畜禽养殖废弃物堆肥过程中微生物除臭研究进展

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魏启航^,¹^,², 任艳芳^,¹, 何俊瑜¹, 李兆君^,²

¹常州大学环境与安全工程学院,江苏常州 213164

²中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业农村部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京 100081

Research Progress of Microbial Deodorization in Livestock and Poultry Wastes Composting

WEI QiHang^,¹^,², REN YanFang^,¹, HE JunYu¹, LI ZhaoJun^,²

¹School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu

²Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081

通讯作者: 任艳芳,E-mail： yanfangren@126.com。李兆君,E-mail： lizhaojun@caas.cn

责任编辑: 李云霞
收稿日期:2019-09-20接受日期:2020-05-11网络出版日期:2020-08-01

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划项目.2018YFD0500206
常州大学人才引进项目.201709
常州大学人才引进项目.201710

Received:2019-09-20Accepted:2020-05-11Online:2020-08-01
作者简介 About authors
魏启航,Tel：15996166142;E-mail： 15996166142@163.com。

摘要
随着世界各国的畜禽养殖业向着集约化、产业化方向发展,养殖废弃物大量产生,严重影响到生态环境并威胁到人畜健康。目前,畜禽养殖废弃物的资源化利用受到人们的广泛关注,其中好氧堆肥技术是当前最有效的处理方法。然而,堆肥过程中产生的异味气体使好氧堆肥技术的推广面临极大挑战。在堆肥过程中,这些异味气体威胁人类健康的同时,还会带来一系列环境问题。因此,充分、有效的去除堆肥过程中异味气体显得十分重要。本文重点阐述了堆肥过程中异味气体排放特征及其源物质转化特征,分析堆肥过程中影响异味气体产生的因素,并从原位除臭技术和异位除臭技术两个方面对异味气体生物处理技术以及微生物控制机理进行讨论。主要结论：异味气体（NH₃、H₂S和挥发性有机物）主要在堆肥的升温期和高温期产生;控制最佳堆肥温度为55—60℃、水分为50%—60%、pH为7.5—8.5、C/N为25—30、氧气浓度为10%—18%、有机质含量为50%—80%,结合适宜的堆肥方式、翻堆频率以及添加外源微生物,可使异味气体产生量降至最低;一种除臭微生物菌株一般只对一种异味气体具有较高的去除效率,难以同时去除多种成分的异味气体,而复合微生物除臭剂可以同时去除多种异味气体成分,但去除效率相对较低。建议进一步研究有机质转化、微生物群落变化与异味气体产生的规律,从而在堆肥升温期和高温期尽可能地减少异味气体的产生;重点研发复合除臭菌剂,在提高除臭效果的同时探明微生物作用机理。
关键词： 畜禽废弃物;好氧堆肥;异味气体;影响因素;微生物技术

Abstract

With the intensive and industrialized development of livestock and poultry breeding industry in the world, a large number of breeding wastes are generated, which seriously affect the ecological environment and threaten the health of human and livestock. Now, the resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste has been widely concerned. Aerobic composting technology is the most favorable treatment method at present. However, the odor produced by composting makes the popularization of aerobic composting technology face huge problems. In the process of composting, the odor gases not only threaten human health, but also bring a series of environmental problems. Therefore, it is very important to remove odor gases adequately and effectively in composting process. The paper summarized the emission characteristics of odor gases and the transformation characteristics of source materials, and analyzed the influencing factors of odor gases during composting in detail. Moreover, the biological treatment technology and the mechanism of microbial control of odor gases were discussed from two aspects: in-situ removal technology and ectopic removal technology. The following conclusions were drawn: odor gases (NH₃, H₂S and volatile organic compounds) were mainly generated in the heating period and high temperature period of the composting process; the optimum temperature was 55-60℃, with the moisture of 50%-60%, pH of 7.5 to 8.5, C/N for 25-30, oxygen concentration of 10%-18%, and organic matter content of 50%-80%; at the same time, it could choose the right means of compost, optimal frequency of turning heaps and adding exogenous microorganisms to make odor gases minimize; a deodorizing microbial strain usually only had high removal efficiency of one odor gas component, and it was difficult to remove a variety of odor gases at the same time; compound deodorizing microbial agents could remove a variety of odor gas components at the same time, but the removal efficiency was relatively low. It was suggested that the transformation of organic matter, the change of microbial community and the rule of odor gases production should be further studied, so as to reduce the production of odor gases as much as possible during the heating period and high temperature period of compost. Research should focus on development of composite deodorizing microbial agents, and explore the effect and mechanism of microbial deodorization.

Keywords：livestock and poultry wastes;aerobic composting;odor;influence factors;microbial technology

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本文引用格式
魏启航, 任艳芳, 何俊瑜, 李兆君. 畜禽养殖废弃物堆肥过程中微生物除臭研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(15): 3134-3145 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.013
WEI QiHang, REN YanFang, HE JunYu, LI ZhaoJun. Research Progress of Microbial Deodorization in Livestock and Poultry Wastes Composting[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(15): 3134-3145 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.013

近年来,随着畜禽养殖业集约化、产业化的发展,畜禽养殖过程中产生了大量废弃物。据报道,我国每年产生的养殖废弃物可达38亿吨,综合利用率不到60%,不仅严重污染环境,而且在一定程度上危害到人畜健康^[1]。因此,如何提高畜禽养殖废弃物的综合利用率已成为生产中亟待解决的关键问题。在畜禽废弃物资源化利用中,堆肥是最有效的处理方法,却面临着异味气体带来的一系列污染和健康安全问题^[2]。畜禽养殖业所产生的异味气体成分较为复杂,一般分为：氨和挥发性胺类、挥发性低级脂肪酸类、挥发性含硫化合物、酚类和吲哚类^[3,4]。这些异味气体被人体吸入后会刺激黏膜,引起咳嗽等健康问题,而高浓度的异味气体会导致呼吸困难,甚至引起癌症和中枢神经系统的损害^[5,6]。目前,国内外研究人员主要采用生物处理技术控制异味气体,并已取得大量成果,但通过堆肥微生物减少异味气体产生的研究相对较少。

