,1,2,*Effects of ozone and aerosol pollution on photosynthesis of poplar leaves
Jing LI1,2, Xin WANG1, Zhen-Hua WANG1,2, Bin WANG1,2, Cheng-Zhang WANG1,2, Mei-Feng DENG1, Ling-Li LIU,1,2,*通讯作者: *lingli.liu@ibcas.ac.cn
编委: 贺金生
责任编辑: 李敏
收稿日期:2020-01-18接受日期:2020-06-3网络出版日期:2020-08-20
| 基金资助: |
Corresponding authors: *lingli.liu@ibcas.ac.cn
Received:2020-01-18Accepted:2020-06-3Online:2020-08-20
| Fund supported: |
摘要
由于经济的快速发展, 中国大部分地区正面临着严峻的复合型大气污染, 其中臭氧和气溶胶是两种主要污染物。已有的研究表明臭氧对叶片的氧化性伤害能够抑制光合作用, 而气溶胶可通过增加散射辐射比例或缓解高温抑制促进光合作用。但复合污染下, 臭氧和气溶胶如何共同调控叶片光合作用, 仍缺乏研究。该研究利用北京及周边地区之间的污染梯度, 选择加杨(Populus × canadensis)作为实验对象, 于2012-2013年生长季期间对叶片光合速率进行连续观测, 并同时监测臭氧浓度(AOT40)、气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、空气温度和冠层内外光合有效辐射(PAR)等环境因子, 以期探讨大气复合污染下臭氧和气溶胶变化对植物叶片光合作用的影响及相关机制。结果表明: (1)臭氧浓度与空气温度、气溶胶浓度之间均呈显著正相关关系, 但气溶胶浓度与空气温度没有显著相关关系; (2)臭氧浓度增加显著抑制了阳生叶片的光合作用, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阳生叶片的光合作用; 臭氧浓度升高对阴生叶片光合作用的影响较小, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阴生叶片的光合作用; (3)标准化后的结果显示, 臭氧对阳生叶片光合作用的影响最大, 此时气溶胶的促进作用一定程度上补偿了臭氧浓度上升所带来的抑制效应。对于阴生叶片光合作用而言, 气溶胶则是最重要的影响因素。该研究发现复合污染下阴生叶和阳生叶光合响应不同, 这表明冠层结构可能通过影响阴生叶和阳生叶的比例, 从而对植物生长产生不同影响。该研究对理解大气复合污染如何影响光合作用提供了的机理支持, 同时也表明, 为了维持生态系统生产力及功能, 需要同时控制气溶胶和臭氧污染。
关键词：
Abstract
Aims The rapid economic growth has led to serious atmospheric compound pollution in China. Ozone and aerosol are the two main air pollutants that could greatly alter the photosynthesis of plants. Ozone often inhibits leaf photosynthesis through phototoxic effect, while aerosol could increase leaf photosynthesis through diffuse fertilization effect. This paper aims to investigate the relative impact of ozone and aerosol on leaf photosynthesis under atmospheric compound pollution.
Methods We planted Populus × canadensis at three sites along the air pollution gradient around Beijing metropolitan area. During the growing season of 2012-2013, ozone concentration (AOT40), aerosol optical depth (AOD), air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and photosynthetic rates of leaves were measured at these sites.
Important findings The results showed that: (1) AOT40 increased with increasing air temperature and AOD. Aerosol loadings reduced the external canopy PAR but increased internal canopy PAR. (2) The photosynthesis of sun leaves positively correlated with AOD and air temperature, and negatively correlated with AOT40, while the photosynthetic of shade leaves was positively correlated with AOD. (3) For sun leaves, ozone was the most important factor affecting their photosynthetic rates. Aerosol’s positive effect on photosynthesis of sun leaves was compensated by the negative effect of ozone. Meanwhile, by scattering solar radiation, aerosol contributed the most to the increased photosynthesis of the shade leaves. Overall, our results indicated that ozone and aerosol induced different impacts on the photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves, suggesting that plants with different canopy structures and ozone sensitivity may respond differently to compound pollution. Our results also indicated that aerosol and ozone pollution need to be controlled simultaneously to protect the productivity and function of ecosystem.
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引用本文
李景, 王欣, 王振华, 王斌, 王成章, 邓美凤, 刘玲莉. 臭氧和气溶胶复合污染对杨树叶片光合作用的影响. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(8): 854-863. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0022
LI Jing, WANG Xin, WANG Zhen-Hua, WANG Bin, WANG Cheng-Zhang, DENG Mei-Feng, LIU Ling-Li.
