刘小京,
王金涛,
董心亮,
郭凯,
巨兆强
中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 石家庄 050022
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目2016YFD0300305
详细信息
作者简介:孙宏勇, 主要从事农田水盐运移过程机理与调控研究。E-mail:hysun@sjziam.ac.cn
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出版历程
收稿日期:2017-08-31
录用日期:2018-01-17
刊出日期:2018-06-01
Effects of sowing date and cultivar on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in the North China Plain
SUN Hongyong,LIU Xiaojing,
WANG Jintao,
DONG Xinliang,
GUO Kai,
JU Zhaoqiang
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
Funds: the National Key Research and Development Project of China2016YFD0300305
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摘要
摘要:华北平原冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植制度主要受水资源的约束，发展休耕轮作是实现该区域农业可持续发展的途径之一。春玉米高效生产是提升休耕轮作产能的关键因素，如何利用品种特性进行播期调整以适应区域生产特点提高产量是该区春玉米生产中面临的主要问题。为此，于2016年5—9月在中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站以5个玉米品种（‘华农887’、‘胡新338’、‘郑单958’、‘华农866’和‘联创1号’）为材料，比较分析了3个播期（5月1日、5月15日和5月30日）下春玉米生育时期、产量及产量要素、耗水和水分利用效率的变化情况，并结合气象因子分析探讨了春玉米产量及其构成要素与环境因子的关系。结果表明：随着播期推迟，不同春玉米品种的生育期总天数均呈显著减少趋势（P < 0.05），生育期总天数的减少主要是播种到抽雄天数减少所致。不同春玉米品种的生育期总天数也存在较大差异，在各播期处理下均相差5～7 d。在产量方面，5月1日和5月15日播种的5个玉米品种间平均产量没有显著差异，5月30日播种的平均产量显著高于前2个播期，其产量提升主要是百粒重增加所致。随着播期的推迟，春玉米的耗水量变化不大，水分利用效率呈增加趋势，这主要与降水的分布有关。通过气象因子分析，不同播期下百粒重与抽雄前后的积温和降水呈显著相关（P < 0.05）。综合产量、耗水和水分利用效率分析，在该区域推荐5月30日左右为春玉米的适宜播种日期，‘华农866’和‘华农887’是适宜该区生产的潜力品种。
关键词:春玉米/
玉米品种/
播期/
生育期/
产量/
水分利用效率
Abstract:The double winter wheat and summer maize rotation cropping system in the North China Plain (NCP) is mainly limited by water shortage. To solve this problem, a land fallow policy has been introduced in NCP, especially in the groundwater-over-exploited region. A three cropping system in two years which includes winter wheat, summer maize and spring maize was introduced in place of the double cropping system in a year. Meanwhile, grain yield of spring maize is mainly limited by environmental (e.g., precipitation and temperature), biological (e.g., released cultivar) factors. Improving spring maize yield and water use efficiency using optimal sowing date that is adapted to maize cultivar characteristics is critical in solving this problem. A field experiment was conducted in Nanpi Eco-agricultural Station of Chinese Academy of Science in 2016, consisting of 5 maize cultivars (HN887, HX338, ZD958, HN866 and LC1) and 3 sowing dates (May 1, May 15 and May 30) treatments. The phenological stages were observed, and soil water content in the 2 m soil profile, grain yield and yield components were measured and weather factors recorded for the period of study. The results showed that the days from sowing to maturity of the 5 cultivars all significantly reduced with sowing date delay, which mainly reduced the days from sowing to tasselling stage (P < 0.05). For different cultivars, the days from sowing to maturity were significantly different and the differences were similar (5-7 d distance) for all three sowing date treatments. There was no significant difference between averaged grain yield for 5 cultivars for May 1 and May 15 sowing date treatments. May 30 sowing date had the highest grain yield, which was mainly caused by the higher 100-grain weight (3.3 g higher than others). For water consumption, there was no significant difference among 3 sowing dates because there was no irrigation during the growth stage for all treatments and precipitation was 405.2-416.0 mm. There was also no significant difference in water consumption among different maize cultivars. The trend in water use efficiency (WUE) was also similar to that in grain yield, which increased with sowing date delay. There were significant differences in WUE among different sowing dates and maize cultivars. Meanwhile, the correlation was significant between 100-grain weight and precipitation before and after tasselling and then between 100-grain weight and accumulated temperature before and after tasselling. The comprehensive analysis of the grain yield, water uptake and water use efficiency showed that the optimal sowing date was May 30, with 'HN866' and 'HN887' as the cultivars with the best performance in the study area.