本文从堆肥过程中异味气体排放特征及其源物质转化特征、影响因素、异味气体生物处理技术以及微生物控制机理等方面进行综述,旨在为解决专业化畜禽废弃物堆肥过程中异味气体问题提供参考。

1 堆肥中异味气体排放特征及其源物质转化特征

好氧堆肥是指在有氧条件下微生物将易降解的有机物分解后吸收转化成自身细胞物质,并将不易降解的有机物分解为无机物的过程^[7]。在这个过程中,有机质在满足微生物繁殖生长的同时,被分解为大量的温室气体和一些异味气体。其中,异味气体成分较为复杂,NH₃、H₂S和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）是异味气体中最主要的成分^[8,9]。

1.1 NH₃

NH₃由好氧堆肥产生,是堆肥过程中最主要的异味气体。简保权^[10]在研究猪粪堆肥时发现,NH₃主要在堆肥的升温期和高温期产生,特别是在高温期大量挥发。这是因为堆肥初期微生物的数量较少,依靠分解有机质不断繁殖生长,由于此时温度较低,升温期产生的NH₃大多溶于水形成NH₄⁺-N。随着温度升高,堆肥进入高温期,此时微生物的数量最多,能够快速分解有机质产生NH₃;而NH₄⁺-N受高温挥发也会形成NH₃。

堆肥中NH₃的产生主要来源于含氮有机物的氨化作用。在堆肥过程中,含氮有机物首先在氨化微生物作用下形成NH₃,由于此时温度较低,大量NH₃发生溶解作用形成NH₄⁺-N。一部分NH₄⁺-N被微生物同化利用或者高温期受热挥发成NH₃释放,另一部分则被硝化为NO₃^--N。而NO₃^--N在缺氧条件下会进行反硝化作用,从而形成分子态氮和N₂、N₂O等气体。其中,分子态氮在固氮微生物的作用下被还原为少量的NH₃和含氮无机物^[11,12]。其氮素转化过程如图1所示。

图1

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图1含氮有机物的转化过程

Fig. 1The transformation processes of nitrogenous organic matter

1.2 H₂S

在好氧堆肥过程中,存在局部缺氧环境,这时有机质可经厌氧细菌降解产生H₂S等刺激性气体^[13]。于海娇^[14]发现猪粪在静态高温好氧堆肥过程中,H₂S的挥发集中在升温期和高温期,且以高温期释放的H₂S最多,这与高温期好氧微生物数量最多,氧气消耗速度最快,更易形成缺氧环境有关。

在有氧条件下,H₂S在硫细菌的作用下氧化成硫酸,并和堆肥中的盐基作用形成硫酸盐;但是在缺氧条件下,厌氧细菌会将有机物分解为不彻底的氧化产物,含硫有机物经微生物的反硫化作用转变为H₂S,硫酸盐还原菌在H₂S产生中发挥主导作用^[15,16]。

1.3 VOC_S

除了NH₃和H₂S,堆肥过程还会释放出大量VOCs^[17,18]。这主要由微生物降解有机质所致,产生的VOCs浓度虽低但对臭味贡献很大^[19]。VOCs成分十分复杂,尚斌等^[20]在研究死猪堆肥过程中共检测出37种VOCs,主要的致臭物质为三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫和二甲基三硫。到目前为止,能检测出的VOCs已超过300种。表1中列出了堆肥过程中部分异味VOCs的环境最高允许浓度和气味特征^[21]。

大量研究发现,大多数VOCs主要在堆肥初期产生^{[22,23,24,25]}。KUMAR等^[26]在垃圾堆肥研究中发现,VOCs在前期的释放量约为后期的5倍。EITZER^[27]发现在堆肥初期VOCs最大释放量可达100 mg·m^-3,是后期的1.5—2倍。这是由于高温阶段一些VOCs被蜡样芽孢杆菌分解,从而造成高温期VOCs浓度不高^[28]。

Table 1
表1
表1堆肥过程中部分VOCs允许浓度和气味特征^[21]
Table 1The allowance concentrations and characteristic odor of each VOCs component in compost

挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compound	分子式 Molecular formula	允许浓度 The allowance concentration (mg·m^-3)	气味特征 Characteristic odor
二甲苯 Xylene	C₈H₁₀	100	刺激性气味Pungent odor
丙酮 Acetone	CH₃COCH₃	750	辛辣气味 Acrid odor
甲基乙基酮 Methyl ethyl ketone	C₄H₈O	100	辛辣气味 Acrid odor
环己酮 Cyclohexanone	C₆H₁₀O	25	刺鼻臭味 Pungent stench
乙醛 Acetaldehyde	CH₃CHO	10	刺激性气味 Pungent odor
丙烯腈 Acrylonitrile	C₃H₃N	40	刺激性气味 Pungent odor