近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(Yang et al., 2000; Ji et al., 2012; Li et al., 2017)。这些污染物在不同的气象条件下混合并相互作用, 形成多种一次和二次污染物共存的复合型大气污染(Ji et al., 2012; Xue et al., 2016)。我国大部分地区的大气污染以臭氧和气溶胶颗粒为主(Chai et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014)。这两种污染物之间既存在竞争前体物的关系(王振亚等, 2007; 朱彤等, 2010; Lyu et al., 2016), 又能通过改变化学反应条件而互相影响。臭氧作为氧化剂, 其浓度的上升可促进气溶胶颗粒的生成(Li et al., 2006), 而气溶胶颗粒通过散射和吸收太阳辐射能减弱到达近地面的太阳辐射, 抑制光化学反应从而降低臭氧浓度(Tie et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2019)。已有的研究表明, 臭氧和气溶胶浓度的变化均可显著改变陆地植被的光合作用进而影响生态系统生产力(Wittig et al., 2007; Rap et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018)。但是在臭氧和气溶胶颗粒共存的复合污染背景下, 植物光合作用如何响应的相关研究仍比较缺乏。
臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用。臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇。这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(Pell et al., 1994; Chen et al., 2009; 徐胜等, 2009)。除上述影响外, 气孔作为叶片与外界环境进行气体交换的重要结构, 其开度以及密度都会受到臭氧的抑制。因此臭氧还可以通过阻碍气体交换过程从而降低光合速率(于浩等, 2016; 李品等, 2018)。此外, 一些研究发现, 臭氧可以通过破坏植物细胞膜结构, 加速细胞衰老死亡, 降低叶片叶绿素含量等过程对叶片造成伤害, 进而抑制光合作用(Pauls & Thompson, 1980; 徐胜等, 2009; 袁相洋等, 2014; 于浩等, 2016; Shang et al., 2017)。臭氧对叶片光合作用的抑制最终导致植物生物量和生态系统生产力的降低。
不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用。气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加。由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部。高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用。而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(Roderick et al., 2001; Knohl & Baldocchi, 2008; Doughty et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2018)。有研究发现, 长期暴露在太阳光直射下的阳生叶片更容易受到高温胁迫, 气溶胶浓度升高导致的地表总辐射下降会降低叶温, 缓解阳生叶的高温抑制进而促进其光合作用(Steiner & Chameides, 2005; Doughty et al., 2010)。此外, 气溶胶浓度升高同时伴随着饱和水汽压差(VPD)的降低, 低VPD会通过促进气孔导度增加阳生叶片的光合作用(Wang et al., 2018)。此外, 也有研究指出, 散射辐射中蓝光比例较高, 蓝光可以刺激气孔张开并调节光合电子传递链, 气溶胶颗粒的散射效应也可能通过增加蓝光比例促进叶片光合作用(Badarinath et al., 2007)。
以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力。臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同。而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测。北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(李本纲等, 2008; 刘希文等, 2010; 王姣等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2013)。已有研究表明北京城区臭氧浓度相对较低、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对较高, 而郊区臭氧浓度相对较高、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对低(李本纲等, 2008; 刘希文等, 2010; Zhao et al., 2013)。这些环境条件为研究植物光合作用如何响应臭氧和气溶胶复合污染提供了有利的野外观测条件。而杨树具有较强的适应能力, 其中加杨(Populus × canadensis)作为优质杨树品种, 兼具生长快和抗旱性强等优点, 同时加杨是北方地区进行生态建设的重要树种, 在我国拥有较大的种植面积(卢孟柱和胡建军, 2006; 刘成功等, 2018)。基于此, 我们在北京及周边地区由北到南选择了密云、香山和固城3个实验站点, 于每个站点种植了相同树龄的加杨幼苗, 在生长季无云天气下对叶片光合速率进行观测, 并同步观测了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和光合有效辐射(PAR)等环境因子, 以及在气象站获取了观测期内的臭氧浓度、气温等环境因子, 以期通过野外观测探究臭氧和气溶胶复合污染对植物叶片光合作用的影响及相关机制, 为预测环境变化对生态系统固碳能力的影响提供理论基础, 并为国家制定污染控制政策提供相关的科学依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 研究区概况
研究区位于北京城郊及周边地区, 实验站点由北到南分别在北京市密云区高岭镇上甸子村(MY, 117.12° E, 40.65° N)、北京市海淀区香山实验基地(XS, 116.20° E, 39.98° N)和河北省定兴县固城镇(GC, 115.12° E, 39.13° N)。在2012-2013年生长季观测期间, 上甸子村平均气温21.49 ℃, 日平均臭氧浓度52.31 nmol·mol-1; 香山基地平均气温23.71 ℃, 日平均臭氧浓度39.77 nmol·mol-1; 固城镇平均气温23.61 ℃, 日平均臭氧浓度33.87 nmol·mol-1。基于卫星遥感产品MODIS提取的观测期间500 nm波段的AOD均值在上甸子村、香山基地和固城镇分别为0.50、0.70、0.78。1.2 实验设计
2011年3月在3个实验站点分别设置了6个1 m × 1 m的小区。每个小区种植2-3株来自同一克隆的加杨扦插苗, 2011年8月进行间苗, 保留长势最好的1株。2012-2013年生长季(5-9月)期间, 在无云天气下, 用便携式光合测定系统(LI-6400, LI-COR, Lincoln, USA)分别在3个站点对叶片光合进行观测, 每月1次。观测均在8:00-12:00进行, 测定时光强设置为1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1, 温度设置为30 ℃。每株杨树分别选取3片阳生叶片和3片阴生叶片进行测量。阳生叶片为冠层顶部长期处于阳光直射的叶片, 阴生叶片为冠层内部长期处于遮阴状态的叶片。叶片PAR由光合仪内置的光量子传感器同步观测。观测期间的气温、臭氧浓度由位于实验站点附近的气象站获得。AOD通过手持式太阳光度计(MICROTOPSII, Solar Light, Glenside, USA)在叶片光合速率观测期间进行手动测量。1.3 数据分析
本研究采用3天的臭氧累计浓度来表示AOT40 (Mclaughlin & Downing, 1995; Shang et al., 2017), 计算公式如下:$AOT40 = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{[{C_{{{\text{O}}_3}}} - 40]}_i}}$
式中, CO3代表大于或等于40 nmol·mol-1的小时臭氧浓度, n代表臭氧浓度不低于40 nmol·mol-1的小时数。气温为测定光合速率时段内的均值, PAR和AOD均为实时观测的数据。
研究采用Person相关分析、偏回归分析计算环境因子之间以及环境因子与叶片光合速率之间的相关关系。使用结构方程模型解析污染物对叶片光合速率的影响机制及相对贡献大小。结构方程模型中各变量的单位和变化范围不同, 因此在计算时将各变量进行了标准化转换, 使其均值为0, 标准偏差为1。在此基础上进行标准化参数估计, 从而可以根据标准化系数比较量纲不同的多个变量对叶片光合作用影响效应的大小。计算分别在R 3.4.4 (R Development Core Team)和AMOS 17.0 (Amos Development Corporation, USA)中进行。
2 结果分析
2.1 污染物与气象因子之间的关系
随着空气温度升高, 臭氧累积量(AOT40)显著上升(p < 0.01, R2 = 0.27), 空气温度每增加1 ℃, AOT40增加58.86 nmol·mol-1·h (图1A)。气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与空气温度没有显著的关系(图1B)。但随着AOD的增加, 臭氧累积量呈显著的上升趋势(p < 0.01, R2 = 0.04, 图1C)。图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1北京及其周边地区气温、臭氧浓度(AOT40)和气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)之间的关系。直线为通过显著性检验(p < 0.01)的回归线, 灰色阴影区域为95%的置信区间。
Fig. 1Relationships among air temperature, ozone concentration (AOT40) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Beijing and surrounding areas. The black line is the regression line for all data of the three sites (p < 0.01), and the gray areas is the 95% confidence band for the regression curve.
