夏莎莎^1,,
张聪³,
李佳珍²,
李红军²,
张玉铭^2,,,
胡春胜²
1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心 北京 100085
2.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室 石家庄 050022
3.华北制药集团爱诺有限公司 石家庄 050000
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划2016YFD0200307
河北省科技计划项目14227423D
渤海粮仓现代农业区域科技示范KFJ-STS-ZDTP-001

详细信息

作者简介:夏莎莎, 研究方向为分析化学。E-mail: ssxia@rcees.ac.cn

通讯作者:张玉铭, 研究方向为农田生态系统养分循环。E-mail: ymzhang@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号:S126;S512

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-12-15
录用日期:2018-02-01
刊出日期:2018-05-01

Diagnosis of nitrogen nutrient and recommended fertilization in summer corn using leaf digital images of cellphone camera

XIA Shasha^1,,
ZHANG Cong³,
LI Jiazhen²,
LI Hongjun²,
ZHANG Yuming^2,,,
HU Chunsheng²
1. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
3. North China Pharmaceutical Group Aino CO., LTD, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Plan of China2016YFD0200307
the Science and Technology Plan Project of Hebei Province14227423D
the Science and Technology Demonstration of Modern Agriculture in Bohai Granary RegionKFJ-STS-ZDTP-001

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Corresponding author:ZHANG Yuming,E-mail: ymzhang@sjziam.ac.cn

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摘要
摘要:本文利用手机相机获取玉米6叶期和9叶期的冠层图像，对图像进行色彩参数的提取与处理，分析了不同生长时期、不同品种间色彩参数的差异性，以及色彩参数与传统玉米氮素营养指标的相关性，选择出适宜的敏感色彩参数，对色彩参数与氮素营养指标进行拟合建模，建立了玉米氮素营养诊断体系，并推荐了不同产量目标下的施肥量，为实现利用智能手机田间拍照进行氮素营养诊断和精准推荐施肥提供参考。结果表明，在玉米6叶期，冠层图像色彩参数与传统氮素营养指标间的相关性优于9叶期，可作为应用数字图像分析技术进行氮素营养诊断的诊断时期；不同品种玉米的冠层图像色彩参数间无显著差异。B/（R+G+B）和G/（R+G+B）与传统氮素诊断指标——叶片SPAD值、第1完全展开叶叶脉硝酸盐浓度均显著相关，且B/（R+G+B）更为敏感，因此可作为玉米氮素营养诊断的色彩参数指标，诊断方程为：玉米叶脉硝酸盐浓度=1.73×10¹⁰×[B/（R+G+B）]^9.43。并依此给出了不同B/（R+G+B）值下的玉米营养状况以及不同目标产量下的推荐施氮量。本研究结果可为基于手机相机开展玉米氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术的推广与应用提供技术支撑。
关键词:手机相机/
叶片数字图像/
色彩参数/
氮素营养诊断/
精准施肥/
夏玉米
Abstract:To meet requirements of food supplies and the accompanying pollution problem on environment, precision fertilization is one of the most important technologies. Soil nutrient test and crop nutrition diagnosis are essential work for precision fertilization. With the current situation of the increasing agriculture scale management, it is urgent to develop fast, nondestructive and economic techniques for the nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of crops. Digital images technology has been widely applied in nutrition diagnosis of crops. In majority of such researches, digital cameras have already been successfully used. However, few researches were reported to use cellphone cameras to study nutrition diagnosis and precision fertilization of crops. Thinking of the advantages that cellphone cameras have, such as portability, universality and handleability, the application of cellphone cameras should be detailly studied in nutrition diagnosis. In this study, we used smart cellphones to photograph corn leaves at 6-leaf and 9-leaf stages. The color parameters of corn leaves images were extracted and processed. The differences in color parameters of leaves photographs during two growth stages and for four varieties of corn were evaluated. The correlations of parameters with traditional nitrogen nutrient indexes were determined. Appropriate color parameters were selected based on statistical analysis and nutrient diagnosis model established for the color parameters and nitrogen nutrition index. Then the model was fitted to establish indicator systems of diagnosis of nitrogen nutrient and recommendations for fertilization of corns. The results showed that correlations of color parameters and nitrogen nutrient indexes at 6-leaf stage were more significant than those at 9-leaf stage, suggesting that 6-leaf stage was suitable time for diagnosis of corn nitrogen nutrient using digital image processing technique. From the analysis of leaves photographs of four corn varieties, there was no statistically significant difference among the images. Furthermore, the consequences supported two color parameters, B/(R+G+B) and G/(R+G+B) as candidates for sensitive color parameters. These two color parameters both had strong correlations with leaf SPAD and vein nitrate concentration. Also based on multivariate analysis, B/(R+G+B) was the best and was selected as sensitive color parameter for diagnosis of corn nitrogen nutrient. The diagnosis model of vein nitrate concentration was 1.73×10¹⁰×[B/(R+G+B)]^9.43. Based on the equation, nitrogen application rates under different B/(R+G+B) values were calculated for certain yield targets of corn. The results were applied to nitrogen nutrient diagnosis and recommendation of fertilization of corn. In summary, it was possible and applicable to take photographs of corn leaves at 6-leaf stage with smart cellphone, extract B/(R+G+B) color parameter and use it to diagnose nitrogen nutrition status.
Key words:Cellphone camera/
Leaf digital photography/
Color parameter/
Diagnosis of nitrogen nutrient/
Precision fertilization/
Summer corn

