闫翠萍,
肖俊红,
张晶,
裴雪霞,
董飞,
张定一
山西省农业科学院小麦研究所 临汾 041000
基金项目: 现代农业产业技术体系专项资金CARS-03-2-7
国家科技支撑计划项目2015BAD22B03-03

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作者简介:闫翠萍, 主要从事小麦栽培生理研究。E-mail:dyzhang928@163.com

中图分类号:S152.7;S152.1

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收稿日期:2017-08-04
录用日期:2017-10-08
刊出日期:2018-05-01

Effect of early winter watering on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat

YAN Cuiping,
XIAO Junhong,
ZHANG Jing,
PEI Xuexia,
DONG Fei,
ZHANG Dingyi
Wheat Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linfen 041000, China
Funds: The study was supported by the Special Fund for the Industrial Technology System Construction of Modern Agriculture of ChinaCARS-03-2-7
the National Key Technology R&D Program of China2015BAD22B03-03

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Author Bio:YAN Cuiping, E-mail:dyzhang928@163.com

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摘要
摘要:玉米秸秆粉碎还田+旋耕播种是晋西南小麦玉米一年两熟区小麦季的主要栽培模式，冬前灌水可塌实土壤、加快秸秆腐熟、确保小麦安全越冬。为探明合理运筹越冬水对培育冬前壮苗、增加小麦产量、提高籽粒水分利用率的影响，在山西省临汾市尧都区，设置4个冬小麦冬前灌水时间处理，分别为11月10日、11月25日、12月10日和12月25日，以冬小麦传统灌冬水时间（12月10日）为对照（CK），研究冬前灌水时间对冬小麦冬前群体茎数、根系、旗叶光合性能和土壤容重、酶活性影响。结果表明：与不灌冬水的处理相比，冬前灌水可塌实耕层土壤、调节土壤容重，利于小麦根系与土壤紧密接触，增强土壤酶活性、提高土壤肥力，促进冬小麦分蘖和次生根的发生。与传统冬前灌水时间（12月10日）相比，冬水前移对小麦生长有补偿作用，使冬前总茎数、单株茎数、次生根数、根干重增加，延长了旗叶的功能期，提高了叶绿素含量和光合速率，促进光合产物的合成转化，使成穗数增加1.66%～5.37%，千粒重增加0.55%～3.03%。玉米秸秆粉碎还田+旋耕播种条件下，小麦冬前灌水时间由传统昼消夜冻（12月10日）前移一个节气，即11月25日左右，主茎叶龄3叶到3叶1心的分蘖初期，可使小麦增产8.40%，水分利用效率提高5.76%，达22.05 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2。
关键词:玉米秸秆还田/
旋耕/
冬水前移/
冬小麦/
生长和产量/
水分利用效率
Abstract:Sowing winter wheat under smashed corn straw returning using rotary machine is the main mode of winter wheat cultivation in Southwest Shanxi Province. Winter watering can compact soil, accelerate corn straw rot and ensure safe wheat over-wintering. However, less study was reported on winter watering effect under condition of smashed corn straw incorporation using rotary machine. To explore optimal management of winter watering of winter wheat under this condition for development of strong seedling before winter, improve wheat growth, thereby increase grain water use efficiency and yield, an experiment was conducted in Yaodu District of Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China, to investigate winter watering time effects on winter wheat growth. Four watering time treatments were designed-November 10, November 25, December 10 (traditional watering time used as control) and December 25. No-winter watering was set for investigation of soil properties. Tiller and roots before wintering, photosynthetic characters, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat under different treatments were investigated. The results showed that compared with treatment of non-winter watering, winter watering compacted soil and adjusted soil bulky density, which enhanced root closely touched to the soil and soil enzymes activities, thus enriched soil nutrition level and improved tillering and secondary root growth. The winter watering treatments compensated for winter wheat growth compared with control treatment. They increased stem and secondary root numbers before winter, and increased root dry weight per plant. Under early winter watering treatments, flag leave lifespan extended, chlorophyll content increased and photosynthesis enhanced. All these resulted in final head number increase by 1.66%-5.37%, 1000-kernel weight increased by 0.55%-3.03%. For sowing winter wheat under smashed corn straw returning using rotary machine, it was found that winter wheat yield under treatment of November 25 increased by 8.40% and water use efficiency increased by 5.76% (22.05 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2) at early tillering stage. In summary, under cultivation mode of smashed corn straw returning using rotary machine, proper early winter watering (in 25 November) was beneficial for formation of strong seedlings, high yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.
Key words:Corn straw returning/
Rotary tillage/
Early winter watering/
Winter wheat/
Growth and yield/
Water use efficiency

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表1冬灌时间对冬小麦冬前群体和根系的影响
Table1.Effect of winter watering time on tillers and roots before wintering of winter wheat

冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	基本苗 Basic seedlings (104·hm-2)	茎数 Tillers		?	根系 Roots
		总数 Total number (104 tillers·hm-2)	单株数 Number per plant	?	根数 Root quantity	根干重 Root weight (g)
11-10	376.6±20.39aA	972.5±49.1bB	2.60±0.18bA		8.11±0.34aA	1.23±0.040aAB
11-25	372.5±16.50aA	1 033.3±75.9aA	2.78±0.23aA		8.27±0.44aA	1.27±0.043aA
12-10 (CK)	382.2±9.10aA	910.9±64.0cC	2.39±0.22cB		5.14±0.74bB	1.13±0.044bB
12-25	400.7±7.22aA	855.0±79.5dD	2.13±0.18dC		4.12±0.63cC	1.01±0.044cC
???同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间差异分别达显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)水平。Different capital and small letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表2冬灌时间对冬前0～20 cm土层容重和土壤酶活性的影响
Table2.Effect of winter watering time of winter wheat on soil bulk density and soil enzymes activities of 0-20 cm layer

冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	容重 Bulk density (g·m-3)	土壤转化酶活性 Soil invertase activity (mg·g-1)	土壤磷酸酶活性 Phosphatase activity (mg·g-1)	脲酶活性 Urease activity (mg·g-1)
未冬灌Non-winter watering	1.09±0.01dC	3.75±0.02eE	0.51±0.04eE	5.77±0.02eE
11-10	1.30±0.02aA	5.18±0.02aA	1.31±0.02aA	10.80±0.03aA
11-25	1.28±0.02abA	5.12±0.02bB	1.22±0.01bB	10.08±0.01bB
12-10 (CK)	1.27±0.01bAB	5.06±0.01cC	1.06±0.02cC	9.84±0.02cC
12-25	1.24±0.02cB	4.65±0.03dD	0.93±0.02dD	8.36±0.03dD
同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间差异分别达显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)水平。Different capital and small letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表3冬灌时间对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量的影响
Table3.Effect of winter watering time on chlorophyll content in flag leaf of winter wheat

mg·g-1
冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	开花后天数 Days after anthesis (d)
	7	14	21	28	35
11-10	7.19±0.18bB	6.40±0.02bB	4.65±0.10bB	2.77±0.08bB	0.58±0.02bB
11-25	7.92±0.14aA	7.02±0.06aA	5.34±0.04aA	3.72±0.05aA	0.65±0.04aA
12-10 (CK)	7.06±0.12cC	5.89±0.04cC	4.47±0.01cC	2.74±0.02bB	0.55±0.01bB
12-25	7.02±0.15cC	5.82±0.21cC	4.39±0.08dC	2.74±0.02bB	0.54±0.02bB
同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间差异分别达显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)水平。Different capital and small letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表4冬灌时间对冬小麦旗叶光合速率的影响
Table4.Effect of winter watering time on photosynthetic rate of flag leaf of winter wheat

μmol(CO2)·m-2·s-1
冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	开花后天数Days after anthesis (d)
	0	7	14	21	28	35
11-10	20.64±1.20bB	17.47±0.86bB	16.51±0.62bB	14.95±0.69bB	4.71±0.61bB	0.79±0.31abA
11-25	21.9±0.58aA	19.63±0.75aA	18.51±0.81aA	16.56±0.75aA	5.75±0.85aA	0.90±0.26aA
12-10 (CK)	20.64±1.20bB	17.43±0.63bB	16.48±0.50bB	14.92±0.81bB	4.68±0.37bB	0.67±0.21bAB
12-25	16.75±0.96cC	15.36±1.30cC	14.34±0.39cC	9.81±0.85cC	3.95±0.53cC	0.45±0.12cB
同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间差异分别达显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)水平。Different capital and small letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表5冬灌时间对冬小麦产量及构成的影响
Table5.Effect of winter watering time on yield and yield components of winter wheat

冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm-2)	成穗数 Spike number (×104·hm-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	单株成穗 Spike number per plant
11-10	7 573.6±182.8aA	740.1±41.4bB	33.3±1.7aA	36.5±0.4bB	1.97±0.13abA
11-25	7 762.0±365.7aA	767.1±33.1aA	33.2±0.8aA	37.4±0.3aA	2.06±0.14aA
12-10 (CK)	7 160.7±173.0bB	728.0±31.5bB	33.2±1.7aA	36.3±0.3cB	1.91±0.13bAB
12-25	6 728.9±182.4cC	706.9±30.6cC	33.7±1.8aA	35.7±0.3dC	1.77±0.06cB
同列不同大、小写字母表示处理间差异分别达显著(P < 0.05)和极显著(P < 0.01)水平。Different capital and small letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.

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表6冬灌时间对冬小麦籽粒水分利用效率的影响
Table6.Effect of winter watering time on water use efficiency of winter wheat

冬灌日期(月-日) Time of winter watering (month-day)	播前土壤贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing (mm)	生育期灌水量 Total irrigation ( mm)	有效降雨量 Efficiency precipitation (mm)	收获期土壤贮水量 Soil water storage at maturity (mm)	田间总耗水量 Total water consumption (mm)	水分利用率 Water use efficiency (kg·mm-1·hm-2)
11-10	305.8	150	146.2	247.3	354.7	21.30
11-25	305.8	150	146.2	251.0	351.0	22.05
12-10 (CK)	305.8	150	146.2	258.1	343.9	20.85
12-25	305.8	150	146.2	272.0	330.0	20.40

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