Key words:Spring maize/
Maize cultivar/
Sowing date/
Growth period/
Maize yield/
Water use efficiency
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图12016年与多年平均(1960—2014年)的玉米生长期逐旬平均温度和降水量变化
Figure1.Average ten-day temperature and precipitation from April to September in 2016 and the mean data from 1960 to 2014
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1不同春玉米品种不同播期的生育期进程
Table1.Growing stages of different spring maize cultivars sowed in different dates
| 播种期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) | 品种Variety | 拔节期(月-日) Jointing stage (month-day) | 抽雄期(月-日) Tasselling stage (month-day) | 成熟期(月-日) Mature stage (month-day) | 全生育期 Duration of maize (d) | 播种—抽雄 Duration form sowing to tasselling (d) | 抽雄—成熟 Duration from tasselling to maturity (d) |
| 05-01 | 华农887 HN887 | 06-09 | 07-06 | 08-28 | 119b | 66b | 53ns |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 06-11 | 07-10 | 08-30 | 121ab | 70a | 51ns | |
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 06-11 | 07-10 | 08-30 | 121ab | 70a | 51ns | |
| 华农866 HN866 | 06-10 | 07-08 | 08-29 | 120ab | 68ab | 52ns | |
| 联创1号LC1 | 06-11 | 07-10 | 09-01 | 123a | 70a | 53ns | |
| 平均值 Mean | 120.8 | 68.8 | 52 | ||||
| 05-15 | 华农887 HN887 | 06-18 | 07-15 | 09-06 | 114b | 61b | 53ab |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 06-19 | 07-16 | 09-07 | 115b | 62b | 53ab | |
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 06-21 | 07-19 | 09-09 | 117ab | 65a | 52b | |
| 华农866 HN866 | 06-19 | 07-17 | 09-07 | 115b | 63ab | 52b | |
| 联创1号LC1 | 06-20 | 07-19 | 09-12 | 120a | 65a | 55a | |
| 平均值 Mean | 116.2 | 63.2 | 53 | ||||
| 05-30 | 华农887 HN887 | 07-02 | 07-24 | 09-18 | 111b | 55ab | 56ab |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 07-03 | 07-26 | 09-18 | 111b | 56ab | 55b | |
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 07-03 | 07-25 | 09-21 | 114b | 56ab | 58ab | |
| 华农866 HN866 | 07-02 | 07-23 | 09-20 | 113b | 54b | 59a | |
| 联创1号LC1 | 07-04 | 07-27 | 09-25 | 118a | 58a | 60a | |
| 平均值 Mean | 113.6 | 55.8 | 57.6 | ||||
| 显著性分析Significance | |||||||
| 播期 Sowing date (S) | ** | ** | ** | ||||
| 品种 Cultivar (C) | * | * | * | ||||
| 互作S × C | * | * | * | ||||
| 表中同列不同小写字母表示相同播期下不同品种间差异达0.05水平。**代表 0.01显著水平, *代表 0.05显著水平, ns代表 0.05水平不显著。Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at the same planting date at 0.05 level. ** means significance at 0.01 level, * means significance at 0.05 level, ns means no significance at 0.05 level. | |||||||
下载: 导出CSV表2不同春玉米品种在不同播期下茎和叶的干物质转移量、转移率和籽粒转移率
Table2.Dry matter transfer amounts, transfer rates of leaf and stem and their contribution rates to grain of different cultivars of spring maize sowed in different dates
| 播种期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) | 品种 Variety | 叶 Leaf | 茎 Stem | |||||
| 转移量 Transfer amount (g) | 转移率 Transfer rate (%) | 对籽粒的贡献率 Rate of contribution to grain (%) | 转移量 Transfer amount (g) | 转移率 Transfer rate (%) | 对籽粒的贡献率 Rate of contribution to grain (%) | |||
| 05-01 | 华农887 HN887 | 10.40±0.62c | 28.30a | 9.86c | 25.32±2.83c | 35.56b | 24.01c | |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 11.68±0.51b | 27.24b | 13.52a | 38.82±3.71b | 34.71b | 44.95b | ||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 10.25±0.67c | 27.50b | 13.87a | 34.43±3.13b | 32.68b | 46.61b | ||