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2 堆肥中异味气体产生的影响因素

2.1 温度

温度是堆肥进行的前提条件,不仅影响堆肥成败,也是导致堆肥中异味气体产生的重要因素。在堆肥初期,以嗜温菌起主导作用进行有机质的分解并产生热量,从而使堆肥进入高温期。随后嗜温菌大量死亡,而嗜热菌开始加速分解有机质形成持续高温,进而灭杀虫卵、病原菌、寄生虫等有害生物^[29]。然而若此时温度过高,微生物会过度消耗有机质,在降低堆肥肥效的同时,导致大量异味气体排放^[30]。LIU等^[31]研究发现,接种微生物可以提高牛粪堆肥的升温速率,有利于减少异味气体的排放时间。KOYAMA等^[32]对污泥进行嗜热堆肥发现,10 d后60℃处理和70℃处理的氮转化率分别为14.7%和15.6%,都明显高于50℃的处理。

2.2 水分

水分作为堆肥中微生物活性的决定性因素,主要参与堆肥过程中有机物的溶解、微生物的新陈代谢以及调节堆体温度^[33,34]。然而李群岭等^[35]发现,堆肥中水分过高,不仅会引起堆体温度下降,而且过高的水分会阻碍堆料中氧气的扩散,使局部处于缺氧环境,引起厌氧发酵,从而导致大量H₂S的产生。

2.3 pH

在堆肥过程中,pH是评估堆料环境至关重要的参数,是反映堆肥发酵过程的标志,适宜的pH不仅能提高微生物活性^[36],缩短堆肥的时间,还有助于减少异味气体的产生。SUN等^[37]研究发现,pH与氨氧化细菌群落多样性呈负相关性。黄丹丹^[38]研究表明NH₃的产生与pH存在正相关性,而H₂S的产生与pH则存在负相关性。LIU等^[39]研究发现浓缩谷氨酸钠废水可以用于调节pH并提高微生物活性,减少氮元素的损失和NH₃排放。

2.4 C/N

碳素为微生物的活动提供能量,而氮素是微生物合成自身细胞的主要营养物质。堆肥原料的C/N过高,会降低微生物的活性,使堆肥时间变长,从而使异味气体的散发时间变长;堆肥原料的C/N过低,会使过量的氮转化为NH₃,导致异味气体产生量增加^[40]。张鹤等^[41]研究认为,C/N在25—30时养分损失量最少,异味气体排放量也最少。ZHANG等^[42]和田野等^[43]研究表明,通过调节物料配比,加速堆肥中有机质的降解,可以减少了NH₃的产生。

2.5 通风量

通风量是堆肥过程中不可或缺的因素,可以决定其为好氧堆肥或厌氧堆肥。适量的通风为微生物提供所需的氧气,最佳的氧气浓度为10%—18%^[44]。若通风量过小,微生物处于厌氧环境,有机质进行厌氧发酵就会产生恶臭。ZHANG等^[45]研究发现提高通气量可以减少厨房垃圾堆肥过程中挥发性含硫化合物的排放。沈玉君等^[46]对猪粪堆肥中VOCs进行研究时发现,通风速率会影响二甲二硫和二甲三硫的产生,最佳通风速率为0.1 m³·m^-3·min^-1。

2.6 有机质含量

堆料中的有机质是微生物赖以生存和生长繁殖的重要物质条件。研究证明,堆料中有机质含量应该控制在50%—80%^[47]。若堆料中的有机质含量过低,微生物难以达到堆肥所需的活性,无法维持持续高温过程;若堆料中的有机质含量过高时,由于在堆肥过程中高含量的有机质需氧量增加,会造成厌氧发酵产生大量的H₂S等异味气体^[48]。KOYAMA等^[49]研究污泥堆肥发现,有机质含量与NH₃的排放量呈正相关。

2.7 其他因素

研究表明,除了温度、水分、pH、C/N、通风量和有机质含量以外,不同的堆肥方式、翻堆频率以及堆肥原料等也会影响堆肥过程中异味气体的产生。朱新梦等^[50]研究发现牛粪在不同堆肥方式下NH₃的产生存在明显差异。 YANG等^[51]发现混合堆肥方式明显降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH₃的释放。XU等^[52]研究发现,与槽式堆肥相比,条垛式堆肥排放的NH₃增加了13%,而H₂S减少了28%。ONWOSI等^[53]指出合适的翻堆频率虽然有助于微生物的降解作用,但翻堆频率过高会导致NH₃大量挥发。王亚飞等^[54]用不同畜禽粪便进行堆肥,发现堆肥效率、产品品质及异味气体的产生量都不同。

综上可知,堆肥过程中温度、水分、pH、C/N、通风量和有机质含量的改变会引起异味气体排放量的变化,控制异味气体排放的最佳参数见表2。另外,选择合适的堆肥方式、最优的翻堆频率,也可降低异味气体的排放量。

Table 2
表2
表2堆肥过程中影响因素的最佳参数
Table 2The optimum parameter of influence factors in compost

影响因素 Influence factor	最佳参数 Optimum parameter	参考文献 Reference
温度 Temperature (℃)	55-60	[27, 35, 48]
水分 Moisture (%)	50-60	[33, 36, 47, 56]
pH	7.5-8.5	[33-34, 47, 55]
C/N Carbon-nitrogen ratio	25-30	[41, 54-56]
氧气浓度 Oxygen concentration (%)	10-18	[33-35, 44]
有机质含量 Organic content (%)	50-80	[36, 47-48]

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3 堆肥中异味气体的生物处理方法

生物处理法在异味气体的处理过程中具有效果好、二次污染少以及投资费用低等优点,已成为研究的热点,在大型养殖场的异味气体处理中占据了不可或缺的位置。由于处理方式的不同,生物处理技术可分为原位除臭技术和异位除臭技术^[57]。