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图1不同玉米品种的叶片数字图像色彩参数的比较
Figure1.Comparison of color parameters of leaf digital images of different corn varieties


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图2玉米不同生育期/不同品种叶片数字图像绿光标准化值[G/(R+G+B)]与蓝光标准化值[B/(R+G+B)]的线性相关性
Figure2.Linear correlation between G/(R+G+B) and B/(R+G+B) of corn leaf digital images at different growth stages or of different varieties


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片


图3玉米叶片图像蓝光标准化值[B/(R+G+B)]与叶脉硝酸盐浓度的拟合曲线
Figure3.Fitted curve of B/(R+G+B) of leaf digital images and vein nitrate concentration of corn


下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表1玉米品种‘郑单958’不同生育期的叶片数字图像的色彩参数的比较
Table1.Comparison of color parameters of leaf digital images of corn 'ZD 958' at different growth stages

色彩参数 Color parameter	平均值 Average			标准差 Std.			变异系数 CV
	6叶期 6-leaf stage	9叶期 9-leaf stage		6叶期 6-leaf stage	9叶期 9-leaf stage		6叶期 6-leaf stage	9叶期 9-leaf stage
R	60.622b	67.610a		10.042	11.283		0.166	0.167
G	71.262b	85.037a		10.569	13.307		0.148	0.156
B	32.536b	42.928a		7.416	6.562		0.228	0.153
R/(R+G+B)	0.371b	0.343a		0.009	0.010		0.024	0.029
G/(R+G+B)	0.452a	0.448a		0.021	0.011		0.047	0.024
B/(R+G+B)	0.177b	0.209a		0.024	0.018		0.136	0.086
G/R	1.220b	1.310a		0.060	0.036		0.049	0.027
VARI	0.108b	0.161a		0.026	0.016		0.237	0.099
不同小写字母表示两个生育期间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different small letters mean significant differences among two growth stages (P < 0.05).

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表2玉米不同生育期叶片图像色彩参数与传统氮素营养指标的相关关系
Table2.Correlation coefficients (R²) between color parameters of leaf digital images of corn and traditional nitrogen nutrient indexes at different growth stages

色彩参数 Color parameter	SPAD			叶脉硝酸盐 Vein nitrate concentration
	6叶期6-leaf stage	9叶期9-leaf stage		6叶期6-leaf stage	9叶期9-leaf stage
R	0.082	0.678**		0.113*	0.238**
G	0.077	0.627**		0.083	0.191**
B	0.325**	0.200		0.366**	0.024
R/(R+G+B)	0.077	0.591**		0.031	0.314**
G/(R+G+B)	0.754**	0.349**		0.598**	0.217**
B/(R+G+B)	0.710**	0.642**		0.608**	0.354**
G/R	0.568**	0.207**		0.431**	0.126*
VARI	0.436**	0.337**		0.315**	0.165**
*和**分别表示P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。* and ** mean significant correlations at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

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表3基于玉米叶片图像蓝光标准化值[B/(R+G+B)]的玉米氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥指标体系
Table3.Diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition and fertilization recommendation system of corn with B/(R+G+B) as the sensitive color parameter

B/(R+G+B)	< 0.158 7	0.158 7 ～0.165 7	0.165 7 ～0.170 8	0.170 8 ～ 0.1749	0.174 9 ～0.178 3	0.178 3 ～0.181 2	0.181 2 ～ 0.1838	> 0.183 8
营养状况 Nitrogen nutrition status	极低 Extremely low	低 Low	较低 Lower	中 Moderate	高 High	较高 Higher	极高 Extremely high	超高 Ultra high
目标产量 Yield target (t·hm-2)		推荐施氮量Recommended topdressing amount of nitrogen fertilizer [kg(N)-hm-2]
7	250	200～225	150～175	100～125	60～80	30～45	0～15	0
8	—	225～250	175～200	125～150	80～100	45～60	15～30	15
9	—	—	195～225	140～170	90～115	50～70	15～35	20

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