刘焕焕,
张菁,
王改玲,
山西农业大学资源环境学院 太谷 030801
基金项目: 山西省科技重大专项20121101007
详细信息
作者简介:江山, 主要从事土地复垦与生态重建研究。E-mail:647960016@qq.com
通讯作者:王改玲, 主要从事土地复垦与生态重建研究。E-mail:gailingwang@qq.com
中图分类号:S151.9+3计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-06-13
录用日期:2018-09-26
刊出日期:2019-02-01
Responses of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification to reclamation years and modes of coal mine
JIANG Shan,LIU Huanhuan,
ZHANG Jing,
WANG Gailing,
Institute of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province20121101007
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Corresponding author:WANG Gailing, E-mail:gailingwang@qq.com
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摘要
摘要:为揭示煤矿复垦区土壤氮素内循环中的矿化及硝化特征，探索不同复垦模式与不同复垦年限下复垦土壤的氮素转化效率，采集山西安太堡露天煤矿中复垦3年、9年、21年苜蓿地及3年荞麦地表层（0~20 cm）土壤，并以3年自然恢复和未复垦新排土为对照，采用间歇淋洗好气培养法与恒温培养法研究各采样地土壤矿化与硝化过程，利用一级反应动力学模型与Logistic方程对有机氮素的矿化与硝化数据进行拟合。结果表明，3年苜蓿地的矿化速率最高，21年苜蓿地的矿化速率最低，且土壤氮素快速矿化主要在培养前7 d，之后逐渐平缓，并在28 d趋于稳定。经一级动力学方程拟合可知，氮矿化势（No）的变化范围为89.28~124.51 mg·kg-1，21年苜蓿地> 3年自然恢复地> 3年苜蓿地> 3年荞麦地>未复垦新排土> 9年苜蓿地；矿化速率常数（k）的变化范围为0.022 6~0.051 9，3年苜蓿地> 9年苜蓿地>未复垦新排土> 3年自然恢复地> 3年荞麦地> 21年苜蓿地。氮矿化势与土壤有机质含量显著正相关（r=0.91）。复垦区各土壤随培养时间的延长硝态氮含量大致为"S"型曲线且可分为3个阶段：前期阶段（0~5 d）-上升阶段（5~14 d）-稳定阶段（14~28 d）；Logistic方程拟合结果显示：复垦年限显著影响硝化高峰出现的时间（不同复垦年限苜蓿地最大相差6.85 d），21年苜蓿地硝化过程剧烈而短促，3年自然恢复地的硝化过程缓慢而漫长；耕地较草地有更大的硝化速率与更长的硝化时间。长期的种植苜蓿复垦显著提高了土壤的氮库容量，矿化过程更为平稳。
关键词:复垦年限/
复垦模式/
氮素转化效率/
有机氮/
矿化/
硝化/
安太堡露天煤矿
Abstract:Soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification are impacted by microbial activity and soil properties. The reclaimed coal mine soil are artificially reconstructed soil with different properties from farmland soil, such as lower organic matter content, small nitrogen sink, weak microbial activity. In order to reveal the response of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification of reclaimed soils in coal reclamation areas and to explore the soil nitrogen conversion efficiencies under different reclamation patterns and for different reclamation years, a laboratory experiment with soil sampled from the reclaimed coal mine were conducted. There were six sampling soils in Antaibao Opencast Mine, Shanxi Province, which were unreclaimed soil (CK); naturally reclaimed soil for 3 years (NRL); alfalfa pasture soils reclaimed for 3 years (AL3), 9 years (AL9), 21 years (AL21); and buckwheat soil reclaimed for 3 years (BL3). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification of sampled soils were measured by using Stanford aerobic incubation method and constant temperature culture. And then, the first-order reaction kinetics model and Logistic equation were used to fit the process of organic nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. The results showed that the mineralization rate was highest in alfalfa field reclaimed for 3 years (AL3), and lowest in alfalfa field reclaimed for 21 years (AL21). The mineralization of nitrogen was rapid in the first 7 days and gradually became gentle, tended to be stable in 28 days of incubation. The first-order kinetic equations suggested that nitrogen mineralization potential ranged from 89.28 to 124.51 mg·kg-1 and was in the order of AL21 > NRL > AL3 > BL3 > CK > AL9. The mineralization rate constant ranged from 0.022 6 to 0.051 9, with the order of AL3 > AL9 > CK > NRL > BL3 > AL21. There was a significantly positive correlation between nitrogen mineralization potential and soil organic matter content (r=0.91). The soil nitrogen capacity was significantly increased in the long-term reclamation of grassland, and the mineralization process was more stable. The change of nitrate content in various soils of reclamation area during incubation was roughly following a "S" trend and was divided into three stages, which were the early stage (0-5 d), the rising stage (5-14 d) and the stable stage (14-28 d). Logistic equation fitting results showed that the reclamation years significantly affected the peaking time of nitrification (the max difference was 6.85 days among different reclamation years of alfalfa pasture). The drastic nitrification process in alfalfa pasture reclaimed for 21 years was intense and short, that of naturally restored soil for 3 years was slow and long. The arable land had a greater nitrification rate and longer nitrification time than grassland. In summary, under long term plantation of alfalfa in reclaimed coal mine soil, soil nitrogen sink increased, nitrogen mineralization became stable.