3.1 原位除臭技术

原位除臭技术指在堆肥中直接添加微生物菌剂,利用微生物在代谢过程中吸收分解异味气体,或抑制产生异味气体的微生物代谢活动,从而达到除臭目的。WANG等^[58]通过加入高浓度的嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌发现,NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度显著提高,从而降低NH₃的产生。刘标等^[59]研究发现,接种8%的除臭菌株YX-3对NH₃的去除效率可达56.9%。然而,单一的微生物菌株一般只对一种异味气体的去除效率较高,难以同时去除多种异味气体,所以复合微生物菌剂的研究成为当前的重点。在复合微生物除臭剂应用于堆肥的研究中,于洪久等^[60]通过添加复合微生物菌剂发现,NH₃的挥发时间缩短了6 d,从而大幅度的减少了NH₃的产生。张生伟等^[61]利用所筛选的除臭微生物菌株和纤维素分解菌群制成复合除臭剂应用于堆肥,发现在堆肥的前20 d,NH₃和H₂S分别减少了70%和60%。范建华等^[62] 将筛选出的3种除臭菌株（Y1、F1和J2）按体积1:1:1的比例复合时除臭效果最佳。由此可见,将复合除臭菌剂应用于堆肥中异味气体的去除具有可行性。

3.2 异位除臭技术

异位除臭技术是通过集气系统将堆肥过程中所产生的异味气体收集,传送至除臭设备集中处理,主要包括生物过滤、生物滴滤和生物洗涤等处理技术。

3.2.1 生物过滤技术生物过滤技术的主体设备为三相生物反应器,主要由调节系统和反应系统组成,其中调节系统具有增湿、除尘的作用。生物过滤池填料上方的喷淋循环液会间接性补充,堆肥中产生的异味气体通过调节系统使其增湿后,从设备底部进入生物滤池,而后异味气体接触到填料上的微生物而被降解为无害物质与少量有害物质。RENE等^[63]研究发现在不同入口加样速率下,气相甲苯和二甲苯的去除效率不同。DAS等^[64]研究表明,将生物炭作为生物过滤器填料能够提高生物过滤器的性能。

3.2.2 生物滴滤技术生物滴滤技术的主体设备为生物滴滤池,主要组成部分与生物过滤技术相同。生物滴滤池可以连续性补充喷淋循环液,异味气体由底部进入生物滴滤池,被微生物降解为无害物质与少量有害物质。FERDOWSI等^[65]对生物滴滤器进料方法进行改善发现,分流进料可以克服动力学的限制。

3.2.3 生物洗涤技术生物洗涤技术主体设备为生物洗涤塔,主要由气体吸收塔和活性污泥反应池组成。其原理为异味气体被气体吸收塔吸入液相中,随液相进入活性污泥反应池后,被微生物降解为无害物质与少量有害物质。LIU等^[66]研究发现双串联式的生物洗涤器可以实现NH₃的完全去除。SAN-VALERO等^[67]研究发现,生物洗涤技术对H₂S的去除率在85%—94%之间。

生物过滤技术、生物滴滤技术和生物洗涤技术在生物处理法中应用较多,其特点、优缺点及其适用范围如表3所示。

Table 3
表3
表3生物过滤、生物滴滤和生物洗涤处理技术对比^{[68,69,70,71]}
Table 3The comparison of biofilter, bio-trickling filter and bioscrubber

	生物过滤 Biofilter	生物滴滤 Bio-trickling filter	生物洗涤 Bioscrubber
特点 Feature	生物相和液相固定 Stationary biofacies and liquid 一个反应器 One reactor	生物相固定、流动液相 Stationary biofacies and fluid liquid 一个反应器 One reactor	生物相悬浮、液相流动 Suspended biofacies and fluid liquid 两个反应器 Two reactors
优点 Advantage	设备简单 Simple device 气液比表面积大 Large surface area of gas-liquid ratio 运行费用低 Low operation cost 工艺成熟 Technical maturity 操作安全 Operational safety 无二次污染 No secondary pollution 效率高达90% The removal rate reach 90% 不需要另加营养物 No need add nutrient	设备简单 Simple device 污染负荷大 Large pollution load 缓冲能力强 Better buffer ability 无二次污染 No secondary pollution 处理效率高 High treatment efficiency 不需要更换填料 No need replace material regularly	设备紧凑 Compact device 低压力损失 Low-pressure loss 反应条件易控制 Easy to control reaction condition 除氨效率可达99.5% The removal rate of NH₃ reach 99.5% H₂S的去除率达85% The removal rate of H₂S reach 85%
缺点 Disadvantage	反应条件难控制 Difficult to control reaction condition 适应能力较差 Poor adaptability 占地面积大 Large occupied area 需要定期更换材料 Need replace material regularly	传质表面积小 Small surface area of mass transfer 需处理剩余污泥 Need treat residual sludge 运行费用高 High operation cost 气液比表面积小 Small surface area of gas-liquid ratio 设备启动复杂 Be complex to start equipment	传质表面积小 Small surface area of mass transfer 需处理剩余污泥 Need treat residual sludge 投资费用高 High investment cost 需要大量氧气 Need vast oxygen 需要另加营养物 Need add nutrient
适用范围 Application scope	污染物浓度0.5-1 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration: 0.5-1 g·m^-3 处理气量大、浓度低的含氨气体 Applicable to treat massive and low concentration ammonia-containing gas	污染物浓度<0.5 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration<0.5 g·m^-3 对负荷较高及污染物降解后生成酸性物质的含氨气体有较好处理效果 Applicable to treat high load ammonia-containing gas which generate acidoid after degradation of pollutant	污染物浓度1-5 g·m^-3 Pollutant concentration: 1-5 g·m^-3 用于处理气量小、浓度大的含氨气体 Applicable to treat less and high concentration ammonia-containing gas