| 华农866 HN866 | 13.24±1.02a | 28.03ab | 12.69ab | 28.72±3.21bc | 28.70c | 27.53c | ||
| 联创1号LC1 | 10.33±0.53c | 24.64c | 11.57b | 46.30±3.62a | 42.26a | 51.83a | ||
| 平均 Mean | 11.18 | 27.14 | 12.30 | 34.72 | 34.78 | 38.99 | ||
| 05-15 | 华农887 HN887 | 9.78±0.34c | 22.64b | 10.54c | 27.08±2.87a | 31.15a | 29.20b | |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 11.35±0.67b | 22.37b | 12.67ab | 21.12±2.12b | 22.27c | 23.58c | ||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 10.22±0.21c | 21.59c | 12.38b | 20.71±2.71b | 31.87a | 25.10c | ||
| 华农866 HN866 | 12.50±0.42a | 25.56a | 13.72a | 28.37±4.31a | 28.27b | 31.13a | ||
| 联创1号LC1 | 10.79±0.32bc | 23.51b | 10.96c | 27.65±3.69a | 25.76b | 28.10b | ||
| 平均 Mean | 10.93 | 23.13 | 12.06 | 24.98 | 27.86b | 27.42 | ||
| 05-30 | 华农887 HN887 | 12.54±0.13b | 23.64b | 13.45a | 14.75±0.89b | 15.03c | 15.83b | |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 13.36±0.31a | 25.61a | 12.32ab | 16.58±1.02a | 15.20c | 15.29b | ||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 12.94±0.27ab | 23.60b | 11.57b | 11.86±1.73c | 17.62b | 10.60c | ||
| 华农866 HN866 | 7.00±0.73c | 15.77c | 7.12c | 15.04±0.52b | 19.02b | 15.32b | ||
| 联创1号LC1 | 7.32±0.57c | 23.02b | 7.17c | 17.43±1.71a | 23.64a | 17.07a | ||
| 平均 Mean | 10.63 | 22.33 | 10.33 | 15.13 | 18.10 | 14.82 | ||
| 显著性分析 Significance | ||||||||
| 播期 Sowing date (S) | * | * | * | ** | ** | ** | ||
| 品种 Cultivar (C) | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ||
| 互作S × C | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
| 表中同列不同小写字母表示相同播期下不同品种间差异达0.05水平。**代表 0.01显著水平, *代表 0.05显著水平。Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different for the different cultivars at the same planting date at 0.05 level. ** means significance at 0.01 level, * means significance at 0.05 level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表3不同春玉米品种在不同播期下的产量及产量要素
Table3.Yield and yield components of different cultivars of spring maize sowed in different dates
| 播种期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) | 品种 Variety | 产量 Yield | 穗数 Spikes number (×104·hm-2) | 穗粒数 Kernel number per spike | 百粒重 100-seed weight (g) | 收获指数 Harvest index | ||
| 数值 Value (kg·hm-2) | 变异系数 Coefficient of variance (%) | |||||||
| 05-01 | 华农887 HN887 | 10 545.5±923.3a | 7.02±0.12ns | 483±21a | 36.1±1.51a | 0.52 | ||
| 胡新338 HX338 | 8 636.4±679.8b | 6.89±0.09ns | 469±18ab | 33.4±1.01b | 0.43 | |||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 7 386.4±949.3c | 6.87±0.13ns | 448±17b | 33.1±0.87b | 0.51 | |||
| 华农866 HN866 | 10 431.9±989.7a | 6.81±0.11ns | 489±23a | 36.1±0.95a | 0.51 | |||
| 联创1号LC1 | 8 931.9±862.7b | 7.04±0.12ns | 480±12a | 31.5±0.82c | 0.45 | |||
| 平均 Mean | 9 186.4 | 14.41 | 6.93 | 473.8 | 34.0 | 0.48 | ||
| 05-15 | 华农887 HN887 | 9 272.8±723.1ab | 6.59±0.12ns | 543±15a | 34.3±0.7a | 0.53 | ||
| 胡新338 HX338 | 8 954.6±432.7b | 6.79±0.14ns | 521±9b | 32.9±0.6b | 0.52 | |||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 8 250.0±213.9c | 6.71±0.09ns | 529±11ab | 33.3±0.5ab | 0.52 | |||
| 华农866 HN866 | 9 113.7±541.2ab | 6.74±0.15ns | 533±12ab | 34.8±1.1a | 0.53 | |||
| 联创1号LC1 | 9 841.0±721.2a | 6.70±0.13ns | 537±13ab | 31.7±1.2b | 0.52 | |||
| 平均 Mean | 9 086.4 | 6.33 | 6.71 | 532.6 | 33.4 | 0.52 | ||
