistics of heavy metal residues in vegetables in the study area ?mg·kg^-1

重金属 Heavy metal	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable				瓜类Melon-vegetable				豆角类Beans
重金属 Heavy metal	范围 Range	中值 Mid-value	均值 Mean-value	标准 Criterion	范围 Range	中值 Mid-value	均值 Mean-value	标准 Criterion	范围 Range	中值 Mid-value	均值 Mean-value	标准 Criterion
Cr	0.06~0.33	0.17	0.17	0.50	0.03~0.21	0.05	0.07	0.50	0.06~0.77	0.17	0.25	0.50
Pb	0.01~0.18	0.03	0.04	0.01	0.00~0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01~0.13	0.03	0.04	0.01
Ni	0.06~0.49	0.15	0.19	0.75	0.04~0.37	0.11	0.13	0.75	0.34~2.52	0.63	1.06	0.75
As	0.00~0.09	0.02	0.02	0.50	0.00~0.01	0.00	0.00	0.50	0.01~0.03	0.01	0.01	0.50
Cd	0.01~0.39	0.05	0.07	0.20	0.01~0.51	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.00~0.05	0.01	0.01	0.10

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表5土壤与蔬菜中重金属Pearson相关性分析
Table5.Correlation analysis of heavy metals contents in soil and vegetables

蔬菜重金属Heavy metals in vegetables		土壤重金属Heavy metals in soil
蔬菜重金属Heavy metals in vegetables		Cr	Ni	As	Cd	Pb
Cr	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	0.162	0.052	0.170	0.375	0.142
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	-0.275	-0.248	-0.503	-0.412	-0.182
	豆角类Beans	0.087	0.185	-0.094	0.027	-0.028
Ni	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	0.043	-0.023	0.000	-0.167	-0.043
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	0.217	0.248	0.155	-0.144	0.122
	豆角类Beans	0.235	0.436	0.317	-0.003	-0.110
As	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	-0.292	-0.290	0.015	-0.081	-0.156
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	-0.008	0.068	-0.116	-0.048	-0.025
	豆角类Beans	-0.474	-0.441	-0.565^*	-0.515^*	-0.242
Cd	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	0.333	0.219	0.316	0.289	0.191
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	0.521^*	0.385	0.554^*	0.532^*	0.481
	豆角类Beans	0.468	0.447	0.774^*	0.462	0.360
Pb	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	-0.192	-0.327	-0.360	-0.057	-0.032
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	0.533^*	0.295	0.260	0.693^*	0.697^*
	豆角类Beans	0.188	0.328	0.027	0.013	0.016
* 0.05水平下相关性显著(双尾显著检验)。* mean significant correlation at the level of 0.05 according to the double-tailed significance test.

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表6蔬菜重金属单项污染指数(P_i)评价结果统计表
Table6.Single pollution index (P_i) of heavy metals of vegetables and statistic results

	P_i-Cr	P_i-Ni	P_i-As	P_i-Cd	P_i-Pb
最小值Minimum value	0.05	0.06	0.00	0.01	0.03
中值Mid-value	0.22	0.23	0.02	0.17	0.10
最大值Maximum value	1.54	3.36	0.18	1.96	0.64
均值Mean value	0.29	0.48	0.03	0.22	0.13
标准偏差Standard deviation	0.26	0.65	0.03	0.26	0.10
5%分位点5% score loci	0.06	0.07	0.00	0.03	0.04
第一分位点First quantile	0.12	0.13	0.01	0.06	0.07
第三分位点Third quantile	0.37	0.51	0.03	0.27	0.15
变异系数Coefficient of variation	0.90	1.35	1.02	1.17	0.80
超标率Exceeding standard rate (%)	2.63	10.53	0.00	1.32	0.00
污染程度占比Proportion of individual pollution index of different pollution degree (%)
无污染Pollution-free (P_i≤1)	97.37	89.47	100.00	98.68	100.00
轻度污染Mild pollution (1 < P_i≤2)	2.63	5.26	0.00	1.32	0.00
中度污染Moderate pollution (2 < P_i≤3)	0.00	3.95	0.00	0.00	0.00
重度污染Heavy pollution (P_i > 3)	0.00	1.32	0.00	0.00	0.00

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表7不同蔬菜品种重金属污染评价结果统计表
Table7.Heavy metals contamination of 3 types of vegetables

品种 Type	样本量 Sample size	重金属 Heavy metal	单项污染指数Single pollution index						综合污染指数 Comprehensive pollution index
品种 Type	样本量 Sample size	重金属 Heavy metal	范围 Range	均值 Mean-value	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数Coefficient of variation	超标数 Exceeding standard number	超标率 Exceeding standard rate (%)	综合污染指数 Comprehensive pollution index
叶菜类 Leaf-vegetable	28	Cr	0.12~0.66	0.33	0.15	0.45	0	0.00	1.39
		Ni	0.07~0.65	0.25	0.17	0.66	0	0.00
		As	0.01~0.18	0.05	0.04	0.76	0	0.00
		Cd	0.03~1.96	0.35	0.36	1.04	1	3.57
		Pb	0.03~0.58	0.14	0.10	0.77	0	0.00
瓜类 Melon-vegetable	31	Cr	0.05~0.42	0.14	0.10	0.71	0	0.00	0.36
		Ni	0.06~0.50	0.18	0.11	0.59	0	0.00
		As	0.00~0.02	0.01	0.00	0.53	0	0.00
		Cd	0.01~0.51	0.15	0.13	0.84	0	0.00
		Pb	0.03~0.21	0.09	0.04	0.49	0	0.00
豆角类 Beans	17	Cr	0.12~1.54	0.50	0.41	0.82	2	11.76	2.39
		Ni	0.46~3.36	1.41	0.84	0.60	8	47.06
		As	0.02~0.05	0.03	0.01	0.35	0	0.00
		Cd	0.04~0.50	0.14	0.13	0.95	0	0.00
		Pb	0.07~0.64	0.18	0.14	0.76	0	0.00

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表8不同采样点位蔬菜重金属综合污染指数
Table8.Comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals of vegetables at different sampling points

点位序号Point number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
综合污染指数 Comprehensive pollution index	0.51	0.55	1.49	1.73	2.39	0.41	0.57	1.44	1.42	1.36	0.63	0.61	0.38	0.61	1.41
最大单因子 Maximum single factor	Ni	Ni	Ni	Ni	Ni	Cr	Ni	Ni	Cd	Ni	Cd	Ni	Ni	Ni	Ni

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表9蔬菜重金属的目标危害商数(THQ)和综合目标危害商数(TTHQ)
Table9.Target hazard quotient (THQ) of single heavy metal and TTHQ—Totaltarget hazard quotient (TTHQ) of vegetables

	蔬菜类型Vegetable type	THQ-Cr	THQ-Pb	THQ-Ni	THQ-As	THQ-Cd	TTHQ
成人Adult	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	0.29	0.06	0.05	0.42	0.37	1.19
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	0.12	0.01	0.04	0.08	0.04	0.29
	豆角类Beans	0.44	0.06	0.28	0.26	0.07	1.11
	均值Mean value	0.28	0.04	0.12	0.25	0.16	0.86
儿童Children	叶菜类Leaf-vegetable	0.70	0.15	0.12	0.12	0.88	2.84
	瓜类Melon-vegetable	0.29	0.03	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.69
	豆角类Beans	1.05	0.13	0.66	0.66	0.17	2.63
	均值Mean value	0.68	0.10	0.29	0.29	0.38	2.05

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