肖小平^,,
李超,
唐海明,
汤文光,
程凯凯,
郭立君,
汪柯,
潘孝晨
湖南省土壤肥料研究所 长沙 410125
基金项目: “十三五”国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300906
“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目2018YFD0301004

详细信息

作者简介:肖小平, 主要从事稻田培肥及农作制研究。E-mail:hntfsxxping@163.com

中图分类号:S311

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-09-11
录用日期:2018-10-23
刊出日期:2019-03-01

Soil nitrogen storage and recovery efficiency in double paddy fields under reduced nitrogen dose and increased crop density

XIAO Xiaoping^,,
LI Chao,
TANG Haiming,
TANG Wenguang,
CHENG Kaikai,
GUO Lijun,
WANG Ke,
PAN Xiaochen
Institute of Soil Fertility Research in Hunan Province, Changsha 410125, China
Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China in the "13th five-year"2016YFD0300906
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China in the "13th five-year"2018YFD0301004

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Corresponding author:XIAO Xiaoping, E-mail:hntfsxxping@163.com

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摘要
摘要:为推动传统稻作技术向资源节约型与环境友好型方向转型，本研究在稻草还田基础上设置不施氮常密(T1)、常氮常密(T2)、常氮增密(T3)、减氮常密(T4)、减氮增密(T5)5种双季稻栽培模式，研究稻草还田下减氮增密对双季稻田土壤氮素库容及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明：稻草还田下，减氮增密(基肥减施总氮量的20%，增加密度27.3%)的0~10 cm、10~20 cm的土壤全氮含量及库容量与常氮常密无显著差异，但碱解氮含量分别显著降低15.6%、8.8%，碱解氮总库容量显著降低10.7%。与常氮常密相比，减氮增密可显著降低双季稻田的土壤氮素表观盈亏量，氮素损失量及损失率分别显著降低51.7%及15.5个百分点；早、晚稻的氮素农学利用率分别显著增加33.6%、23.0%，吸收利用率分别显著增加5.9个百分点、6.3个百分点，生理利用率分别显著增加16.3%、3.7%。表明稻草还田下短期内的减氮增密不会显著降低土壤的全氮库容，但会显著降低土壤的碱解氮库容，可显著降低氮素损失，提高氮素利用率。
关键词:稻草还田/
双季稻/
减施氮肥/
增加密度/
氮素库容/
氮素利用率
Abstract:Rice production technology is transforming to natural resources-saving and environment-friendly techniques, such as straw incorporation, reduced nitrogen (N) application. Simultaneously, machine transplanted rice with high plant density has been rapidly developed with continuous reduction in rural labor and rising labor costs. Therefore, it is important to investigate N sink and use efficiency under straw incorporation, reduced N application and increased plant density for natural resources-saving and environment-friendly rice production. Five cultivation modes of machine-transplanted double-cropping rice were set up under straw incorporation in this study. The cultivation modes included zero-N and conventional density (T1), conventional N dose and density (T2), conventional N dose and increased density (T3), reduced N dose and conventional density (T4) and reduced N dose and increased density (T5). Soil N storage capacity and recovery efficiency in double cropping rice fields were analyzed under five treatments. The results showed that compared with T2 treatment, the amount of basic fertilizers of T5 treatment dropped by 20% in total N and density increased by 27.3% for both early and late rice. Total N content and storage capacity of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers of T5 were not significantly different from those of T2, but available N content of T5 decreased by 15.6% in the 0-10 cm soil layer and by 8.8% in the 10-20 cm soil layer, compared with T2. Total storage of available N was decreased by 10.7% in the 0-20 cm soil layer. Compared with T2 treatment, T5 treatment significantly reduced surplus soil N, with loss amount and loss rate of N fertilizer significantly dropping respectively by 51.7% and 15.5%. Agronomic efficiency of N in early and late rice under T5 treatment increased respectively by 33.6% and 23.0%, compared with T2 treatment. Uptake efficiency of N increased respectively by 5.9% and 6.3% and physiological efficiency of N increased by 16.3% and 3.7%, compared with T2 treatment. The results indicated that total N storage capacity of soils with reduced N and increased density under rice straw return did not significantly reduce, but alkali N storage capacity reduced significantly in the short-term. However, it had the potential to significantly reduce N loss and increase N utilization in double cropping paddy fields.
Key words:Rice straw return/
Double cropping rice/
Reduced nitrogen/
Increased density/
Nitrogen storage capacity/
Nitrogen recovery efficiency

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图1减氮增密对双季稻田不同深度土壤容重的影响
T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Figure1.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on soil bulk densities at different depths of double paddy fields
T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.


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图2减氮增密对双季稻田土壤氮素表观盈亏量的影响
T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。
Figure2.Effects of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on apparent surplus amount of soil nitrogen in double paddy fields
T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.