| 05-30 | 华农887 HN887 | 9 318.2±437.8c | 6.59±0.62ns | 505±6a | 37.7±0.7ab | 0.52 | ||
| 胡新338 HX338 | 10 841.0±672.1a | 6.51±0.45ns | 506±8a | 39.5±1.2a | 0.52 | |||
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 11 181.9±824.5a | 6.67±0.21ns | 503±7ab | 35.9±1.1b | 0.53 | |||
| 华农866 HN866 | 9 818.2±456.2bc | 6.68±0.32ns | 501±5ab | 38.5±1.1a | 0.54 | |||
| 联创1号LC1 | 10 204.6±521.3ab | 6.59±0.25ns | 489±8b | 36.7±0.6b | 0.54 | |||
| 平均 Mean | 10 272.8 | 7.34 | 6.61 | 500.8 | 37.66 | 0.53 | ||
| 显著性分析 Significance | ||||||||
| 播期 Sowing date (S) | * | NS | * | ** | * | |||
| 品种 Cultivar (C) | ** | NS | * | * | NS | |||
| 互作S × C | * | NS | * | * | NS | |||
| 表中同列不同小写字母表示相同播期下不同品种间差异达0.05显著水平, ns表示无显著性差异。**代表 0.01显著水平, *代表 0.05显著水平, NS代表 0.05水平不显著。Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different for the different cultivars at the same planting date at 0.05 level. ns shows no significance at 0.05 level. ** means significance at 0.01 level, * means significance at 0.05 level, ns means no significance at 0.05 level. | ||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表4播期对不同春玉米品种耗水及水分利用效率的影响
Table4.Effect of sowing date on water consumption and water use efficiency of different cultivars of spring maize
| 品种 Cultivar | 播种期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) | ||||||||
| 05-01 | 05-15 | 05-30 | 平均 Average | 05-01 | 05-15 | 05-30 | 平均 Average | ||
| 耗水量 Water consumption (mm) | 水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·m -3) | ||||||||
| 华农887 HN887 | 414.5±10.2ns | 402.9±12.3ns | 415.7±12.3ns | 411.0 | 2.54±0.24a | 2.30±0.13a | 2.24±0.12b | 2.36 | |
| 胡新338 HX338 | 410.2±12.3ns | 407.5±13.2ns | 409.8±11.7ns | 409.2 | 2.11±0.21ab | 2.20±0.11ab | 2.65±0.21a | 2.32 | |
| 郑单958 ZD958 | 402.7±8.5ns | 398.7±11.2ns | 412.3±8.9ns | 404.6 | 1.83±0.15b | 2.07±0.08b | 2.71±0.19a | 2.21 | |
| 华农866 HN866 | 420.9±6.7ns | 412.7±7.9ns | 408.7±9.7ns | 414.1 | 2.48±0.19a | 2.21±0.12ab | 2.40±0.13ab | 2.36 | |
| 联创1号LC1 | 431.8±11.4ns | 404.2±8.9ns | 421.1±6.8ns | 419.0 | 2.07±0.17ab | 2.43±0.16a | 2.42±0.15ab | 2.31 | |
| 平均 Average | 416 | 405.2 | 413.5 | 2.21 | 2.24 | 2.48 | |||
| 表中同列不同小写字母表示不同品种间差异达0.05显著水平, ns表示无显著性差异。Values followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at 0.05 level. ns shows no significant difference at 0.05 level. | |||||||||
下载: 导出CSV表5不同播期春玉米产量及构成要素与环境因子的相关关系
Table5.Correlation between spring maize yield, yield components and environmental factors under different sowing dates
| 产量及产量要素 Yield and its’ components | 抽雄前降水 Precipitation before tasselling | 抽雄后降水 Precipitation after tasselling | 抽雄前积温 Accumulated temperature before tasselling | 抽雄后积温 Accumulated temperature after tasselling | 播种前土壤含水量 Soil moisture before sowing |
| 产量 Yield | 0.612* | -0.613* | 0.529* | 0.312 | -0.325 |
| 百粒重 100-grain weight | 0.729** | -0.730** | 0.657** | 0.520* | -0.433 |
| 穗粒数 Grains per spike | 0.170 | -0.169 | -0.148 | -0.245 | -0.493 |
| 密度 Density | -0.391 | 0.390 | -0.286 | -0.232 | 0.461 |
| *和**分别表示在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平显著相关。* and ** mean significant correlations at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively. | |||||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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