房琴1, 2,
闫宗正1, 2,
路杨1, 2,
邵立威1,,
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院大学 北京 100049
基金项目: 中国科学院科技服务网络计划（STS计划）项目KFJ-STS-ZDTP-001
详细信息
作者简介:梁硕硕, 主要从事农田节水机理与技术研究。E-mail:liangshuoshuo16@mails.ucas.ac.cn
通讯作者:邵立威, 主要从事作物水分高效利用研究。E-mail:liweishao@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:S158.2计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2018-01-19
录用日期:2018-05-15
刊出日期:2018-09-01
Moisture control reduces soil salt effect on summer maize
LIANG Shuoshuo1, 2,,FANG Qin1, 2,
YAN Zongzheng1, 2,
LU Yang1, 2,
SHAO Liwei1,,
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Funds: the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of SciencesKFJ-STS-ZDTP-001
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Corresponding author:SHAO Liwei, E-mail: liweishao@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:环渤海低平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植系统中，冬小麦季微咸水灌溉造成土壤含盐量增加，影响下茬玉米正常出苗。通过水分调控消减根层土壤盐分是有效可行的途径，并利于冬小麦夏玉米一年两作的微咸水安全利用。该研究通过盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法，研究玉米出苗对土壤水盐阈值的响应以及玉米播后灌水对出苗、生长、根层水盐和产量的影响。盆栽试验结果表明：1）玉米在低土壤盐分含量（全盐含量0.8 g·kg-1）下，60%田间持水量即可达到正常出苗；2）在高土壤盐分含量（全盐含量3.5 g·kg-1）下，出苗时间延长，出苗率降低；3）土壤盐分对出苗的影响，随着土壤含水量降低而越趋严重。因此在较高的盐分条件下，维持出苗期间一定土壤含水量，更利于缓解土壤盐分对玉米出苗的影响。大田试验中灌溉水盐分梯度为淡水（对照）、3 g·L-1、4 g·L-1和5 g·L-1。田间试验结果表明：1）随着灌溉水盐分浓度增加冬小麦收获时0~20 cm土壤盐分含量明显增加；2）淡水、3 g·L-1、4 g·L-1和5 g·L-1灌溉冬小麦，收获期0~20 cm土壤盐分含量分别为1.0 g·kg-1、1.3 g·kg-1、1.6 g·kg-1、2.0 g·kg-1；3）夏玉米播种后立即灌溉一次75 mm淡水，玉米出苗期耕层土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的70%以上，土壤含盐量下降到1.0 g·kg-1左右，夏玉米生长进程和产量不受影响。2年（2015年和2016年）淡水、3 g·L-1、4 g·L-1和5 g·L-1微咸水拔节期灌溉冬小麦，下茬夏玉米产量分别为9 510.4 kg·hm-2、9 913.6 kg·hm-2、9 910.6 kg·hm-2、9 986.0 kg·hm-2和9 621.8 kg·hm-2、9 455.3 kg·hm-2、9 460.2 kg·hm-2、9 221.4 kg·hm-2，产量差异不显著。考虑该地区降水的时间分布，与玉米生长同期的充足夏季降水的淋洗作用，微咸水灌溉小麦的积盐可得到很好淋洗。因此，该地区在冬小麦生长季实施不超过5 g·L-1微咸水灌溉，利用冬小麦夏玉米关键生育期水分调控，可消减微咸水灌溉土壤盐分积累对玉米出苗影响，结合夏玉米出苗水管理和雨季淋盐，实现周年稳产和水盐平衡，根层土壤不积盐。
关键词:冬小麦-夏玉米/
微咸水灌溉/
土壤盐分积累/
玉米出苗率/
盐分淋洗
Abstract:Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system is the main planting pattern in the Low Plain around Bohai Sea of China, where fresh water is in serious shortage but with sufficient brackish water resources. Rational utilization of salt water resources is great significance for food safety in the area. However, brackish water irrigation of winter wheat caused salt accumulation in the upper soil which affected summer maize seedling emergence. Regulated water management was an effective and feasible way of reducing the negative effects of salinity, which was also beneficial for salt water irrigation in the double cropping system. In this study, a combination of pot and field experiments was conducted. The pot experiment consisting of 3 soil salinities[0.8 g·kg-1(low salt content), 2.3 g·kg-1(medium salt content) and 3.5 g·kg-1(high salt content)] and 4 (for low salt content, ) or 8 (for medium and high salt water content) water contents (55%-85% of field capacity) were used to test the response of maize seedling emergence to soil water and salt contents. In the field experiment, salt water with different salinities[0 (CK), 3 g·L-1 (SWT1), 4 g·L-1 (SWT2) and 5 g·L-1(SWT3)] was used to irrigate winter wheat at jointing stage to determine the effect of salt accumulation due to salt water irrigation and desalinization by irrigation/precipitation on maize growth and grain yield. The pot experiment results showed that 60% of field capacity supported normal seedling emergence under low soil salinity (0.8 g·kg-1). In high soil salinity (3.5 g·kg-1), seedling emergence was prolonged and the rate of emergence reduced. The effect of soil salinity on seedling emergence became serious with decreasing soil moisture content. Under high salinity conditions, high level of soil moisture alleviated the adverse effects of soil salinity on maize seedling emergence. Field experiment (in 2015 and 2016) results showed that with increasing salt concentration of irrigation water, soil salt content in the 0-20 cm soil layer increased significantly at winter wheat harvest period, with soil salt contents of 1.0 g·kg-1(CK), 1.3 g·kg-1 (SWT1), 1.6 g·kg-1(SWT2) and 2.0 g·kg-1 (SWT3). After summer maize sowing, an irrigation of 75 mm fresh water kept water content in the plough layer at 70% field capacity, and reduced soil