随着AOD的增加, 冠层外部的PAR显著降低(p < 0.05, R2 = 0.05, 图2A), 但冠层内部的PAR显著升高(p < 0.05, R2 = 0.06, 图2B)。
图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图2气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与光合有效辐射(PAR)的关系。直线为通过显著性检验(p < 0.05)的回归线, 灰色阴影区域为95%的置信区间。
Fig. 2Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under different aerosol optical depth (AOD). The black line is the regression line for all data of the three sites (p < 0.01), and the gray areas is the 95% confidence band for the regression curve.
2.2 复合污染对叶片光合速率的影响
2.2.1 污染物及环境因子对叶片光合速率的影响简单相关分析的结果表明, AOT40对阳生叶片和阴生叶片的光合速率没有显著的影响(图3A、3B)。但随着AOD的增加, 阳生叶片(R2 = 0.14)和阴生叶片(R2 = 0.14)光合速率均显著升高(p < 0.01, 图3C、3D)。
图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图3叶片光合作用与污染物之间的关系。直线为通过显著性检验(p < 0.01)的回归线, 灰色阴影区域为95%的置信区间。AOD, 气溶胶光学厚度; AOT40, 超过40 nmol·mol-1的小时臭氧浓度累积量。
Fig. 3Relationships between the photosynthesis of leaves and pollutants. The black line is the regression line for all data of the three sites (p < 0.01), and the gray areas is the 95% confidence band for the regression curve. AOD, aerosol optical depth; AOT40, accumulative concentration of ozone that more than 40 nmol·mol-1; Pn, photosynthetic rate.
2.2.2 复合污染对叶片光合速率的影响机制
偏相关分析发现, 去除空气温度和AOD的影响后, 臭氧显著降低了阳生叶片的光合速率(p < 0.01, R2 = 0.29), 但对阴生叶片的影响不显著。去除空气温度和AOT40的影响后, AOD对阳生叶片(R2 = 0.27)和阴生叶片(R2 = 0.15)光合速率均呈显著的促进效应(p < 0.01)。去除AOT40和AOD的影响后, 随着空气温度的升高, 阳生叶片的光合速率显著增加(p < 0.01, R2 = 0.39), 但对阴生叶片的影响不显著(附录I)。
结构方程模型的结果表明, 复合污染环境下的叶片光合作用同时受气溶胶、臭氧、空气温度和光合有效辐射调控。对阳生叶片光合速率来说, 气溶胶和空气温度为促进效应, 臭氧为抑制效应, PAR的变化对阳生叶片光合速率的影响较小(图4A、4C)。对阴生叶片光合速率来说, 气溶胶和空气温度同样为促进效应, 臭氧有微弱的抑制效应, 但冠层内部的PAR对阴生叶片光合速率具有较高的促进效应(图4B、4D)。
图4
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图4气溶胶和臭氧对叶片光合速率的影响。黑色实线表示显著正相关, 灰色实线表示显著负相关, 灰色虚线表示相关性不显著(p > 0.05); 线的粗线代表相关关系大小。数字为标准化的路径系数, 表示相关关系大小。星号表示显著性水平, 其中**, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.01。AOD, 气溶胶光学厚度; AOT40, 超过40 nmol·mol-1的小时臭氧浓度累积量; PARi, 冠层内部接收的光合有效辐射; PARo, 冠层外部接收的光合有效辐射; Tair, 气温。
Fig. 4Direct and indirect effects of aerosol and ozone on leaf photosynthesis. Black and grey solid lines indicate significantly positive and negative correlation, respectively. Gray dash lines indicate correlations that are not significant (p > 0.05). The width of the lines indicates the strength of the correlations. Numbers adjacent to lines are standardized path coefficients and indicate the size of effects. Asterisks indicate significance level. **, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.01. The model goodness of fits is suggested by c2 and p-values (a: c2 = 3.22, p = 0.07; b: c2 = 0.56, p = 0.76). AOD, aerosol optical depth; AOT40, accumulative concentration of ozone that more than 40 nmol·mol-1; PARi, photosynthetically active radiation of internal canopy; PARo, photosynthetically active radiation of external canopy; Pn, photosynthetic rate.
