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内陆灌区小麦秸秆还田对玉米光能利用及水分生产效益的影响

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郭瑶1, ?,,
陈桂平1, ?,,
殷文1,
冯福学2,
赵财1,
于爱忠1,
柴强1,,
1.甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院 兰州 730070
2.甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院 兰州 730070
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目31771738
国家公益性行业（农业）科研项目201503125-3
国家科技支撑计划项目2015BAD22B04

详细信息
通讯作者:柴强, 主要从事多熟种植、循环农业、保护性耕作技术与理论研究。E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
?同等贡献作者:郭瑶, 主要从事保护性耕作、节水农业研究, E-mail: guoyaogsau@126.com; 陈桂平, 主要从事多熟种植研究, E-mail:chengp@gsau.edu.cn
中图分类号:S341.1;S152.7

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收稿日期:2017-11-30
录用日期:2018-01-20
刊出日期:2018-06-01

Effect of wheat straw retention on light energy utilization and water production benefits of maize in inland irrigated region

GUO Yao1, ?,,
CHEN Guiping1, ?,,
YIN Wen1,
FENG Fuxue2,
ZHAO Cai1,
YU Aizhong1,
CHAI Qiang1,,
1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/Faculty of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Funds: the National Natural Science Foundation of China31771738
the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China201503125-3
the National Key Technology R & D Program of China2015BAD22B04

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Corresponding author:CHAI Qiang, E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
? Equal contributors


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摘要
摘要:研究前茬作物秸秆处理方式对后茬作物光能利用及水分生产效益的影响，对于建立高效种植制度、优化栽培措施，建立干旱内陆灌区作物生产的节本增效技术具有重要指导意义。2009—2012年，在干旱内陆灌区，通过田间定位试验，研究了小麦不同秸秆还田方式（NTSS：25～30 cm高茬收割立茬免耕；NTS：25～30 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕；TIS：25～30 cm高茬等量秸秆翻耕；CT：传统无留茬翻耕）对后茬作物玉米光能利用及水分生产效益的影响，以期为优化试区玉米种植模式提供依据。结果表明，与CT相比，小麦秸秆还田降低了玉米大喇叭口期之前的叶日积（LAI-D），但增大了吐丝期之后的LAI-D，延缓了衰老；NTSS、NTS、TIS比CT处理玉米全生育期总LAI-D分别提高11.2%～14.5%、16.3%～20.8%、6.0%～7.5%，以NTS提高LAI-D幅度较大。秸秆还田有利于提高玉米籽粒产量，以NTS增产效应更高，较CT增幅为13.7%～17.5%。秸秆还田提高了玉米全生育期光能利用率，以NTS提高作用最明显，提高比例为5.3%～11.8%。NTSS、NTS可降低生产成本，提高纯收益与产投比，以NTS最为突出，比CT纯收益增加22.2%～35.5%（高3 953～5 200元·hm-2）、产投比增大16.8%～23.4%，水分生产力与单方水效益分别提高13.7%～17.5%与25.6%～33.1%。因此，小麦秸秆免耕覆盖（NTS）可作为河西绿洲灌区发展节本增效玉米生产关键技术。
关键词:秸秆还田/
免耕/
光能利用/
经济效益/
作物生产力
Abstract:The response of light energy utilization and production benefit of crops to straw return to soils usually is important for establishing highly efficient cropping systems and optimizing cultivation practices. It is also the theoretical basis for exploring the cost-saving and benefits-increasing crop production in arid inland irrigation area. A field experiment was carried out in a typically irrigated oasis region in 2009-2012 in the Hexi Corridor of China to determine the effects on light energy utilization and production benefit of maize of different treatments of wheat straw return to soil and different tillage operations. The tillage and wheat straw retention operations included (i) no tillage with straw standing (NTSS), in which no tillage was combined with 25 to 30 cm high wheat straw standing in the field after wheat harvesting in the previous fall; (ii) no tillage with straw covering (NTS), in which no tillage was combined with 25 to 30 cm long wheat straw evenly spread on the soil surface at wheat harvest in the previous fall; (iii) tillage with straw incorporation (TIS), in which 25 to 30 cm long wheat straw was incorporated into the soil through conventional deep tillage (30 cm) at wheat harvest in the previous fall; and (iv) conventional deep tillage without wheat straw retention (as control), in which conventional deep (30 cm) plow was done with wheat straw removed from the field. The results showed that compared with the control, wheat straw retention treatments reduced leaf area duration (LAI-D) of maize before the large bell mouth stage, however, increased LAI-D of maize after silking, which effectively delayed senescence. No tillage with straw standing and straw covering (NTSS and NTS) had the best effects on senescence delay among all treatments, and the total LAI-D increased by 11.2% to 14.5% under NTSS, 16.3% to 20.8% under NTS and 6.0% to 7.5% under TIS, respectively; specifically, the increase in LAI-D under NTS treatment was the highest. Wheat straw retention had the effect of improving light use efficiency of maize field, and NTS treatment had the highest increasing effect, whose light use efficiency was 5.3% to 11.8% higher than that of the control. The previous wheat straw retention was favorable to increase grain yield of maize, and NTS treatment had the best increasing effect of grain yield, boosted grain yield by 13.7% to 17.5% compared with the control. NTSS and NTS treatments reduced the production cost, while improved the net return and the input-output ratio. NTS treatment had the large increasing range, increased the net return and the input-output ratio by 22.2% to 35.5% (3 953 to 5 200 ￥·hm-2) and 16.8% to 23.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the water productivity and benefit per cubic meter water were improved by 13.7% to 17.5% and 25.6% to 33.1%, respectively. Based on the results therefore, no tillage with 25 cm to 30 cm long wheat straw covering over soil surface (NTS) was the most suitable straw return strategy, which can be used as the key technology for cost-saving and benefits-increasing maize production in arid inland irrigation area.
Key words:Straw retention/
No tillage/
Light energy utilization/
Economic benefits/
Crop productivity
? Equal contributors