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表1减氮增密对双季稻田不同深度土壤氮素含量的影响
Table1.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on nitrogen contents in different soil layers of double paddy fields

处理 Treatment	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg-1)			碱解氮含量 Available nitrogen content (mg·kg-1)
	0~10 cm	10~20 cm		0~10 cm	10~20 cm
T1	2.15±0.04b	1.92±0.03b		163.5±3.6c	143.1±3.3c
T2	2.47±0.06a	2.17±0.05a		219.5±5.2a	178.2±4.8a
T3	2.44±0.04a	2.19±0.04a		193.8±4.3b	164.5±2.6b
T4	2.40±0.07a	2.17±0.02a		197.5±6.1b	158.6±4.3b
T5	2.42±0.05a	2.16±0.05a		185.3±5.5bc	162.5±3.9b
??T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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表2减氮增密对双季稻田不同深度土壤氮素库容量的影响
Table2.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on soil nitrogen storage capacities at different depths of double paddy fields

kg·hm-2
处理 Treatment	全氮库容量 Total nitrogen storage capacity		全氮总库容量 Total storage capacity of total nitrogen	碱解氮库容量 Available nitrogen storage capacity		总库容量 Total storage capacity of available nitrogen
	0~10 cm	10~20 cm		0~10 cm	10~20 cm
T1	1 870.6±52.1b	2 179.3±78.3b	4 049.9±137.5b	142.3±6.3c	162.4±7.8c	304.7±12.7c
T2	2 107.0±64.3a	2 467.4±54.2a	4 574.4±124.1a	187.2±7.5a	201.6±9.3a	388.8±15.2a
T3	2 086.3±77.2a	2 483.6±81.3a	4 569.9±157.3a	164.7±4.8b	185.9±7.4b	350.6±12.3b
T4	2 066.5±43.5a	2 495.6±67.1a	4 562.1±121.7a	170.1±5.6b	182.4±8.5b	352.5±14.7b
T5	2 091.0±64.2a	2 486.3±59.4a	4 577.3±127.9a	160.1±5.9b	187.0±7.6b	347.2±13.7b
??T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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表3减氮增密对双季稻氮积累的影响
Table3.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on nitrogen accumulation of double cropping rice

kg·hm-2
稻季 Rice season	处理 Treatment	氮积累量?Nitrogen accumulation			氮总积累量 Total nitrogen accumulation
		茎?Stem	叶?Leaf	穗?Panicle
早稻	T1	12.6±0.6d	8.5±0.3c	50.6±2.4b	71.7±3.4b
Early rice	T2	20.4±0.8b	19.8±0.7a	76.4±3.1ab	116.7±5.0a
	T3	21.9±1.1a	19.7±1.3a	80.6±3.4a	122.2±5.8a
	T4	19.1±0.6c	16.1±0.4b	73.4±2.7b	108.6±4.3ab
	T5	20.3±0.5b	15.6±0.9b	77.1±3.1ab	113.0±4.6a
晚稻	T1	12.5±0.4c	8.5±0.3c	52.1±3.3b	73.1±5.0b
Late rice	T2	22.7±0.8b	21.4±1.1a	84.7±4.2a	128.8±6.1a
	T3	25.2±1.2a	20.4±0.9a	90.1±4.7a	135.6±6.8a
	T4	21.4±1.0b	17.3±1.2b	79.7±3.8ab	118.4±7.2ab
	T5	22.4±0.9b	16.8±0.8b	86.8±4.4a	125.9±6.6a
??T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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表4减氮增密对双季稻田土壤氮素损失的影响
Table4.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on soil nitrogen loss of double paddy fields

处理 Treatment	土壤氮素基础库容量 Basic soil nitrogen storage capacity (kg·hm-2)	晚稻收获后土壤氮素库容量 Soil nitrogen storage after later rice harvest (kg·hm-2)	氮素周年投入量 Annual nitrogen input (kg·hm-2)	氮素带出量 Nitrogen output (kg·hm-2)	氮素损失量 Nitrogen loss (kg·hm-2)	氮素损失率 Nitrogen loss rate (%)
T2	4 597.1	4 574.4±234.5a	300	205.2±9.5b	117.5±3.8a	39.2±1.6a
T3	4 597.1	4 569.9±301.5a	300	216.2±8.4a	111.0±4.1a	37.0±1.9ab
T4	4 597.1	4 562.1±265.6a	240	191.8±9.1c	83.2±3.7b	34.7±1.5b
T5	4 597.1	4 577.3±281.1a	240	203.0±10.2b	56.8±2.6c	23.7±1.7c
??T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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表5减氮增密对双季稻氮肥利用率的影响
Table5.Effect of nitrogen-reduction and density-increase measure on nitrogen use efficiency of double cropping rice

稻季 Rice season	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm-2)	农学利用率 Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (kg·kg-1)	吸收利用率 Uptake efficiency of nitrogen (%)	生理利用率 Physiological efficiency of nitrogen (kg·kg-1)
早稻	T1	4 101.0±148c	—	—	—
Early rice	T2	5 337.0±187a	9.2±0.4b	33.3±1.1b	27.5±1.1b
	T3	5 463.0±156a	10.1±0.5b	37.4±0.9a	27.0±0.6b
	T4	4 825.5±166b	6.7±0.2c	34.1±1.0b	19.7±1.3c
	T5	5 422.5±201a	12.2±0.4a	38.2±0.7a	32.0±1.2a
晚稻	T1	4 333.5±153b	—	—	—
Late rice	T2	6 531.0±214a	13.3±0.6b	33.7±1.2b	39.5±1.3a
	T3	6 633.0±223a	13.9±0.4b	37.9 ±1.1ab	36.8±1.1b
	T4	6 204.0±179a	14.2±0.5b	34.3±0.7b	41.3±1.7a
	T5	6 496.5±194a	16.4±0.7a	40.0±1.4a	40.9±1.5a
??T1为不施氮常密, T2为常氮常密, T3为常氮增密, T4为减氮常密, T5为减氮增密; 不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。T1: zero-N and conventional density; T2: conventional N dose and density; T3: conventional N dose and increased density; T4: reduced N dose and conventional density; T5: reduced N dose and increased density.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.

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