salt content to 1.0 g·kg-1, which was not significantly affected the growth and yield of summer maize. Yields of summer maize were 9 510.4 kg·hm-2 (CK), 9 913.6 kg·hm-2 (SWT1), 9 910.6 kg·hm-2 (SWT2) and 9 986.0 kg·hm-2(SWT3) in 2015, and 9 621.8 kg·hm-2 (CK), 9 455.3 kg·hm-2 (SWT1), 9 460.2 kg·hm-2 (SWT2) and 9 221.4 kg·hm-2(SWT1) in 2016 under salt water irrigation of winter wheat at jointing stage. Considering the temporal distribution of precipitation and the salt leaching of sufficient summer rainfall in the same season of summer maize growth, the effect of soil salt accumulation in winter wheat season on summer maize growth was avoidable. Therefore, irrigation of salt water with less than 5 g·L-1 salinity at winter wheat jointing stage was safe for the succeeding crop, summer maize. The resonable water managements at key growth stages of winter wheat and summer maize simultaneously stabilized crops annual yield and water-salt balance under brackish water irrigation.
Key words:Winter wheat-summer maize cropping system/
Brackish water irrigation/
Soil salt accumulation/
Maize emergency rate/
Salt leaching
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图1不同土壤含盐量和土壤相对含水量对玉米播后5 d和8 d出苗率的影响
不同小写字母表示不同处理间0.05水平差异显著。
Figure1.Emergence rates of maize after sowing for 5 days and 8 days under different soil salinities and relative water contents
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
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图2玉米在不同土壤含盐量和含水量条件下的苗期生物量差异
不同小写字母表示不同处理间0.05水平差异显著。
Figure2.Biomass changes of maize seedlings under different soil salinities and relative water contents
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
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图32015年和2016年冬小麦收获后不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下不同深度土壤含盐量
Figure3.Soil salt contents at harvest of winter wheat at different depths under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at jointing stage in 2015 and 2016
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图42015年和2016年冬小麦不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下夏玉米灌溉出苗水后不同深度土壤的含盐量
Figure4.Soil salt contents at different depths after irrigation in summer maize emergence period under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at winter wheat jointing stage in 2015 and 2016
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图52015年和2016年冬小麦不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下夏玉米灌溉出苗水前后土壤含水量变化
a: 2015年冬小麦收获后土壤含水量; b: 2015年夏玉米灌溉出苗水后土壤含水量; c: 2016年冬小麦收获后土壤含水量; d: 2016年夏玉米灌溉出苗水后土壤含水量。
Figure5.Changes of soil moistures before and after irrigation in summer maize emergence period under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at winter wheat jointing stage in 2015 and 2016
a: soil moisture content of winter wheat after harvest in 2015; b: soil moisture content after irrigating the emergence water of summer maize in 2015; c: soil moisture content after winter wheat harvest in 2016; d: soil moisture content after irrigating the emergence water of summer maize in 2016.
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图6冬小麦拔节期不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对夏玉米苗期生物量的影响
不同小写字母表示不同处理间0.05水平差异显著。
Figure6.Effects of irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at winter wheat jointing stage on seedling growth of summer maize
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
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图7冬小麦不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对玉米穗数(a)、产量(b)的影响
不同小写字母表示不同处理间0.05水平差异显著。
Figure7.Effects of irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at winter wheat jointing stage on ear numbers (a) and yield (b) of summer maize in 2015 and 2016
Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 level.
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图82015年和2016年冬小麦不同矿化度微咸水灌溉下玉米播种前和收获后土壤含水量和含盐量的变化
Figure8.Changes of soil moisture and soil salt content at sowing and harvesting of maize under irrigation of brackish water with different salinities at winter wheat jointing stage in 2015 and 2016
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图9河北省南皮县1954-2016年降雨量变化
Figure9.Changes in annual and seasonal rainfall at Nanpi County, Hebei Province from 1954 to 2016
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