3 讨论
3.1 大气污染物与气象因子之间的关系
本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(图1A), 这与以往的研究结果一致。这种同步变化主要是由于高温下氮氧化物反应加剧, 进而促进了臭氧的生成(Wang et al., 2017)。同时, 我们的观测表明气溶胶显著改变了植物冠层不同位置的太阳辐射。当气溶胶浓度升高时, 阳生叶片接收的PAR显著降低, 而阴生叶片表面接收的PAR显著升高(图2)。冠层内外辐射变化趋势的不同进一步证实了以往研究中气溶胶降低大气总辐射的同时增加散射辐射比例的结果(Roderick et al., 2001; Doughty et al., 2010)。此外, 以往的研究指出气溶胶颗粒通过吸收和散射太阳辐射降低了到达地表的总辐射, 使地表温度降低(Li et al., 2007; Doughty et al., 2010)。但在我们的研究中, 气溶胶颗粒浓度和空气温度没有明显的关系(图1B), 可能是由于气溶胶颗粒对空气温度的影响作用相对较小, 而站点间及多次测量的空气温度变异较大所导致的。另一方面, 我们的结果表明, 臭氧累积量随着气溶胶的升高而增加(图1C), 可能是由于静稳天气下空气中形成臭氧和气溶胶的前体物累积较多, 并且气溶胶颗粒通过散射太阳辐射, 使得边界层辐射量增加, 促进光化学反应的进行, 臭氧浓度随之升高(Shi et al., 2015)。3.2 复合污染对叶片光合作用的影响
臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(Shang et al., 2017)。我们的偏相关分析结果表明, 臭氧累积量增加使阳生叶片的光合速率显著降低(图4; 附录I)。相对而言, 臭氧浓度的变化对阴生叶片的光合速率影响较小(图4; 附录I), 可能是因为阴生叶片长期处于缺光的状态而生理活性弱, 气孔开口小, 臭氧通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部的阻力更大(任巍和田汉勤, 2007; 申双和等, 2008; McAusland et al., 2016), 因而受臭氧浓度变化的影响较小。在我们的研究中, 气溶胶颗粒浓度升高同时促进了阳生叶片和阴生叶片光合速率(附录I)。阳生叶片光合作用增加的原因是高气溶胶浓度天气下较低的饱和水汽压差(VPD)促进了气孔开放而使叶片吸收更多CO2 (附录II)。阴生叶片光合作用增加则主要是由于气溶胶颗粒增加了散射辐射比例, 从而缓解了光环境限制(Wang et al., 2018)。一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(Dillaway & Kruger, 2010; Urban et al., 2017)。虽然本研究中气溶胶与气温的关系并不显著, 但大样本观测通常发现气溶胶具有降温作用(Doughty et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2018)。气溶胶冷却效应的影响可能在不同季节和一天中的不同时段, 产生不同的影响。在温度较低的春季上午, 气溶胶的冷却效应可能导致叶肉导度下降, 抑制光合作用; 而在夏季正午, 气溶胶的冷却效应可缓减高温抑制效应, 同时降低VPD, 从而促进叶片光合作用(Steiner & Chameides, 2005; Doughty et al., 2010; Urban et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018)。在本研究中, 我们发现空气温度升高显著促进了阳生叶片光合速率, 但对阴生叶片光合速率影响较小(图4; 附录I, 附录III)。这可能是由于阴生叶片主要受光限制, 且其生理活性相对较弱, 对温度的敏感性相应较低(Wang & Leuning, 1998; McAusland et al., 2016; 图2; 附录IV)。
在我们的研究中, 由于气溶胶颗粒的促进作用在较大程度上能够补偿臭氧的负效应, 从而减小了臭氧对阳生叶片光合速率的影响(图4)。同时, 阴生叶片的光合速率受到气溶胶浓度变化的影响较大, 但对臭氧变化不敏感(图4), 整体上可能在当前的复合污染条件下促进其光合作用。然而, 其他研究发现叶片的光合作用可能因为过高的气溶胶浓度而下降, 这是因为过高的气溶胶浓度大大降低了到达地面的总辐射(Rap et al., 2015)。因此, 如果气溶胶污染进一步加剧, 无论阴生叶片还是阳生叶片其光合作用都可能因为过高的气溶胶颗粒和臭氧浓度而下降, 最终导致生物量的减少(Li et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018)。在我们的观测中, 臭氧和气溶胶颗粒复合污染下叶片的光合作用未呈现负效应, 可能是由于观测期内气溶胶增大散射辐射比例所带来的正效应抵消了臭氧氧化性伤害带来的负面影响。
本研究结果表明, 臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用影响显著, 然而鉴于叶片光合速率与植物个体生物量之间的复杂关系, 大气复合污染对生物量的综合影响仍存在不确定性。本研究的生物量数据表明, 在臭氧浓度较高、气溶胶浓度较低的密云实验站, 加杨生物量最小(附录V)。尽管这与已有研究中臭氧浓度上升抑制杨树生物量增加, 气溶胶浓度上升增加茎干生长的结果相一致(Wang et al., 2018, 2020)。但是本研究中种植的树苗数量较少, 有关生物量对大气复合污染的响应仍需要进一步研究。
随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(Li et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2019)。最新的研究发现, 节能减排使我国大气气溶胶颗粒浓度显著降低, 但由于NO2等浓度仍然较高以及气溶胶颗粒降低导致的自由基吸附减少等原因, 很多地区的大气臭氧浓度有上升的趋势(Zhang et al., 2015; Li et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2019)。这意味着气溶胶颗粒对叶片光合作用的促进效应将会减弱, 而臭氧的负效应将进一步加剧。研究指出, 臭氧浓度升高使上层植物过早衰老从而使下层植物可利用光增加, 提高了下层植被的竞争能力, 进而影响群落的结构(Manninen et al., 2003)。复合污染趋势的变化将同时影响生态系统结构和功能。基于本研究, 仅调控气溶胶污染会减弱其增加散射光比例所带来的促进作用, 因此需要同时控制臭氧污染。只有同时控制气溶胶颗粒和臭氧浓度, 才能有效地降低大气污染对生态系统生产力造成的负面影响。污染物对阳生叶片和阴生叶片光合作用的影响途径存在差异, 冠层结构不同将造成两种叶片比例的变化, 导致植物对污染物浓度变化的响应不同。此外, 不同种类植物的饱和光合速率、叶肉导度等对温度变化的响应均存在差异(Dillaway & Kruger, 2010)。这也可能造成植物对污染物浓度的变化呈现不同的响应。但是本研究只关注了复合污染对加杨叶片光合作用的影响, 并没有考虑冠层结构以及物种不同所带来的差异, 准确评估复合大气污染对生态系统生产力的影响需要在冠层和生态系统尺度上进行进一步的研究。
4 结论
污染物与气象条件联系密切。AOT40随空气温度升高而升高, 且与AOD呈显著正相关关系, 但AOD与空气温度没有显著相关关系; 同时, 气溶胶颗粒可能通过吸收和散射作用降低阳生叶接收到的光合有效辐射, 增加冠层内部光合有效辐射。环境因子对阳生叶片和阴生叶片的光合作用的影响不同。AOT40增加抑制了阳生叶片的光合作用, 但AOD和空气温度的增加均促进了阳生叶片的光合作用; AOD促进了阴生叶片的光合作用, 但AOT40和空气温度对阴生叶片光合作用的影响较小。臭氧和气溶胶对阳生叶片和阴生叶片光合速率影响的相对作用大小不同。臭氧对阳生叶片光合作用的抑制作用大于气溶胶的促进作用, 而臭氧对阴生叶片光合作用的抑制作用小于气溶胶的促进作用。因此, 在我们的研究中臭氧和气溶胶共存时对阳生叶片光合作用是抑制作用, 而对阴生叶片光合作用是促进作用。在未来大气气溶胶颗粒浓度降低而臭氧浓度上升的趋势下, 植物生长将面临更严重的挑战。附录I 杨树叶片光合速率(Pn)与臭氧浓度(AOT40)、气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和空气温度的偏相关分析
Supplement I Partial correlation analysis of leaf photosynthetic rate of aspen and ozone concentration (AOT40), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and air temperaturehttps://www.plant-ecology.com/fileup/1005-264x/pdf/cjpe.2020.0022-S1.pdf
附录II 气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与饱和水汽压差(VPD)(A)、VPD与气孔导度(Gs)(B)及Gs与阳生叶片光合速率(Pn)(C)的关系