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4 异味气体的微生物控制机理

堆肥过程中产生的异味气体成分复杂,其中NH₃和H₂S是最主要的两种异味气体。因此,在进行除臭菌株的筛选中,主要以这两种气体作为判定指标,这些除臭菌株通过硝化作用、硫化作用以及其他作用转化异味气体。

NH₃的去除主要是通过自养硝化作用,指NH₃在自养硝化细菌的作用下转化为NO₃^--N的过程。在有氧条件下,NH₃溶于水形成的NH₄⁺-N在亚硝酸细菌的作用下形成NO₂^--N,然后硝酸细菌再将NO₂^--N氧化为NO₃^--N^[72]。NAGHDI等^[73]在尾菜中添加硝化细菌后,减少NH₃排放的同时提高了肥效。CHO等^[74]对硝化细菌群落研究时发现,控制合适的温度和pH可以加强微生物群落的硝化作用。

H₂S的转化主要通过硫杆菌的硫化作用。在硫化过程中,氧化硫硫杆菌是起主导作用的微生物,在有氧条件下可将H₂S氧化成硫酸盐,并获得一些能量^[75]。已有研究表明,将氧化硫硫杆菌应用于异位除臭技术时,通过控制pH、H₂S浓度、流速以及其他因素,可使H₂S的去除率达99%^[76,77]。

目前,自然界中已知的除臭微生物约有50多个属,主要包括芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、动胶菌属、不动杆菌属、硫杆菌属、酵母属、曲霉属、青霉属、根霉属、产碱菌属^{[72, 78]},部分除臭菌株、除臭效果和优化条件如表4所示。

Table 4
表4
表4除臭菌株的筛选、鉴定和优化条件
Table 4Screening, identification and optimum condition of deodorizing strains

菌株来源 Source of strain	菌株 Strain	鉴定 Identification	除臭率Deodorization (%)		复合菌剂 Compound microbial agent	优化条件 Optimum condition	参考文献 Reference
菌株来源 Source of strain	菌株 Strain	鉴定 Identification	NH₃	H₂S	复合菌剂 Compound microbial agent	优化条件 Optimum condition	参考文献 Reference
猪粪Pig feces	XA12 XB2 XB9	乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici 解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amylolique faciens 罗伦隐球酵母Cryptococcus laurentii	61.17 63.5 56.64	/ / /	XA12+XB2+XB9 NH₃去除率85.6% The removal rate of NH₃reach 85.6%	温度32℃ pH7.0 Temperature 32℃ pH7.0 接种量10% 时间54 h Inoculum 10% Time 54 h	[79]
垃圾渗滤液 Leachate water	CC3 CC7 CC13 CC16	乳酸片球菌Pediococcus acidilactici 巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium 嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis	62.25 51.78 67.68 56.25	50.23 48.75 60.95 52.23	CC7:CC13:CC16 = 2:3:1 NH₃去除率83.56% The removal rate of NH₃reach 83.56% H₂S去除率70.25% The removal rate of H₂S reach 70.25%	温度30℃ pH6.5 Temperature 30℃ pH6.5 接种量5% 时间60 h Inoculum 5% Time 60 h	[80]
垃圾场土样 Soil sample of wasteyard	X8 X12 R5 R8 J8	巴氏醋杆菌Acetobacter pasteurianus 玉米乳杆菌Lactobacillus zeae 副干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus paracasei 发酵乳杆菌Lactobacillus fermentum 酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae	86.54 70.32 79.78 88.47 78.46	71.34 62.49 73.98 75.45 62.68	X8+X12+R5+R8+J8 NH₃去除率92.68% The removal rate of NH₃reach 92.68% H₂S去除率84.72% The removal rate of H₂S reach 84.72%	温度38℃ pH3.5 Temperature 38℃ pH3.5 稀释倍数80 时间24 h Dilution ratio 80 Time 24 h	[81]
猪粪Pig feces 活性污泥Activated sludge 垃圾Rubbish 秸秆Straw	BX3 AX4 AF2 BZ1/DZ1/ DZ3/EZ3	细菌Bacteria 细菌Bacteria 放线菌Actinomycetes 真菌Fungi	80.07 / / >50	76.92 >80 >75 /	AF2+DZ1+BX3+DZ3+BZ1+EZ3+AX4 NH₃去除率82.14% The removal rate of NH₃reach 82.14% H₂S去除率80.84% The removal rate of H₂S reach 80.84%	堆肥接种量5% Inoculum of compost 5%	[82]
猪粪Pig feces 土壤Soil sample	Z2	弯曲芽孢杆菌Bacillus flexus	71	62.3		接种量1%-5% Inoculum 1%-5%	[83]
鸡粪Chicken feces	CCJZO22	红平红球菌Rhodococcus erythropolis	66.73	54.51		温度30℃ pH7.0 Temperature 30℃ pH7.0 接种量12% Inoculum 12%	[84]
粪污Feces	JFF-2 JFF-3	地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis	/ /	84.02 86.12			[85]
猪粪Pig feces 土壤Soil sample	YX-3	暹罗芽孢杆菌Bacillus siamensi	56.9	8.6		温度30-40℃ Temperature 30-40℃ 接种量8% Inoculum 8%	[59]
活性污泥Activated sludge	Y1	不动杆菌Acinetobacter	99(NH₄⁺-N)	/		温度30-35℃ Temperature 30-35℃ pH7.0 时间24 h pH7.0 Time 24 h 转速150 r/min Shake speed at 150 r/min	[86]
制药厂原水 Raw water of pharmaceutical factory	JR1	不动杆菌Acinetobacter	98.5(NH₄⁺-N)	/		温度30℃ Temperature 30℃ pH4.5 时间24 h pH4.5 Time 24 h C/N 16 Carbon-nitrogen ratio at 16	[87]

