丁尚^1,,
郭浩浩¹,
程鸣宇¹,
宋晨阳¹,
刁晓平^{2, 3},
赵洪伟^{1, 2,,}
1.海南大学热带农林学院 海口 570228
2.海南大学南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室 海口 570228
3.海南师范大学生命科学学院 海口 571158
基金项目: 海南省重大科技项目ZDKJ2017002
海南省自然科学基金项目417053
海南省自然科学基金项目317302

详细信息

作者简介:丁尚, 研究方向为养分资源管理。E-mail:Dshainu@163.com

通讯作者:赵洪伟, 研究方向为养分管理与农业面源污染防治。E-mail:hwzhao@hainu.edu.cn

中图分类号:X2;X171

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收稿日期:2018-07-04
录用日期:2018-09-20
刊出日期:2019-02-01

Spatial and temporal characteristics of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system in Hainan Province

DING Shang^1,,
GUO Haohao¹,
CHENG Mingyu¹,
SONG Chenyang¹,
DIAO Xiaoping^{2, 3},
ZHAO Hongwei^{1, 2,,}
1. Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Marine Re-source Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
3. College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
Funds: the Key Science and Technology Program of Hainan ProvinceZDKJ2017002
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation417053
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation317302

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Corresponding author:ZHAO Hongwei, E-mail:hwzhao@hainu.edu.cn

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摘要
摘要:氮素是生命活动必须的元素之一，然而一定区域内过多的氮素输入可能会造成严重的环境污染。本研究以热带地区的海南岛为研究对象，明确其农牧生产体系氮素流动过程和特征，分析氮素输入和输出量变化关系及其利用效率的时空变化，以期优化农牧体系养分管理，为制定海南省农牧业发展政策提供科学依据。通过运用食物链养分流动模型（NUtrient flows in Food chains，Environment and Resources use，NUFER）并结合Origin和ArcGIS等软件分析海南地区1987-2016年间农牧生产体系氮素养分流动时空变化特征，同时首次对海南省农牧生产体系内部氮素流动在理想与实际情况下的时空变化做出了相关性分析。结果显示海南地区30年间农牧生产体系氮素总输入量由134.15 Gg增长到406.39 Gg，总输出氮素由84.75 Gg增长到307.77 Gg。30年来，农田生产子系统氮素利用效率由12.39%增长到20.54%，动物生产子系统氮素利用率由6.10%增长到13.88%，农牧结合体系氮素利用效率整体呈现上升趋势，由1987年的12.84%增加到2016年的21.63%。空间上，农田生产子系统中，氮素总输入与总输出项中增幅最高的分别是澄迈县和琼海市，五指山市两项增长均最低；动物生产子系统中，氮素总输入与总输出项增幅最高的分别是文昌市和儋州市，五指山市两项增长均最低。1987-2016年海南岛农牧生产体系氮素投入持续增长，氮素利用率低下，空间差异较大，土壤氮素盈余量较高。相关性分析表明，农田生产子系统与动物生产子系统出现较严重的脱节。因而，为提高海南地区氮素流动效率和促进可持续发展，应注重提高本地饲料产量、合理使用肥料、循环利用畜禽粪尿，进一步优化农牧业发展布局，建立农牧结合的高效生产体系。
关键词:农牧生产体系/
氮素流动/
氮素利用效率/
NUFER模型/
海南
Abstract:Though nitrogen is one of the necessary elements for life activities, its' excessive input in a region may cause serious environmental pollution. Hainan Island, a province in the tropics, was taken as the research object to investigate the process and characteristics of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system. To optimize the nutrient management of this system, the relationships of nitrogen input and output changes and the temporal and spatial characteristics of nitrogen utilization efficiency were analyzed, which would provide scientific basis for the policy setting of agriculture and animal husbandry development in Hainan province. The model of NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use (NUFER) combining with Origin and ArcGIS software were used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system in Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016, meanwhile for the first time, the correlation of spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen flows in the farming and animal production system was analyzed under ideal and actual conditions. The results showed that the total nitrogen input increased from 134.15 Gg to 406.39 Gg, the total nitrogen output increased from 84.75 Gg to 307.77 Gg in the past 30 years. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of the farming production subsystem increased from 12.39% to 20.54%, and that of the animal production subsystem increased from 6.10% to 13%. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of the integrated system of farming and animal production increased from 12.84% in 1987 to 21.63% in 2016. In spatial distribution, the increase of total nitrogen input and output was the highest in Chengmai County and Qionghai City, respectively, while being the lowest in Wuzhishan City. In the animal production subsystem, the increase of total nitrogen input and output was the highest in Wenchang City and Danzhou City, respectively, while being the lowest in Wuzhishan City. The results show that the nitrogen input of farming and animal production system in Hainan Island increased continuously from 1987 to 2016, with the low nitrogen utilization efficiency, the big spatial difference, and the high soil nitrogen surplus. The correlation analysis showed that the farming production subsystem and the animal production subsystem were disjointed seriously. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of nitrogen flows and promote the sustainable development in Hainan Province, it is necessary to increase the yield of local feedstuff, make rational use of fertilizer, recycle livestock and poultry manure, further optimize the layout of agriculture and animal husbandry development, and establish a highly efficient production system for farming and animal husbandry.
Key words:Farming and animal production system/
Nitrogen flows/
Nitrogen utilization efficiency/
NUFER model/
Hainan