Supplement II Relationship between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)(A), VPD and stomatal conductance (Gs)(B), Gs and the photosynthetic rates (Pn)(C) of aspen’s sun leaveshttps://www.plant-ecology.com/fileup/1005-264x/pdf/cjpe.2020.0022-S2.pdf
附录III 杨树叶片光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)和气温的关系
Supplement III Relationships between the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of aspen’s leaves and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or air temperaturehttps://www.plant-ecology.com/fileup/1005-264x/pdf/cjpe.2020.0022-S3.pdf
附录IV 加杨阳生叶片和阴生叶片的光响应曲线
Supplement IV Light response curves of sunlit leaves and shade leaves of Populus × canadensishttps://www.plant-ecology.com/fileup/1005-264x/pdf/cjpe.2020.0022-S4.pdf
附录V 2013年加杨扦插苗的生物量
Supplement IV Biomass of Populus × canadensis in 2013https://www.plant-ecology.com/fileup/1005-264x/pdf/cjpe.2020.0022-S5.pdf
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DOI:10.1093/jxb/erx052URLPMID:28338959 [本文引用: 2]
The effect of temperature on stomatal conductance (gs) and corresponding gas exchange parameters was studied in two tree species with contrasting leaf anatomy and ecophysiology-a broadleaf angiosperm, Populus deltoides x nigra (poplar), and a needle-leaf gymnosperm, Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Experiments were conducted in growth chambers across a leaf temperature range of 19-48 degrees C. Manipulations of temperature were done in well-watered and drought soil conditions and under ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) air CO2 concentrations. Increases in leaf temperature caused stomatal opening at both ambient and elevated [CO2]. The gs increased by 42% in poplar and by 40% in loblolly pine when leaf temperature increased from 30 degrees C to 40 degrees C at a vapour pressure difference of 1 kPa. Stomatal limitation to photosynthesis decreased in elevated temperature in loblolly pine but not in poplar. The ratio of net photosynthesis to gs depended on leaf temperature, especially at high temperatures. Evaporative cooling of transpiring leaves resulted in reductions in leaf temperature up to 9 degrees C in well-watered poplar but only 1 degrees C in drought-stressed poplar and in loblolly pine. As global mean temperatures rise and temperature extremes become more frequent and severe, understanding the effect of temperature on gs, and modelling that relationship, will become increasingly important.
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.081URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1111/gcb.14339URLPMID:29855126 [本文引用: 8]
Theoretical and eddy covariance studies demonstrate that aerosol-loading stimulates canopy photosynthesis, but field evidence for the aerosol effect on tree growth is limited. Here, we measured in situ daily stem growth rates of aspen trees under a wide range of aerosol-loading in China. The results showed that daily stem growth rates were positively correlated with aerosol-loading, even at exceptionally high aerosol levels. Using structural equation modeling analysis, we showed that variations in stem growth rates can be largely attributed to two environmental variables covarying with aerosol loading: diffuse fraction of radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Furthermore, we found that these two factors influence stem growth by influencing photosynthesis from different parts of canopy. Using field observations and a mechanistic photosynthesis model, we demonstrate that photosynthetic rates of both sun and shade leaves increased under high aerosol-loading conditions but for different reasons. For sun leaves, the photosynthetic increase was primarily attributed to the concurrent lower VPD; for shade leaves, the positive aerosol effect was tightly connected with increased diffuse light. Overall, our study provides the first field evidence of increased tree growth under high aerosol loading. We highlight the importance of understanding biophysical mechanisms of aerosol-meteorology interactions, and incorporating the different pathways of aerosol effects into earth system models to improve the prediction of large-scale aerosol impacts, and the associated vegetation-mediated climate feedbacks.
DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.016URL [本文引用: 1]
Long-term air pollution data with high temporal and spatial resolutions are needed to support the research of physical and chemical processes that affect the air quality, and the corresponding health risks. However, such datasets were not available in China until recently. For the first time, this study examines the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and 8 h 03 in 31 capital cities in China between March 2013 and February 2014 using hourly data released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), Grade I standards (15 and 40 mu g/m(3) for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) for all cities, and only Haikou, Fuzhou and Lasa met the CAAQS Grade II standards (35 and 70 mu g/m(3) for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively). Observed PM2.5, PM10, CO and SO2 concentrations were higher in cities located in the North region than those in the West and the South-East regions. The number of non-attainment days was highest in the winter, but high pollution days were also frequently observed in the South-East region during the fall and in the West region during the spring. PM2.5 was the largest contributor to the air pollution in China based on the number of non-attainment days, followed by PM10, and O-3. Strong correlation was found between different pollutants except for O-3. These results suggest great impacts of coal combustion and biomass burning in the winter, long range transport of windblown dust in the spring, and secondary aerosol formation throughout the year. Current air pollution in China is caused by multiple pollutants, with great variations among different regions and different seasons. Future studies should focus on improving the understanding of the associations between air quality and meteorological conditions, variations of emissions in different regions, and transport and transformation of pollutants in both intra-and inter-regional contexts. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
DOI:10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114076URLPMID:32041012 [本文引用: 1]
Atmospheric pollution could significantly alter tree growth independently and synergistically with meteorological conditions. North China offers a natural experiment for studying how plant growth responds to air pollution under different meteorological conditions, where rapid economic growth has led to severe air pollution and climate changes increase drought stress. Using a single aspen clone (Populus euramericana Neva.) as a 'phytometer', we conducted three experiments to monitor aspen leaf photosynthesis and stem growth during in situ exposure to atmospheric pollutants along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing. We used stepwise model selection to select the best multiple linear model, and we used binned regression to estimate the effects of air pollutants, atmospheric moisture stress and their interactions on aspen leaf photosynthesis and growth. Our results indicated that ozone (O3) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) inhibited leaf photosynthesis and stem growth. The interactive effect of O3 and VPD resulted in a synergistic response: as the concentration of O3 increased, the negative impact of VPD on leaf photosynthesis and stem growth became more severe. We also found that nitrogen (N) deposition had a positive effect on stem growth, which may have been caused by an increase in canopy N uptake, although this hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further studies. The positive impact of aerosol loading may be due to diffuse radiation fertilization effects. Given the decline in aerosols and N deposition amidst increases in O3 concentration and drought risk, the negative effects of atmospheric pollution on tree growth may be aggravated in North China. In addition, the interaction between O3 and VPD may lead to a further reduction in ecosystem productivity.
URL [本文引用: 1]
The paper reviews the gas/paticle pattitioning theory for secondary organic aerosol formation and describes its development and possible application.In atmosphere, semi-volatile organic compounds are formed through oxidation of certain gas-phase organic species and the secondary organic aerosol formation may be best described by a gas/particle partitioning absorption model. The process of gas/particle partitioning is dependent on both the composition, concentration and vapor pressure of semi- volatile species, and the concentration and composition of absorptive materials. On the basis of gas/particle partitioning theory, the thermodynamic model for gas/particle partitioning of molecular constituents has also been developed. This model can be used to predict the liquid water contents in aerosol, distributions of inorganic compounds and hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic compounds. The combination of the chemistry mechanism and the thermodynamic model for secondary organic aerosol formation with the California Institute of Technology(CIT)'s three-dimensional urban/regional atmospheric model could be used to perform comprehensive gas- and aerosol- phase simulations.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01717.xURLPMID:17661752 [本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1021/acs.est.6b00768URLPMID:27331615 [本文引用: 1]
In recent years in a few Chinese megacities, fog events lasting one to a few days have been frequently associated with high levels of aerosol loading characterized by high sulfate (as high as 30 mug m(-3)), therefore termed as haze-fog events. The concomitant pollution characteristics include high gas-phase mixing ratios of SO2 (up to 71 ppbv) and NO2 (up to 69 ppbv), high aqueous phase pH (5-6), and smaller fog droplets (as low as 2 mum), resulting from intense emissions from fossil fuel combustion and construction activities supplying abundant Ca(2+). In this work, we use an observation-based model for secondary inorganic aerosols (OBM-SIA) to simulate sulfate formation pathways under conditions of haze-fog events encountered in Chinese megacities. The OBM analysis has identified, at a typical haze-fogwater pH of 5.6, the most important pathway to be oxidation of S(IV) by dissolved NO2, followed by the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 on the aerosol surface. The aqueous phase oxidation of S(IV) by H2O2 is a very minor formation pathway as a result of the high NOx conditions suppressing H2O2 formation. The model results indicate that the unique cocktail of high fogwater pH, high concentrations of NO2, SO2, and PM, and small fog droplets are capable of greatly enhancing sulfate formation. Such haze-fog conditions could lead to rapid sulfate production at night and subsequently high PM2.5 in the morning when the fog evaporates. Sulfate formation is simulated to be highly sensitive to fogwater pH, PM, and precursor gases NO2 and SO2. Such insights on major contributing factors imply that reduction of road dust and NOx emissions could lessen PM2.5 loadings in Chinese megacities during fog events.