Key words:Reclamation year/
Reclamation mode/
Nitrogen conversion efficiencies/
Organic nitrogen/
Mineralization/
Nitrification/
Antaibao Open-pit Coal Mine
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图1煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下土壤氮素矿化速率变化量
Figure1.Variations of soil nitrogen mineralization rates under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图2煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下土壤矿化氮累积量曲线
Figure2.Curves of soil mineralized nitrogen accumulation under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下土壤硝化率变化
Figure3.Changes of soil nitrification rates under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下土壤硝化过程硝态氮浓度拟合图
Figure4.Fitting diagrams of nitrate content in soil nitrification process under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图5煤矿复垦区土壤理化性质与矿化、硝化指标的相关性
*表示相关性显著(P < 0.05), **表示相关性极显著(P < 0.01);图中不同颜色不同大小点表示正负相关性以及相关性的程度。TK:全钾; AVK:速效钾; TP:全磷; AVP:有效磷; SOM:有机质; STN:全氮; C/N:有机碳与全氮的比值; AVN:碱解氮; pH:酸度值; No:氮素矿化势; k:矿化速率常数; No/STN:氮素矿化势与全氮的比值; MR:矿化率; Vmax:最大硝化速率; Tmax:最大硝化速率需要的时间; NR:净硝化率。
Figure5.Correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and mineralization and nitrification indicators
* indicates a significant correlation (P < 0.05), ** indicates an extremely significant correlation (P < 0.01). Different sized and color points indicate positive and negative correlation at different relevance degrees. TK: total potassium; AVK: available potassium; TP: total phosphorus; AVP: available phosphorus; SOM: organic matter; STN: total nitrogen; C/N: organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio; AVN: available nitrogen; pH: acidity; No: nitrogen mineralization potential; k: mineralization rate constant; No/STN: nitrogen mineralization potential to total nitrogen ratio; MR: mineralization rate; Vmax: maximum nitrification rate; Tmax: maximum nitrification rate required time; NR: net nitrification rate.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1煤矿复垦区不同复垦模型和复垦年限采样地概况
Table1.Basic information of sampling sites with different reclamation modes and for different reclamation years in the coal mine reclamation area
| 采样地 Sampling site | 地理位置 Location | 复垦模式 Reclamation mode | 复垦年限 Reclamation year (a) | 备注 Note |
| CK | 39.541 7°N 112.286 4°E | — | — | 新排土, 没有采取复垦手段 Dumped just before sampling without reclamation |
| NRL | 39.498 9°N 112.336 9°E | — | — | 2014年排土后, 无人为复垦措施 No artificial reclamation measures after soil dumped in 2014 |
| BL3 | 39.507 3°N 112.338 2°E | 耕地 Arable land | 3 | 2014年复垦, 2017年采样时地上作物为荞麦 Reclamation in 2014 with buckwheat when soil sampling in 2017 |
| AL3 | 39.505 3°N 112.339 0°E | 草地 Grassland | 3 | 2014年复垦, 种植紫花苜蓿 Planting alfalfa after reclamation in 2014 |
| AL9 | 39.497 4°N 112.318 9°E | 草地 Grassland | 9 | 2008年复垦, 种植紫花苜蓿 Planting alfalfa after reclamation in 2008 |
| AL21 | 39.504 9°N 112.311 7°E | 草地 Grassland | 21 | 1996年复垦, 种植紫花苜蓿 Planting alfalfa after reclamation in 1996 |
