徐英德,
汪景宽,
王思引,
孙雪冰,
李君薇,
张明垚,
高晓丹^,
沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/农业部东北耕地保育重点实验室/土肥资源高效利用国家工程实验室 沈阳 110866
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目41601230
国家自然科学基金项目41671293
国家自然科学基金项目41601307

详细信息

作者简介:徐英德, 主要从事土壤肥力与土壤生态研究。E-mail:yingdexu@126.com

通讯作者:高晓丹, 主要从事土壤肥力与土壤化学研究。E-mail:wataxi221@126.com

中图分类号:S158.5

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出版历程

收稿日期:2017-11-24
录用日期:2018-02-03
刊出日期:2018-07-01

Effects of maize residue decomposition on aggregate composition and organic carbon distribution of different fertilities Brown soils

XU Yingde,
WANG Jingkuan,
WANG Siyin,
SUN Xuebing,
LI Junwei,
ZHANG Mingyao,
GAO Xiaodan^,
College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(Northeast China), Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang 110866, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China41601230
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41671293
the National Natural Science Foundation of China41601307

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Corresponding author:GAO Xiaodan, E-mail: wataxi221@126.com

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摘要
摘要:以棕壤肥料长期定位试验（29 a）形成的高、低两种肥力水平棕壤为研究对象，采用不同部位玉米残体为试验试材，分别向两种土壤中加入玉米根茬和茎叶，进行田间原位培养试验，试验设置6个处理：低肥力土壤添加玉米根茬（LF+R）、低肥力土壤添加玉米茎叶（LF+S）、高肥力土壤添加玉米根茬（HF+R）、高肥力土壤添加玉米茎叶（HF+S）和未添加玉米残体的对照处理（LF，HF）。本研究旨在探明玉米根茬、茎叶添加后不同肥力土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的变化规律，为构建合理的秸秆还田与施肥措施，减少土壤侵蚀提供理论依据。结果表明：1）添加玉米残体后低肥力棕壤团聚体稳定性、较大级别团聚体（> 2 mm和1~2 mm）有机碳贡献率的提升幅度比高肥力棕壤大，说明低肥力土壤对外源有机质的响应更敏感，向大团聚体转化的速率更快。2）培养结束时，高肥力棕壤添加茎叶处理团聚体稳定性显著高于添加根茬处理，而添加根茬处理各粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于添加茎叶处理；低肥力棕壤中根茬和茎叶添加处理团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量之间差异不明显。3）在田间原位培养过程中，棕壤> 2 mm和1~2 mm团聚体所占比例和团聚体稳定性呈现出前期（0~360 d）快速增加，后期（360~720 d）趋于稳定的趋势。可以看出，玉米残体对土壤团聚体团聚化过程的作用强度逐渐减弱。以上结果表明，作物残体输入对棕壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响与棕壤肥力水平和不同残体部位间的差异关系密切。
关键词:棕壤/
土壤肥力/
玉米残体/
根茬/
茎叶/
土壤团聚体/
土壤有机碳
Abstract:Soil aggregate and organic carbon are two major indices for assessing soil fertility. Besides, crop residue return is an effective agricultural way to supplement soil carbon pool and promote soil aggregate formation. However, how soil fertility level and residue type affect soil aggregate stability and organic carbon distribution is not clearly understood yet. In this study, a field incubation experiment was carried out by adding maize (Zea mays L.) root or stem and leaf to brown soil of different fertility levels. The samples of low fertility (LF) and high fertility (HF) soils were collected from a long-term (29 years) fertilization experiment. Six treatments were set, which were low fertility soil with maize root (LF+R), low fertility soil with maize stem and leaf (LF+S), high fertility soil with maize root (HF+R), high fertility soil with maize stem and leaf (HF+S), low or high fertility soil without maize residues (LF or HF). The objective of the study was to explore the dynamics of soil aggregate composition and allocation of organic carbon after residue incorporation. The study could have significant implications for developing residue management and reduce soil erosion in agro-ecosystems. The results showed that soil fertility significantly affected aggregates composition and organic carbon allocation of soil with crop residue incorporation. The addition of maize residue increased mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates and contribution rate of organic carbon in larger aggregates (> 2 mm and 1-2 mm) in LF soil compared to those in HF soil. The results suggested that LF soil was more sensitive to organic matter input and had a rapid rate of transformation to macro-aggregate. 2) At the end of experiment, the addition of maize stem and leaf to HF soil had a more pronounced effect on soil aggregate stability compared to the addition of root. Then the addition of root had a more pronounced effect on organic carbon content in soil aggregates than the addition of stem and leaf. However, there was no significant difference between soil aggregate stability and organic carbon content in LF soil aggregate supplemented with different maize parts. The results further suggested that soil fertility level could change the effects of different parts of crop residues addition on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon distribution. 3) The proportion of > 2 mm, 1-2 mm aggregates and soil aggregate stability sharply increased during the first 360 days. This then tended to stable during the later incubation period of 360-720 days. This indicated that the effect of maize residue on the formation of soil aggregate gradually weakened with time. It was concluded that the effects of maize residue addition on soil aggregates composition and organic carbon distribution were dependent on both soil fertility and residue part. Besides, crop residue addition had more obvious effect on improving the structure and stability of aggregates in LF soils.
Key words:Brown soil/
Soil fertility/
Maize residue/
Root/
Stem and leaf/
Soil aggregate/
Soil organic carbon