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1038/s41561-019-0352-4URL [本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.071URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.010URL [本文引用: 2]
More than 400 PM2.5 samples were collected at four urban sites in Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Shijiazhuang (SJZ), and Chengde (CD), and also one site in Shangdianzi (SDZ), which was used as a regional background station, over four seasons from 2009 to 2010. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in each sample were analyzed. The average annual concentrations were 71.8-191.2 mu g m(-3) for PM2.5, 10.8-26.4 mu g m(-3) for OC, and 3.9-9.7 mu g m(-3) for EC at the five sites. OC and EC concentrations were lower in the spring and summer and much higher in the autumn and winter, mainly due to aerosol emissions from additional fuel combustion for heating. OC/EC ratios were lowest in the summer and highest in the winter at SDZ, BJ, TJ, and SJZ. These seasonal trends indicate that the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol pollution were spatially similar and season-dependent in the plain area of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH). An EC tracer method was used to calculate the concentrations for secondary organic carbon (SOC); SOC concentrations were also higher in the autumn and winter and lowest during the summer at all five sites. A stable atmosphere and low temperatures, which were more frequent during the winter and autumn, facilitated the accumulation of air pollutants and accelerated the condensation or adsorption of volatile organic compounds in the BTH area. Over the past ten years (1999-2009), Beijing had observed a decrease in the EC concentrations during every season and a remarkable reduction in aerosol emissions from coal combustion for heating. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
DOI:10.1360/zb2010-40-12-1731URL [本文引用: 1]
[本文引用: 1]
Influence of atmospheric aerosols on solar spectral irradiance in an urban area
1
2007
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China
1
2014
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Is a short, sharp shock equivalent to long-term punishment? Contrasting the spatial pattern of acute and chronic ozone damage to soybean leaves via chlorophyll fluorescence imaging
1
2009
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis: a comparison of boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect
2
2010
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
... 随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(
Effect of smoke on subcanopy shaded light, canopy temperature, and carbon dioxide uptake in an Amazon rainforest
6
2010
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
... ;
... 本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(
... ;
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
... ;
Analysis of heavy pollution episodes in selected cities of Northern China
2
2012
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
... ).这些污染物在不同的气象条件下混合并相互作用, 形成多种一次和二次污染物共存的复合型大气污染(
Effects of diffuse radiation on canopy gas exchange processes in a forest ecosystem
1
2008
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
北京市气溶胶的时间变化与空间分布特征
2
2008
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
... ).已有研究表明北京城区臭氧浓度相对较低、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对较高, 而郊区臭氧浓度相对较高、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对低(
北京市气溶胶的时间变化与空间分布特征
2
2008
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
... ).已有研究表明北京城区臭氧浓度相对较低、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对较高, 而郊区臭氧浓度相对较高、气溶胶颗粒浓度相对低(
Characterizations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vehicular emissions at roadside environment: the first comprehensive study in Northwestern China
1
2017
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Anthropogenic drivers of 2013-2017 trends in summer surface ozone in China
2
2019
... 随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(
... ;
Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on surface of calcium carbonate
1
2006
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Contributions of natural and anthropogenic forcings to the summer cooling over Eastern China: an AGCM study
1
2007
... 本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(
6种绿化树种的气孔特性与臭氧剂量的响应关系
2
2018
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... 在我们的研究中, 由于气溶胶颗粒的促进作用在较大程度上能够补偿臭氧的负效应, 从而减小了臭氧对阳生叶片光合速率的影响(
6种绿化树种的气孔特性与臭氧剂量的响应关系
2
2018
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... 在我们的研究中, 由于气溶胶颗粒的促进作用在较大程度上能够补偿臭氧的负效应, 从而减小了臭氧对阳生叶片光合速率的影响(
Leaf temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) driving stomatal conductance and biochemical processes of leaf photosynthetic rate in a subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation
2018
不同光照时间对加杨幼苗生长和光合特性的影响
1
2018
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
不同光照时间对加杨幼苗生长和光合特性的影响
1
2018
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
Effects of aerosols on the surface ozone generation via a study of the interaction of ozone and its precursors during the summer in Shanghai, China
1
2019
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
北京及周边地区典型站点近地面O3的变化特征
2
2010
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
... ;
北京及周边地区典型站点近地面O3的变化特征
2
2010
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
... ;
我国转基因杨树的研究及应用现状
1
2006
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
我国转基因杨树的研究及应用现状
1
2006
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
Ambient volatile organic compounds and their effect on ozone production in Wuhan, central China
