陈素英1, 2,
StephenO. Aluoch1, 2,
PeterS. Mosongo1, 2,
曹建生1, 2,
胡春胜1, 2
1.中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室 石家庄 050022
2.中国科学院中-非联合研究中心 内罗毕 00020 肯尼亚
基金项目: 中国科学院中-非联合研究中心项目SAJC201603
详细信息
作者简介:李晓欣, 主要研究方向为农田氮素循环及环境效应。E-mail:xiaoxin_li@sjziam.ac.cn
中图分类号:Q938.1计量
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被引次数:0
出版历程
收稿日期:2017-07-11
录用日期:2017-12-07
刊出日期:2018-04-01
Maize production status and yield limiting factors of Kenya
LI Xiaoxin1, 2,,,CHEN Suying1, 2,
Stephen O. ALUOCH1, 2,
Peter S. MOSONGO1, 2,
CAO Jiansheng1, 2,
HU Chunsheng1, 2
1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2. Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nairobi 00020, Kenya
Funds: Sino-Africa Joint Research ProjectSAJC201603
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Corresponding author:LI Xiaoxin, E-mail: xiaoxin_li@sjziam.ac.cn
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摘要
摘要:玉米作为肯尼亚的主要粮食作物，其种植和生产对于减少饥饿、保障国家粮食安全具有非常重要的意义。本文从玉米的种植、分布、多年（1961-2014年）产量变化等方面对肯尼亚玉米的生产和现状进行了介绍，结合当地的自然环境因素和农业生产管理水平，分析了肯尼亚玉米生产的限制因素，指出水、肥、种子质量是玉米产量提高的主要限制因子。通过对田间不同施肥处理玉米产量与水、肥投入的分析，提出采用集水-排灌技术，对玉米季降水进行调控和再分配；增加化肥投入量，尤其是增加磷肥施用，保证玉米生长所需；秸秆还田改善土壤结构等技术，最终实现玉米增产的目标。为在肯尼亚推广不同水、肥管理和耕作技术，开展玉米旱作高产种植提供理论支撑。
关键词:肯尼亚/
雨养农业/
玉米生产/
农业生态分区/
限制因子
Abstract:Maize as the main food crop in Kenya, is very important for reducing hunger and ensuring the country's food security. This paper introduced the present situation of maize production from cultivation, planting distribution and change of maize yields from 1961 to 2014. According to the natural planting environments and the local agricultural technique, the limiting factors of maize production were analyzed. Water limitation, fertilizer shortage and poor quality of maize seeds were the main factors limited the yield increasing of maize. Base on the analysis results of the relationship of maize yields with water and fertilizer inputs, this paper gave some advices for increasing maize yield in Kenya. First, the drainage and rain-harvesting technology cooperated with irrigation technique should be implemented to regulate and redistribute precipitation in maize growing season. The second was increasing fertilizer application amount, especially the use of phosphate fertilizer, to ensure the health growth of maize. The third was straw returning technology to improve soil structure. This study provided a reference for rain water utilization, fertilization and tillage techniques to get high yield in the rainfed maize planting area of Kenya.
Key words:Kenya/
Rainfed farming/
Maize production/
Agro-ecological zone/
Limiting factor
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图1肯尼亚玉米种植农业生态分区[7]
Figure1.Major agro-ecological zones for maize growing in Kenya[7]
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图21961—2014年肯尼亚玉米单产(a)、人口、玉米总产量和人均产量(b)的变化
Figure2.Changes of maize yield per unit area (a) and population, maize yields and yield per capita (b) in Kenya from 1961 to 2014
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图3肯尼亚玉米生长季降雨量与产量的关系(2014—2016年)
不同大写字母表示0.01水平差异显著。
Figure3.Relationship of maize yields with rainfall in Kenya (2014-2016)
Different capital letters show significantly different at 0.01 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片
图4肯尼亚玉米产量与氮肥投入量的关系(2014—2016年)
N0:不施氮肥; N50:播前施磷酸二铵N 50 kg·hm-2; N100:播前施磷酸二铵N 50 kg·hm-2+大喇叭口追尿素N 50 kg·hm-2; N150:播前施磷酸二铵N 100 kg·hm-2+大喇叭口追尿素N 50 kg·hm-2; N100+M (N175):播前施磷酸二铵N 50 kg·hm-2, 有机肥2 500 kg·hm-2+大喇叭口追尿素N 50 kg·hm-2。不同大写字母表示0.01水平差异显著。
Figure4.Relationship between maize yields and N input in Kenya (2014-2016)
N0: no N application; N50: applying 50 kg(N)·hm-2 diammonium phosphate before sowing; N100: applying 50 kg(N)·hm-2 diammonium phosphate before sowing and topdressing 50 kg(N)·hm-2 urea at flare opening stage; N150: applying 100 kg(N)·hm-2 diammonium phosphate before sowing and topdressing 50 kg(N)·hm-2 urea at flare opening stage; N100+M (N175): applying 50 kg(N)·hm-2 diammonium phosphate and 2 500 kg·hm-2 organic fertilizer before sowing and topdressing 50 kg(N)·hm-2 urea at flare opening stage. Different capital letters show significantly different at 0.01 level.