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图1农牧生产体系氮流动模型
Figure1.Schematic diagram of nitrogen flows model in farming and animal production system


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图21987—2016年海南省农田生产子系统氮素流动时空变化(A: 1987—2016年农田生产子系统氮素平衡; B: 1987年和2016年不同区域农田生产子系统氮素平衡)
Figure2.Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen flows of farming production subsystem in Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016 (A: nitrogen balance of farming production subsystem from 1987 to 2016; B: nitrogen balance of farming production subsystem in different administrative areas of Hainan Province in 1987 and 2016)


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图31987—2016年海南省动物生产子系统氮素流动时空变化(A: 1987—2016年动物生产子系统氮素平衡; B: 1987年和2016年不同区域动物生产子系统氮素平衡)
Figure3.Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen flows of animal production subsystem in Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016 (A: nitrogen balance of animal production subsystem from 1987 to 2016; B: nitrogen balance of animal production subsystem in different administrative areas of Hainan Province in 1987 and 2016)


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图41987—2016年海南农牧生产体系氮素流动(A)及利用率(B)的变化
Figure4.Changes of nitrogen flow (A) and utilization rate (B) of farming and animal production system of Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016


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图5海南省1987年(A)和2016年(B)各市县农牧生产体系氮素输入输出
Figure5.Nitrogen input and output of farming and animal production system of Hainan Province in 1987 (A) and 2016 (B)


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图6海南省农牧生产体系氮素流动相关性分析(A: 1987—2016年农牧生产体系相关性关系; B: 2016年各市县农牧生产体系相关性关系)
Figure6.Correlation analysis of nitrogen flow in farming and animal production system in Hainan Province (A: correlation trend analysis of farming and animal production system in Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016; B: correlation trend of farming and animal production system in different administrative areas of Hainan Province in 2016)


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表1主要畜禽各部分含氮比例、粪尿排泄量和还田系数
Table1.Nitrogen content ratio, excretion of manure and farmland returning coefficient of major livestock and poultry