注释:
1) ?同等贡献作者:郭瑶, 主要从事保护性耕作、节水农业研究, E-mail: guoyaogsau@126.com; 陈桂平, 主要从事多熟种植研究, E-mail:chengp@gsau.edu.cn

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图1不同小麦秸秆还田方式下玉米的光能利用率
不同小写字母表示同一年度不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。NTSS:高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS:高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS:高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT:传统耕作无秸秆还田。
Figure1.Light use efficiency (LUE) of maize under different wheat straw retention patterns
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the treatments within the same year at 0.05 probability level. NTSS: no tillage with straw standing; NTS: no tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage without straw retention.


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图2不同小麦秸秆还田方式下玉米的水分生产力(A)和单方水效益(B)
不同小写字母表示同一年度不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。NTSS:高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS:高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS:高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT:传统耕作无秸秆还田。
Figure2.Water productivity (A) and benefit per cubic meter water (B) of maize under different wheat straw retention patterns
Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year at 0.05 probability level. NTSS: no tillage with straw standing; NTS: no tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage without straw retention.


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图3玉米叶日积与籽粒产量及光能利用率的相关关系
Figure3.Relationships between leaf area duration (LAI-D) and grain yield (A), light use efficiency (B) of maize


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表1不同小麦秸秆还田方式下玉米各生育阶段的叶日积差异
Table1.Leaf area duration (LAI-D) of maize at each growth stage under different wheat straw retention patterns
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 日期(月-日)
Date (month-day)
05-01-05-06 05-06-05-26 05-26-06-10 06-10-06-30 06-30-07-20 07-20-08-10 08-10-09-05 09-05-09-25 合计Sum
2010 NTSS 0.18c 6.79c 16.05c 50.40b 90.21b 115.87b 131.70a 79.78b 490.99ab
NTS 0.18c 6.21c 15.08c 50.74b 94.85a 122.32a 138.99a 85.15a 513.52a
TIS 0.23b 9.02b 18.76b 54.78ab 89.92b 107.04c 118.27b 70.14c 468.16bc
CT 0.27a 10.53a 21.71a 59.42a 90.46b 100.62d 102.93c 55.67d 441.61c
05-01-05-05 05-05-05-25 05-25-06-09 06-09-06-27 06-27-07-17 07-17-08-11 08-11-09-03 09-03-09-26 合计
Sum
2012 NTSS 0.22b 5.76c 11.98d 35.67b 90.27b 120.94a 127.54a 101.85a 494.24b
NTS 0.20b 5.37c 14.50b 45.48a 100.97a 124.18a 126.77a 103.88a 521.34a
TIS 0.24b 6.75b 15.61ab 42.62a 90.28b 110.10b 112.48b 85.64b 463.72c
CT 0.50a 8.37a 16.88a 44.17a 88.33b 102.13c 100.13c 71.32c 431.83d
?数据后不同字母表示同一年度不同处理在0.05水平下差异显著。NTSS:高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS:高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS:高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT:传统耕作无秸秆还田。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year at 0.05 probability level. NTSS: no tillage with straw standing; NTS: no tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage without straw retention.


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表2不同小麦秸秆还田方式下玉米产量及与经济效益
Table2.Grain yield and economic benefits of maize under different wheat straw retention patterns
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (kg·hm-2)		 产值
Output (￥·hm-2)		 投入
Cost (￥·hm-2)		 纯收益
Net return (￥·hm-2)		 产投比
Input-output ratio
籽粒
Grain		 秸秆
Straw		 劳力与机械
Labor and machinery		 农资
Agricultural materials		 其他
Others		 总和
Total
2010 NTSS 13 054ab 16 688 31 012ab 5 611 4 650 1 830 12 091bc 18 922a 2.56ab
NTS 13 470a 16 447 31 846a 5 538 4 650 1 817 12 005c 19 841a 2.65a
TIS 12 760b 15 275 30 106b 6 055 4 650 1 863 12 568ab 17 538b 2.40b
CT 11 460c 15 367 27 369c 6 203 4 650 1 875 12 728a 14 641c 2.15c
2012 NTSS 13 050a 15 692 34 328a 6 071 4 923 1 840 12 834bc 21 494a 2.67a
NTS 13 247a 14 070 34 474a 5 992 4 923 1 825 12 740c 21 734a 2.71a
TIS 12 157b 15 196 32 094b 6 529 4 923 1 865 13 317ab 18 777b 2.41b
CT 11 650c 17 177 31 279b 6 690 4 923 1 885 13 498a 17 781b 2.32b
?数据后不同小写字母表示同一年度不同处理在0.05水平差异显著。NTSS:高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS:高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS:高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT:传统耕作无秸秆还田。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments within the same year at 0.05 probability level. NTSS: no tillage with straw standing; NTS: no tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage without straw retention.


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