下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片表1肯尼亚重要粮食作物的种植面积、产量与分布(2007)[6]
Table1.Planting areas and yields of main crops planted in different areas of Kenya[6]
| 作物 Corp | 高降雨区 High rainfall area | 干旱区 Arid area | 半干旱区 Semi-arid area | 全国 National | |||||||
| 种植面积 Planting area (103 hm2) | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | 种植面积 Planting area (103 hm2) | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | 种植面积 Planting area (103 hm2) | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | 种植面积 Planting area (103 hm2) | 产量 Yield (t·hm-2) | ||||
| 玉米Maize | 1 000.9 | 2.30 | 47.7 | 0.57 | 579.8 | 1.03 | 1 628.5 | 1.79 | |||
| 小麦Wheat | 75.4 | 3.66 | 4.6 | 1.49 | 60.2 | 1.02 | 140.2 | 2.45 | |||
| 水稻Rice | 16.5 | 2.40 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.05 | 18.4 | 2.26 | |||
| 高粱Sorghum | 108.9 | 0.98 | 6.0 | 0.46 | 40.0 | 0.93 | 154.9 | 0.95 | |||
| 谷子Millet | 52.7 | 1.42 | 3.2 | 0.83 | 71.9 | 0.59 | 127.7 | 0.93 | |||
下载: 导出CSV表2肯尼亚玉米农业生态区及特点
Table2.Characteristics of different maize agro-ecological zones in Kenya
| 农业生态区 Agro-ecological zone | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 每季降雨量 Average total seasonal rainfall (mm) | 最低气温 Mean daily minimum temperature (℃) | 最高气温 Mean daily maximum temperature (℃) | 成熟天数 Average days to maturity (d) | 玉米积温 Thermal time (℃·d) |
| 低海拔热带区Lowland tropical zone | < 800 | < 1 000 | 20.0 | 29.4 | 120 | 2 124 |
| 中海拔干旱区Dry midaltitudes zone | 700~1 300 | < 600 | 16.1 | 27.9 | 114 | 1 767 |
| 中高海拔干旱区Dry transitional zone | 1 100~1 800 | < 600 | 14.0 | 25.3 | 144 | 1 829 |
| 高海拔热带区Highland tropical zone | > 1 600 | > 400 | 10.0 | 23.0 | 213 | 2 066 |
| 中高海拔湿润区 Moist transitional zone | 1 200~2 000 | > 500 | 13.4 | 23.3 | 181 | 2 063 |
| 中海拔湿润区Moist midaltitude zone | 1 100~1 500 | > 500 | 15.9 | 28.3 | 163 | 2 461 |
下载: 导出CSV表3肯尼亚氮、磷肥投入与玉米产量相关分析
Table3.Correlation analysis of maize yields and N, P inputs in Kenya
| 氮肥投入N input | 磷肥投入P input | 产量Yield | |
| 氮肥投入 N input | 1.000 | ||
| 磷肥投入 P input | 0.760** | 1.000 | |
| 产量Yield | 0.336** | 0.368** | 1.000 |
| ??** 0.01水平显著相关。** shows significant correlation at 0.01 level. | |||
下载: 导出CSV参考文献
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