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5 研究展望

堆肥过程中产生的异味气体不仅使堆肥过程面临巨大的空气污染问题,还严重影响环境质量、危害人畜健康。近年来,堆肥过程中异味气体的生物处理法主要从原位和异位两个方面进行控制。从原位除臭的角度分析,通过控制堆肥温度、水分、pH、C/N、通风量等减少异味气体产生方面已有大量研究,但关于有机质转化、微生物群落变化与异味气体产生规律的研究相对较少;虽然筛选出不少除臭微生物菌株,但一种微生物菌株难以同时去除多种异味气体,而复合微生物菌剂对异味气体去除效率却相对较低。从异位除臭的角度分析,现如今堆肥过程中异味气体成分复杂,不同异位除臭技术均存在其优缺点,有其适用条件。因此,未来堆肥中异味气体研究方向应该包含：

（1）进一步研究有机质转化、微生物群落变化与异味气体产生的规律,从而在堆肥升温期和高温期尽可能地降低异味气体的产生量;

（2）筛选出与各种臭气成分相对应的除臭菌,并探明其除臭机理;

（3）重点研发复合除臭菌剂,并优化添加条件与复合比例,以达到最优的除臭效果。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
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[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2006.

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JIAN B

. Studies on the characteristics of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide volatilization during composting of pig manure and screening of deodorizing microorganisms
[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2006. (in Chinese)

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许修宏, 赵晓雨, 李洪涛, 徐杰. 牛粪堆肥中氮素转化关键菌群的动态变化影响
东北农业大学学报, 2015,46(8):26-31.

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XU X

, ZHAO X

, LI H

, XU

. Dynamic variation of key nitrogen transformation microflora in cow manure compost
Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2015,46(8):26-31. (in Chinese)

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[12]

廖黎明, 赵力剑, 卢宇翔, 陈孟林, 宿程远. 固体废弃物堆肥过程中氮素转化及损失控制策略研究
环境工程, 2019,37(2):133-137.

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LIAO L

, ZHAO L

, LU Y

, CHEN M

, SU C

. Nitrogen trans formation and loss control strategy during composting of municipal solid wastes
Environmental Engineering, 2019,37(2):133-137. (in Chinese)

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[13]

刘璐, 陈同斌, 郑国砥, 高定, 陈俊, 张军, 林海, 黄卓. 污泥堆肥厂臭气的产生和处理技术研究进展
中国给水排水, 2010,26(13):120-124.

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LIU

, CHEN T

, ZHENG G

, GAO

, CHEN

, ZHANG

, LIN

, HUANG

. Odor production and treatment technologies in sewage sludge composting plant
China Water & Wastewater, 2010,26(13):120-124. (in Chinese)

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[14]

于海娇. 猪粪堆肥化处理中硫化氢释放规律及处理工艺研究
[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳建筑大学, 2015.

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YU H

. Research on H₂S release rule and treatment technology in pig manure composting
[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Jianzhu University, 2015. (in Chinese)

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[15]

朱娟娟, 刘永德, 赵继红. 污泥堆肥过程中臭气的控制
中国资源综合利用, 2014,32(3):43-44.

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ZHU J

, LIU Y

, ZHAO J

. Discussion on controlling odor during sludge composting
China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2014,32(3):43-44. (in Chinese)

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[16]

杜颖, 田野, 刘善江, 孙昊. 堆肥与有机肥料中硫含量检测方法研究
湖北农业科学, 2018,57(15):84-87.

[本文引用: 1]

, TIAN

, LIU S

, SUN

. Study on the determination of sulfur in composts and organic fertilizers
Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2018,57(15):84-87. (in Chinese)

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[17]

MUSTAFA M

, LIU Y

, DUAN Z

, GUO H

, XU

, WANG H

, LU W

. Volatile compounds emission and health risk assessment during composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017,327:35-43.

DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.046 URLPMID:28038430 [本文引用: 1]

Degradation of mechanically sorted organic fraction (MSOF) of municipal solid waste in composting facilities is among the major contributors of volatile compounds (VCs) generation and emission, causes nuisance problems and health risks on site as well as in the vicinages. The aim of current study was to determine the seasonal (summer and winter) variation and human health risk assessment of VCs in the ambient air of different processing units in MSOF at composting plant in China. Average concentration of VCs was 58.50 and 138.03mg/m(3) in summer and winter respectively. Oxygenated compounds were found to be the highest concentration (46.78-91.89mg/m(3)) with ethyl alcohol as the major specie (43.90-85.31mg/m(3)) in the two seasons respectively. Nevertheless, individual non-carcinogenic (Hazard relation i.e HR<1) and carcinogenic risk (CR<1.0E-04) of the quantified VCs were within acceptable limit except naphthalene at biofilter unit. In addition, cumulative non-carcinogenic risk exceeded from the threshold limit both in summers and winters in all units except at biofilter unit during winter. Furthermore cumulative carcinogenic risk also exceeded at same unit during the summer season. Therefore special attention should be made to minimize cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk as people are well exposed to mixture of compounds, not to individual.

[18]

NIE

, ZHENG G

, SHAO Z

, YANG

, CHEN T

. Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds produced during municipal solid waste composting
Waste Management, 2018,79:188-195.

DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.024 URLPMID:30343745 [本文引用: 1]

Municipal solid waste degradation during composting generates volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can pose health risks the staff at the composting site and people living nearby. This problem restricts the widespread application of composting techniques. The characteristics of VOCs emitted from different units at a composting plant and the health risks posed were investigated in this study. A total of 44 VOCs (including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, halogenated compounds, oxygenated compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds) were identified and quantified. The highest VOC concentration (15484.1+/-785.3microg/m(3)) was found in primary fermentation, followed by the tipping unit (10302.1+/-1334.8microg/m(3)), composting product (4693.6+/-1024.3microg/m(3)), secondary fermentation (929.9+/-105.2microg/m(3)), and plant boundary (370.4+/-75.8microg/m(3)). The mean VOC concentration was 6356.0microg/m(3). The main compounds emitted during primary fermentation were oxygenated and those emitted from the tipping unit were alkenes. Health risk assessments indicate that VOCs did not pose unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks i.e., the HR values were <1 and carcinogenic risks (CR) values were <1.0x10(-4). These results indicate that VOC emissions do not pose health risks to the staff at the composting site or to people living nearby. However, the cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks posed by the VOC mixture were high, especially for the primary fermentation unit emissions. Therefore, protecting the staff working near the primary fermentation unit should be a priority. Measures should be taken to minimize cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks because people are exposed to a mixture of VOCs mixture rather than to a single type of VOC.

[19]

RINCóN C

, GUARDIA A

, COUVERT

, ROUX S

, SOUTREL

, DAUMOIN

, BENOIST J

. Chemical and odor characterization of gas emissions released during composting of solid wastes and digestates
Journal of Environmental Management, 2019,233:39-53.

DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.009 URLPMID:30554023 [本文引用: 1]

Hazardous and odorous gas emissions from composting and methanization plants are an issue of public concern. Odor and chemical monitoring are thus critical steps in providing suitable strategies for air pollution control at waste treatment units. In this study, 141 gas samples were extensively analyzed to characterize the odor and chemical emissions released upon the aerobic treatment of 10 raw substrates and five digestates. For this purpose, agricultural wastes, biowastes, green wastes, sewage sludge, and municipal solid waste (MSW) were composted in 300L pilots under forced aeration. Gas exhausts were evaluated through dynamic olfactometry and analytical methods (i.e., GC/MS) to determine their odor concentration (OC in OUE m(-3)) and chemical composition. A total of 60 chemical compounds belonging to 9 chemical families were identified and quantified. Terpenes, oxygenated compounds, and ammonia exhibited the largest cumulative mass emission. Odor emission rates (OUE h(-1)) were computed based on OC measurements and related to the initial amount of organic matter composted and the process time to provide odor emission factors (OEFs in OUE g(-1)OM0). The composting process of solid wastes accounted for OEFs ranging from 65 to 3089 OUE g(-1)OM0, whereas digestates composting showed a lower odor emission potential with OEF fluctuating from 8.6 to 30.5 OUE g(-1)OM0. Moreover, chemical concentrations of single compounds were weighted with their corresponding odor detection thresholds (ODTs) to yield odor activities values (OAVs) and odor contribution (POi, %). Volatile sulfur compounds were the main odorants (POi=54-99%) regardless of the operational composting conditions or substrate treated. Notably, methanethiol was the leading odorant for 73% of the composting experiments.

[20]

尚斌, 周谈龙, 董红敏, 陶秀萍, 李路路, 刘杨. 生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥排放臭气效果的中试
农业工程学报, 2017,33(11):226-232.

URL [本文引用: 1]

为研究生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥发酵处理过程产生臭气以及挥发性有机物（volatile organic compounds，VOCs）的可行性，开展了死猪和猪粪混合堆肥试验，分析了死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度特性和VOCs组分特征，对生物过滤法去除臭气中VOCs的工艺关键参数-停留时间进行优化试验。死猪堆肥过程中排放VOCs种类达37种，其中主要致臭组分为三甲胺、二甲基硫、二甲基二硫、二甲基三硫；以腐熟猪粪堆肥作为滤料（添加3%活性污泥），在停留时间为30～100 s的条件下，生物过滤法对死猪堆肥排放臭气去除率达90%以上；停留时间60～100 s的条件下对VOCs中主要致臭组分的去除效率达82.2%～100%，生物过滤法去除死猪堆肥过程臭气浓度和VOCs的优化停留时间为60 s。研究结果能为死猪堆肥发酵过程排放臭气的处理和控制技术进一步研发提供科学依据。

SHANG

, ZHOU T

, DONG H

, TAO X

, LI L

, LIU

. Pilot scale test on removal effect of odor from pig manure and carcass composting by biofiltration
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(11):226-232. (in Chinese)

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赵占楠, 赵继红, 马闯, 魏明宝, 张宏忠, 叶长明. 污泥堆肥过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的研究进展
大气污染防治, 2014,32(11):93-97.

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ZHAO Z

, ZHAO J

, MA

, WEI M

, ZHANG H

, YE C

. Research progress of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) generated in sewage composting
Air Pollution Control, 2014,32(11):93-97. (in Chinese)

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[22]

李明峰, 马闯, 赵继红, 刘桓嘉, 张蔓. 污泥堆肥臭气的产生特征及防控措施
环境工程, 2014,32(1):92-96.

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LI M

, MA

, ZHAO J

, LIU H

, ZHANG

. Odor in the progress of sewage sludge composting: production, characteristics, prevention and control strategies
Environmental Engineering, 2014,32(1):92-96. (in Chinese)

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[23]

KOMILIS D

, HAM R

, PARK J

. Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes
Water Research, 2004,38(7):1707-1714.