项目 Project	粪尿 Manure					食用部分 Edible part[20]			骨头部分 Bone part[20]			其他 Other[20]
	挥发[16-17] Volatilization[16-17](%)	排泄量[18-19] Excretion[18-19](t?a-1)	含氮比例[18] Nitrogen ratio[18](%)	还田比例[20] Return ratio[20](%)		占比 Proportion(%)	氮含量 Nitrogen content (g·kg-1)		占比 Proportion(%)	氮含量 Nitrogen content (g·kg-1)		占比 Proportion(%)	氮含量 Nitrogen content (g·kg-1)
猪Pig	26.20	1.90	0.24	50		50	0.15		13	0.19		37	0.22
役用牛 Draft cattle	12.30	10.10	0.35	54		45	0.28		20	0.18		35	0.22
肉牛Beef	12.30	7.70	0.35	65		45	0.28		20	0.18		35	0.22
奶牛 Dairy cattle	12.30	19.40	0.35	72		45	0.28		20	0.18		35	0.22
羊Sheep	16.70	0.90	1.01	23		55	0.21		24	0.19		21	0.22
鸡Chicken	50.90	0.05	1.03	22		65	0.27		20	0.26		15	0.15
鸭Duck	25.70	0.05	0.60	45		65	0.27		20	0.26		15	0.15
鹅Goose	25.70	0.20	0.60	45		65	0.27		20	0.26		15	0.15
动物生产子系统中, 由于各研究对象存在不同年龄段、不同区域的差异, 即相关参数在一定区间变动, 所以本研究中部分项目所选数值在王方浩等[18]和马林[20]研究成果上取其平均值, 猪牛羊等按规模化养殖与散养比例核算还田比例等参数。In the animal production subsystem, due to differences among different age groups and regions, the relevant parameters vary within a certain range. Therefore, the average values selected in some projects of this study were taken by referring to the research results of Wang, et al[18] and Ma[20]. The parameters of manure returning ratios such as swine, bovine, sheep were calculated according to the proportions of large-scale breeding and free breeding.

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表2主要农作物种子及主副产品含量、还田率、饲用比例
Table2.Nitrogen contents, returning rates, feed ratios of main crop seeds and main by-products

作物 Crop	作物籽粒氮产量[20-27] Grain nitrogen yield[20-27] (g·kg-1)	草谷比[28] Grass/valley ratio[28]	秸秆含氮量[15, 29] Straw nitrogen content[15, 29] (g·kg-1)	播种量[14] Seed quantity[14] (kg·hm-2)	种子含氮量[14] Seed nitrogen content[14] (g·kg-1)	秸秆还田率[14] Straw return rate[14](%)	饲用比例[20] Feed ratio[20](%)
水稻Paddy	12	0.9	8.0	10	14	41.7	37.5
大豆Soybean	56	1.6	16.0	68	53	16.8	0
薯类Potato	3	0.5	3.0	1 313	3	50.0	40
花生Peanut	47	0.8	17.0	180	44	26.0	0
芝麻Sesame	25	2.2	0.3	5	29	34.0	0
甘蔗Sugarcane	23	0.3	10.0	—	—	10.0	0
蔬菜Vegetables	3	0.1	24.0	—	—	—	—
水果Fruits	4	—	—	—	—	—	—
胡椒Black pepper	27	—	—	—	—	—	—
槟榔Areca catechu	28	—	—	—	—	—	—
椰子Coco nut	40	—	—	—	—	—	—
油棕Oil palm	65	—	—	—	—	—	—
橡胶Rubber	33	—	—	—	—	—	—
剑麻Sisal hemp	10	—	—	—	—	—	—
咖啡Coffee	32(小粒种Small seed)24(中粒种Medium seed)	—	—	—	—	—	—
茶叶Tea	50	—	—	—	—	—	—
农田生产子系统中, 主产品含氮量等参数在参考马林等****[14-15, 20-29]的研究成果基础上取平均值。“—”表示无数据来源或者基于本研究不予考虑。In the farming production subsystem, the average values of nitrogen contents and other parameters of the main products are averages of data in the reports of Ma, et al[14-15, 20-29]. “—” means no data source or not considered in this study.

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表3自然条件下农田生产子系统输入输出项基本参数
Table3.Basic parameters of input and output items of farming production subsystem under natural conditions

项目Project	参数Parameter
生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation	150 kg(N)·km-2·a-1[30]
氮沉降Nitrogen deposition	33 kg(N)·km-2·a-1[30]
氨挥发Ammonia volatilization	11.7%[31]
反硝化Denitrification	10.0%[14]
淋溶Leaching	25.5%[32]
径流侵蚀Runoff erosion	270 kg(N)·km-2·a[33]
氨挥发、反硝化为施肥量按一定比例的损失, 淋溶为土壤表面氮素盈余按一定比例的损失。Ammonia volatilization and denitrification are the losses according to a certain proportion of fertilizer amount, and leaching is the loss with a certain proportion from soil surface nitrogen surplus.

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