马林^1,,,
马文奇²,
张福锁³,
柏兆海¹,
侯勇³
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.河北农业大学资源与环境学院 保定 071000
3.中国农业大学资源与环境学院/教育部植物-土壤相互作用重点实验室 北京 100193
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目31572210
河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目HBCT2018120206
中国科学院重点部署项目ZDRW-ZS-2016-5
中国科学院科技服务网络计划（STS计划）项目KFJ-STS-ZDTP-001
河北省****基金项目D2017503023


详细信息

作者简介:马林, 主要研究方向为农业生态学与养分资源管理。E-mail:malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S1

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出版历程

收稿日期:2018-07-18
录用日期:2018-07-28
刊出日期:2018-10-01

Nutrient flow and management in the food chain in China

MA Lin^1,,,
MA Wenqi²,
ZHANG Fusuo³,
BAI Zhaohai¹,
HOU Yong³
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31572210
the Dairy Industry Innovation Team of Modern Agricultural Technology System of Hebei ProvinceHBCT2018120206
the Key Project of Chinese Academy of SciencesZDRW-ZS-2016-5
the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of SciencesKFJ-STS-ZDTP-001
the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei ProvinceD2017503023


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Corresponding author:MA Lin, E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要
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摘要
摘要:为寻求食物生产与消费系统中粮食安全、资源高效和环境友好的协调和农业绿色发展途径，研究团队构建了"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"（简称食物链系统）研究体系，运用物质流动和养分代谢理论方法创立了养分流动模型，深入研究了该系统养分流动规律及调控机理，经过近十多年系统研究，获得结果如下：（1）提出食物链养分流动金字塔概念模型，创建了食物链系统养分流动模型。通过分析养分在"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"系统的行为特征，发现养分从"土壤-作物-畜牧"向"家庭"的流动呈金字塔状，其形状决定了系统生产力、养分效率和环境效应。处于金字塔顶端的"家庭"消费驱动了系统养分流动，决定了养分效率；"土壤-作物-畜牧"位于金字塔底层，支撑顶层"家庭"消费，决定了系统养分通量，也是养分调控的核心。在此基础上，开发了食物系统养分流动模型——UFER，构建了参数体系，实现了国家和区域尺度食物链氮磷流量、利用效率和环境排放的定量分析。（2）揭示了食物链系统氮磷养分流量、利用效率及其资源环境代价的时空变化特征。阐明了我国土壤-作物系统、农牧系统和整个食物链系统氮磷养分流量、养分效率和环境排放的时空分异特征；明确了土壤作物、畜牧和家庭各子系统对整个食物链养分环境排放的贡献；提出了食物氮（磷）代价概念，发现我国食物生产和消费的资源环境代价增速很快，已远远超过发达国家。（3）明确了食物链系统养分流动的驱动因素，阐明了提高养分效率和降低环境排放的调控机理。明确了决定食物链系统养分效率的关键环节，发现城镇化、食物结构变化和畜牧业发展是食物链养分流动加速的主要驱动因子；阐明了增加粮食和饲料进口、优化膳食结构和改善农牧业养分管理技术等对食物链系统优化的效应及作用机制。发现农牧结合和粪尿资源化利用是大幅度减少化肥需求和环境排放的关键途径，是实现农业绿色发展和食物链养分优化管理的重要突破口。
关键词:农业绿色发展/
养分资源管理/
NUFER模型/
食物链系统/
氮循环/
磷循环/
面源污染
Abstract:In order to explore food security, high resources use efficiency and environmental friendly pathway for the coordinated and green developed agriculture in the food production and food consumption system, we constructed the "soil-crop-livestock-family-environment" ("food chain system" in short) research system. Using the material flow and metabolism theories, a nutrient flow model had been developed, and was used to evaluate the nutrient flow and control mechanisms of food chain system. After more than ten years systematic studies, the research team obtained the following main results:(1) Develop the pyramid framework for nutrient flow of the food chain, and the food chain nutrient flow model. By analyzing nutrients behavior in the "Soil-Crop-Livestock-Household-Environment" system, we found that the nutrient flow from "Soil-Crop-Livestock" to "Household" sector was in the shape of pyramid. The shape of pyramid determined the productivity, nutrient efficiency and environmental effects of the food chain system. The "Household" consumption at the top of pyramid was the driving force of nutrient flow in the whole food system, meanwhile, determined the nutrient efficiency of whole system. "Soil-Crop-Livestock" was located at the bottom of pyramid, supporting the "Household" consumption sector at the top. It determined the total nutrients flux and acted as the core of nutrients management. Based on this, the NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use) was developed, the parameter set was build and quantification of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) flows, use efficiencies and environmental emissions at the national and regional scales had been done. (2) Spatial and temporal analysis of N and P flows, use efficiencies and environmental costs in the food chain system. We quantified the spatial and temporal characteristics of N and P flows, efficiencies and environmental emissions in crop and animal production sector, and the whole food chain in China. We identified the contribution of nutrient losses form soil-crop system, livestock and human consumption. We also developed the concept of food N (P) cost and found that the resource and environmental costs of food production and consumption in China had increased rapidly, far exceeding the developed countries. (3) Identifying the driving forces of nutrient flow in the food chain and the options to improve nutrient efficiency and reduce environmental losses. The key sector that determined nutrient efficiency had been identified. Urbanization, diet changes and development of livestock production were the main driving forces of the accelerated nutrient flow in food chain system. We also explained the effects and mechanisms of increasing imports of food and feed, optimizing dietary and improving the nutrient management in agriculture production on improving food chain systems. We also found that the coupling of crop and livestock production, improving utilization of livestock manure was the key to reducing chemical fertilizer use and environmental losses, and was also the key for achieving green development of agriculture and sustainable food systems.
Key words:Green development of agriculture/
Nutrient management/
NUFER model/
Food chine system/
Nitrogen cycle/
Phosphorus cycle/
Non-point source pollution

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图1食物链和农牧系统养分管理主要学术发现
Figure1.The main scientific findings of nutrient management in food chain


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图2“土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境”食物链养分流动模型示意图^[9]
Figure2.The framework of nutrient flows in food pyramid/food chain (soil-crop-animal-household-environment systems)


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