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图1不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体不同时间后土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)值的变化
LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。不同小写字母表示同一处理不同时间差异显著(P < 0.05), 不同大写字母表示同一时间不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure1.Changes of mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) values of soil aggregates in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times
LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different incubation times for the same treatment; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different treatments at the same incubation time.


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图2不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体不同时间后土壤团聚体分形维数(D)值的变化
LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。不同小写字母表示同一处理不同时间差异显著(P < 0.05), 不同大写字母表示同一时间不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure2.Changes of fractal dimension values (D) of soil aggregates in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times
LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different incubation times for the same treatment; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different treatments at the same incubation time.


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图3不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体后不同时间土壤有机碳含量的变化
LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。不同小写字母表示同一处理不同时间差异显著(P < 0.05), 不同大写字母表示同一时间不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Figure3.Changes of soil organic carbon contents in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times
LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different incubation times for the same treatment; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different treatments at the same incubation time.


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图4不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体不同时间后土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳的相对贡献率
LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。
Figure4.Relative contribution rates of organic carbon in different sizes of aggregates in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times
LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf.


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表1供试棕壤、玉米残体基本理化性质
Table1.Basic characteristics of soil samples and maize residues

项目 Item	有机碳 Soil organic carbon (g·kg-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg-1)	碳氮比 C/N
低肥力棕壤 Low fertility brown soil	11.21±0.14b	1.11±0.05b	10.16±0.58a
高肥力棕壤 High fertility brown soil	17.61±0.40a	2.19±0.00a	8.04±0.04b
玉米根茬 Maize root	400.76±0.20B	12.55±0.30A	31.94±0.77A
玉米茎叶 Maize stem and leaf	430.79±0.03A	13.89±0.27A	31.02±0.56A
??同列不同小写字母表示不同肥力水平棕壤间差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同大写字母表示不同部位玉米残体间差异显著(P < 0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level between different brown soils; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level between different residue parts of maize.

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表2不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体不同时间后土壤团聚体的组成变化
Table2.Dynamic changes of soil aggregates composition in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times