下载: 导出CSV表2煤矿复垦区不同采样地土壤基本理化性状
Table2.Basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil of sampling sites in the coal mine reclamation area
| 采样地 Sampling site | pH | 有机质 Organic matter (g·kg-1) | 全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1) | C/N | 碱解氮 Alkaline nitrogen (mg·kg-1) | 全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg-1) | 有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1) | 全钾 Total potassium (g·kg-1) | 速效钾 Available potassium (g·kg-1) |
| CK | 8.39 | 3.06 | 0.28 | 6.33 | 10.89 | 0.11 | 8.69 | 14.39 | 163.00 |
| NRL | 8.64 | 3.45 | 0.31 | 6.39 | 14.71 | 0.50 | 23.74 | 16.16 | 120.63 |
| BL3 | 8.59 | 4.03 | 0.41 | 5.73 | 18.96 | 0.54 | 24.13 | 18.37 | 184.97 |
| AL3 | 8.52 | 4.65 | 0.40 | 6.73 | 28.46 | 0.85 | 14.82 | 16.58 | 185.63 |
| AL9 | 8.49 | 5.51 | 0.42 | 7.69 | 35.54 | 0.96 | 24.25 | 14.69 | 111.46 |
| AL21 | 8.10 | 15.33 | 0.51 | 17.59 | 91.21 | 0.84 | 12.53 | 15.50 | 198.66 |
下载: 导出CSV表3煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下矿区土壤氮素矿化参数
Table3.Soil nitrogen mineralization parameters under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
| 采样地 Sampling site | 氮素矿化势(No) Nitrogen mineralization potential (mg·kg-1) | 矿化速率常数(k) Mineralization rate constant | R2 | No/STN(%) | 氮素矿化率 Nitrogen mineralization rate (%) |
| CK | 89.43±19.45Eef | 0.042 3±0.014 56Bbc | 0.977 1 | 31.9 | 22.17 |
| NRL | 100.50±15.63Bb | 0.041 5±0.010 14Bbc | 0.988 8 | 32.4 | 22.22 |
| BL3 | 94.78±19.83Dd | 0.034 1±0.010 39Bd | 0.987 8 | 23.1 | 14.17 |
| AL3 | 98.81±13.40Cc | 0.051 9±0.012 22Aa | 0.984 6 | 24.7 | 18.96 |
| AL9 | 89.28±9.64Ef | 0.043 7±0.007 59Bb | 0.993 7 | 21.3 | 15.07 |
| AL21 | 124.51±15.93Aa | 0.022 6±0.010 78Ce | 0.986 2 | 24.4 | 14.41 |
| No/STN表示矿化势与全氮的比值; 同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.01和P < 0.05差异显著。No/STN is the ratio of mineralization potential to total nitrogen. Different capital and lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV表4煤矿复垦区不同复垦年限与模式下土壤硝态氮净积累量拟合方程及特征值
Table4.Fitting equations and eigenvalues of net accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen under different reclamation years and modes in the coal mine reclamation area
| 采样地 Sampling site | 拟合方程 Fitting equation | R2 | 最大硝化速率出现时间 Occurrence time of maximum nitrification rate (d) | 最大硝化速率 Maximum nitrification rate (mg·kg-1·d-1) |
| CK | 174.6/(1+e1.30-0.24t) | 0.980 3 | 5.42Ee | 10.48Dd |
| NRL | 128.3/(1+e3.05-0.26t) | 0.907 2 | 11.73Aa | 8.34Ee |
| BL3 | 149.2/(1+e4.81-0.66t) | 0.995 3 | 7.29Cc | 24.62Aa |
| AL3 | 161.5/(1+e1.68-0.29t) | 0.994 5 | 5.79Dd | 11.71Cc |
| AL9 | 148.2/(1+e2.19-0.22t) | 0.983 9 | 9.95Bb | 8.15Ff |
| AL21 | 167.2/(1+e0.96-0.31t) | 0.989 3 | 3.10Ff | 12.96Bb |
| 同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间在P < 0.01和P < 0.05差异显著。Different capital and lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at 0.01 and 0.05 levels. | ||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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