1
2016
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Differences in ozone response between two Finnish wild strawberry populations
1
2003
... 随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(
Effects of kinetics of light-induced stomatal responses on photosynthesis and water-use efficiency
2
2016
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
Interactive effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature forest trees
1
1995
... 本研究采用3天的臭氧累计浓度来表示AOT40 (
In vitro simulation of senescence- related membrane damage by ozone-induced lipid peroxidation
1
1980
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
Biochemical and molecular basis for impairment of photosynthetic potential
1
1994
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
Fires increase Amazon forest productivity through increases in diffuse radiation
2
2015
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
... 在我们的研究中, 由于气溶胶颗粒的促进作用在较大程度上能够补偿臭氧的负效应, 从而减小了臭氧对阳生叶片光合速率的影响(
臭氧污染与陆地生态系统生产力
1
2007
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
臭氧污染与陆地生态系统生产力
1
2007
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
On the direct effect of clouds and atmospheric particles on the productivity and structure of vegetation
2
2001
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
... 本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(
Ozone exposure- and flux-based response relationships with photosynthesis, leaf morphology and biomass in two poplar clones
3
2017
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... 本研究采用3天的臭氧累计浓度来表示AOT40 (
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
棉花阴、阳叶的气孔导度和光合作用观测对比及模型应用
1
2008
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
棉花阴、阳叶的气孔导度和光合作用观测对比及模型应用
1
2008
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
A study of aerosol optical properties during ozone pollution episodes in 2013 over Shanghai, China
1
2015
... 本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(
Aerosol-induced thermal effects increase modelled terrestrial photosynthesis and transpiration
2
2005
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants
1
2005
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Increase in leaf temperature opens stomata and decouples net photosynthesis from stomatal conductance in Pinus taeda and Populus deltoides × nigra
2
2017
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
... ;
北京市三种典型区域大气污染研究
1
2011
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
北京市三种典型区域大气污染研究
1
2011
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
Ozone pollution in China: a review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects
1
2017
... 本研究结果发现, 空气温度升高时AOT40也会升高(
Field evidences for the positive effects of aerosols on tree growth
8
2018
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
... 不同于臭氧的直接伤害, 悬浮在大气中的气溶胶颗粒主要通过改变气象条件影响植物叶片的光合作用.气溶胶颗粒能够吸收和散射太阳辐射, 从而降低到达地表的总辐射量, 并使散射辐射比例增加.由于散射辐射具有更高的穿透性, 能使更多的辐射到达植物冠层内部.高气溶胶天气下的高散射辐射会导致冠层内部长期缺光的阴生叶片接收的辐射量增加, 从而促进阴生叶片的光合作用.而冠层外部通常处于光饱和的阳生叶片光合作用对气溶胶导致的辐射变化的响应较弱(
... 会通过促进气孔导度增加阳生叶片的光合作用(
... 臭氧可通过破坏叶片叶绿素结构、损伤光合电子传递链等方式降低叶片光合作用(
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
... ;
... 在我们的研究中, 由于气溶胶颗粒的促进作用在较大程度上能够补偿臭氧的负效应, 从而减小了臭氧对阳生叶片光合速率的影响(
... 本研究结果表明, 臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用影响显著, 然而鉴于叶片光合速率与植物个体生物量之间的复杂关系, 大气复合污染对生物量的综合影响仍存在不确定性.本研究的生物量数据表明, 在臭氧浓度较高、气溶胶浓度较低的密云实验站, 加杨生物量最小(附录V).尽管这与已有研究中臭氧浓度上升抑制杨树生物量增加, 气溶胶浓度上升增加茎干生长的结果相一致(
Spatial and temporal variations of six criteria air pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities in China during 2013-2014
1
2014
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: description and comparison with a multi-layered model
1
1998
... 一般来说, 叶片气孔导度和叶肉导度随着温度升高而升高(
Interactive effects of air pollutants and atmospheric moisture stress on aspen growth and photosynthesis along an urban-rural gradient
1
2020
... 本研究结果表明, 臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用影响显著, 然而鉴于叶片光合速率与植物个体生物量之间的复杂关系, 大气复合污染对生物量的综合影响仍存在不确定性.本研究的生物量数据表明, 在臭氧浓度较高、气溶胶浓度较低的密云实验站, 加杨生物量最小(附录V).尽管这与已有研究中臭氧浓度上升抑制杨树生物量增加, 气溶胶浓度上升增加茎干生长的结果相一致(
二次有机气溶胶的气体/粒子分配理论
1
2007
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
二次有机气溶胶的气体/粒子分配理论
1
2007
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
To what extent do current and projected increases in surface ozone affect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees? A meta-analytic review of the last 3 decades of experiments
1
2007
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
高浓度O3对树木生理生态的影响
2
2009
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... ;
高浓度O3对树木生理生态的影响
2
2009
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... ;
Sulfate formation enhanced by a cocktail of high NOx, SO2, particulate matter, and droplet pH during haze-fog events in megacities in China: an observation-based modeling investigation
1
2016
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Characteristics of air particulate matter and their sources in urban and rural area of Beijing, China
1
2000
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
Stabilization of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China over the past decade
2
2019
... 随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(
... ;
O3胁迫对三种楠木幼苗光合作用的影响及伤害症状
2
2016
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... ;
O3胁迫对三种楠木幼苗光合作用的影响及伤害症状
2
2016
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
... ;
我国北方两地环境臭氧浓度对矮菜豆生长的影响
1
2014
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
我国北方两地环境臭氧浓度对矮菜豆生长的影响
1
2014
... 臭氧通过损害叶片结构, 抑制光合作用.臭氧可通过气孔扩散进入叶片内部, 并到达叶肉细胞和保卫细胞, 在细胞内形成过氧化氢等活性氧簇.这些活性氧簇会破坏光合电子传递链, 同时抑制参与暗反应的二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶生成, 从而降低叶片光合作用(
Evolution of surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations and their relationships with meteorological conditions over the last decade in Beijing
1
2015
... 随着国家节能减排等措施的有效推进, 我国的大气污染已经有减轻的趋势(
Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China
2
2013
... 以臭氧和气溶胶为主的大气复合污染如何影响叶片光合作用, 直接关系到我国大部分地区生态系统的固碳能力.臭氧和气溶胶对叶片光合作用的影响强度和机理各不相同.而以往的研究大多是基于单种污染物的研究, 目前有关复合污染物影响光合作用的研究相对缺乏, 尤其是缺少直接的野外观测.北京及其周边地区是我国华北地区典型的复合污染区, 且污染程度存在明显的城郊梯度(
... ;
大气复合污染及灰霾形成中非均相化学过程的作用
1
2010
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
大气复合污染及灰霾形成中非均相化学过程的作用
1
2010
... 近年来, 由于我国工业的高速发展和汽车数量的攀升, 大气中氮氧化物、硫氧化物、挥发性有机物等污染物浓度逐渐升高(