%
培养时间 Incubation time (d)	处理 Treatment	团聚体级别Aggregates size (mm)
		> 2	1~2	0.25~1	< 0.25
0	LF	14.07±0.86cH	23.27±0.32bCD	55.31±0.61aA	7.34±0.14dC
	HF	24.37±0.11bF	22.11±0.69cEF	43.15±1.27aCD	10.37±0.16dAB
	LF+R	14.23±1.20cH	22.36±1.24bEF	54.19±1.09aAB	9.22±0.51dB
	LF+S	14.53±0.36cH	21.49±0.41bF	53.98±0.16aAB	10.00±0.34dB
	HF+R	25.00±0.99bF	22.87±0.12cDE	42.82±0.55aCD	9.31±0.31dB
	HF+S	24.17±1.01bF	22.11±0.81cEF	41.99±0.57aCD	11.73±0.28dA
360	LF	19.12±0.96cG	24.50±0.85bCD	51.38±1.10aB	4.99±0.57dD
	HF	28.22±0.19bE	24.61±1.25cCD	43.71±1.16aC	3.47±0.21dEF
	LF+R	30.41±0.55bDE	26.06±0.15cAB	41.07±0.79aCD	2.46±0.50dFG
	LF+S	33.57±0.11bC	27.57±0.05cAB	36.74±0.54aEF	2.12±0.64dFG
	HF+R	37.71±1.48bA	24.61±1.03cCD	34.45±1.42aFG	3.23±0.54dEF
	HF+S	36.61±1.00bAB	24.40±0.52cCD	34.86±0.69aF	4.14±0.56dDE
720	LF	20.30±0.77cG	22.29±0.30bEF	53.31±1.47aAB	4.10±0.56dDE
	HF	28.66±1.88bE	28.03±0.89bAB	40.82±1.86aCD	2.49±0.99cFG
	LF+R	31.60±1.26bCD	26.18±0.45cAB	40.06±1.52aCD	2.16±0.10dFG
	LF+S	33.14±1.34bCD	25.47±0.44cAB	39.61±1.26aDE	1.78±0.23dGH
	HF+R	33.97±0.81bBC	29.95±2.48cA	34.24±2.29aFG	2.17±0.64cFG
	HF+S	37.79±0.40bA	29.54±0.55cA	31.12±0.71aG	1.55±1.04dH
??LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。同行不同小写字母表示同一处理不同团聚体级别差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同大写字母表示同一团聚体级别不同处理不同时间差异显著(P < 0.05)。LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different sizes of aggregates for the same treatment; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different treatments at different incubation times for the same aggregates size.

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表3不同肥力棕壤添加不同部位玉米残体不同时间后土壤团聚体有机碳含量的变化
Table3.Changes of aggregate-associated organic carbon contents in different fertility brown soils added with different parts of maize residues for different times

g·kg-1
培养时间 Incubation time (d)	处理 Treatment	团聚体级别Aggregates size (mm)
		> 2	1~2	0.25~1	< 0.25
360	LF	10.36±0.36bF	10.40±0.21bF	10.81±0.17abD	10.94±0.12aE
	HF	13.81±0.24cD	14.06±0.61bcD	14.80±0.46bC	15.89±0.44aB
	LF+R	10.89±0.37bcE	10.50±0.06cF	11.16±0.20bD	11.98±0.13aDE
	LF+S	11.18±0.27abE	10.88±0.36bEF	11.26±0.77abD	13.04±3.79aD
	HF+R	16.36±0.96bA	16.65±0.25bA	17.58±0.13abA	18.04±0.77aA
	HF+S	15.45±0.32bC	15.29±0.24bB	16.76±0.50aAB	15.77±0.26bB
720	LF	10.70±0.33bEF	10.51±0.44bF	10.88±0.41bD	12.11±0.30aD
	HF	14.11±0.24cD	13.59±0.09dD	14.51±0.23bC	15.00±0.21aBC
	LF+R	11.31±0.18bE	11.48±0.45bE	11.48±0.46bD	12.28±0.28aD
	LF+S	11.10±0.31bE	11.36±0.80abE	11.40±0.14abD	12.18±0.26aD
	HF+R	16.02±0.46abB	15.78±0.50bB	16.51±1.03abB	17.17±0.62aA
	HF+S	14.93±0.40abC	14.89±0.22abC	15.31±0.56aC	14.40±0.28bC
??LF:低肥力棕壤; HF:高肥力棕壤; R:玉米根茬; S:玉米茎叶。同行不同小写字母表示同一处理不同团聚体级别差异显著(P < 0.05), 同列不同大写字母表示同一团聚体级别不同处理不同时间差异显著(P < 0.05)。LF: low fertility brown soil; HF: high fertility brown soil; R: maize root; S: maize stem and leaf. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different sizes of aggregates for the same treatment; different capital letters mean significant differences at 5% level among different treatments at different incubation times for the same aggregates size.

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