URLPMID:15026225 [本文引用: 1]

[24]

HAN Z

, QI

, WANG

, LI R

, SUN D

. Odor assessment of NH₃ and volatile sulfide compounds in a full-scale municipal sludge aerobic composting plant
Bioresource Technology, 2019,282:447-455.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.062 URLPMID:30889536 [本文引用: 1]

Methods for assessing odors in municipal sewage sludge aerobic composting plants (MSSACPs) have been ineffective. This study identified the emission amount of typical odor-producing compounds, including NH3 and volatile sulfide compounds from a full-scale MSSACP, and evaluated risks of odor emissions based on odor intensity and odor active value. Results revealed all sampling sites (i.e. sludge stacking yard, composting workshop, and screening workshop) produced serious odors, especially in the composting workshop. In the composting workshop, the amounts of DMDS (174.59mug.dry kg(-1)) and DMS (71.64mug.dry kg(-1)) emitted were far lower than that of NH3 (6062.56mug.dry kg(-1)). However, DMDS and DMS showed a similar intensity as NH3 according to odor intensity assessment. Furthermore, both of their odor active values were higher than that of NH3. Using results from both odor intensity and odor active value were more reliable for the assessment of odors from MSSACPs.

[25]

GONZáLEZ

, COLóN

, SáNCHEZ

, GABRIEL

. A systematic study on the VOCs characterization and odour emissions in a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019,373:733-740.

DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.131 URLPMID:30959287 [本文引用: 1]

Sewage sludge management is known to cause odour impact over the environment. However, an information gap exists about odour emissions quantification from different treatment strategies. In the present work, odorous emissions generated in a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant were characterized, aiming at providing specific odour emission factors (OEF) and to determine their variability depending on the composting time. Additionally, characterization of VOCs emitted during the process was conducted through TD-GC/MS analyses. Odour emission and VOCs characterization considered both (1) a first stage where a raw sludge and vegetal fraction mixture were actively composted in dynamic windrows and (2) a second curing stage in static piles. After increasing the composting time, a reduction of 40% of the maximum odour concentration referred to the dynamic windrow stage was estimated, whereas a reduction of 89% of the maximum odour concentration was achieved after turning of curing piles. However, global OEF increased from 4.42E + 06 to 5.97E + 06 ou.Mg(-1) RS - VF when the composting time increased. Finally, different VOCs such as isovaleraldehyde, indole, skatole, butyric acid, dimethyl sulphide and dimethyl disulphide were identified as main potential odour contributors. Results obtained are a valuable resource for plant management to choose an appropriate sewage sludge composting strategy to mitigate odour emissions.

[26]

KUMAR

, ALAIMO C

, HOROWITZ

, MITLOEHNER F

, KLEEMAN M

, GREEN P

. Volatile organic compound emissions from green waste composting: Characterization and ozone formation
Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(10):1841-1848.

DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.014 URL [本文引用: 1]

Composting of green waste separated from the disposed solid waste stream reduces biodegradable inputs into landfills, and contributes valuable soil amendments to agriculture. Agencies in regions with severe air quality challenges, such as California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV), have raised concerns about gases emitted during the composting process, which are suspected to contribute to persistent high levels of ground-level ozone formation. The goal of the current study is to thoroughly characterize volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from green waste compost piles of different ages (fresh tipped piles, 3-6 day old windrows, and 2-3 week old windrows). Multiple sampling and analytical approaches were applied to ensure the detection of most gaseous organic components emitted. More than 100 VOCs were detected and quantified in this study, including aliphatic alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, biogenic organics, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, furans, acids, esters, ether, halogenated hydrocarbons and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). Alcohols were found to be the dominating VOC in the emissions from a compost pile regardless of age, with fluxes ranging from 2.6 to 13.0 mg m(-2) min(-1) with the highest emissions coming from the younger composting windrows (3-6 days). Average VOC emissions other than alcohols were determined to be 2.3 mg m(-2) min(-1) from younger windows, which was roughly two times higher than either the fresh tipping pile (1.2 mg m(-2) min(-1)) or the older windrows (1.4 mg m(-2) min(-1)). It was also observed that the older windrows emit a slightly larger proportion of more reactive compounds. Approximately 90% of the total VOCs were found to have maximum incremental reactivity of less than 2. Net ozone formation potential of the emissions was also assessed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

[27]

EITZER B

. Emissions of volatile organic chemicals from municipal solid waste composting facilities
Environmental Science & Technology, 1995,29(4):896-902.

URLPMID:22176396 [本文引用: 2]

[28]

CONDE

, ALBA

, LOPEZ

. Removal of complex mixtures of VOC (thinner) from waste air and establishment of the evolution of microbial consortium during biofiltration process
Advances in Air Pollution, 2001,10:355-364.

[本文引用: 1]

[29]

KULIKOWSKA

. Kinetics of organic matter removal and humification progress during sewage sludge composting
Waste Management, 2016,49:196-203.

DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.005 URLPMID:26783099 [本文引用: 1]

This study investigated the kinetics of organic matter (OM) removal and humification during composting of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic waste (wood chips, wheat straw, leaves) in an aerated bioreactor. Both OM degradation and humification (humic substances, HS, and humic acids, HA formation) proceeded according to 1. order kinetics. The rate constant of OM degradation was 0.196 d(-1), and the rate of OM degradation was 39.4 mg/g OM d. The kinetic constants of HS and HA formation were 0.044 d(-1) and 0.045 d(-1), whereas the rates of HS and HA formation were 3.46 mg C/g OM d and 3.24 mg C/g OM d, respectively. The concentration profiles of HS and HA indicated that humification occurred most intensively during the first 3 months of composting. The high content of HS (182 mg C/g OM) in the final product indicated that the compost could be used in soil remediation as a source of HS for treating soils highly contaminated with heavy metals.

[30]

AWASTHI M

, DUAN

, AWASTHI S

, LIU

, ZHANG Z

. Effect of biochar and bacterial inoculum additions on cow dung composting
Bioresource Technology, 2020, 297:122407.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122407 URLPMID:31776104 [本文引用: 1]

The present study evaluates the effectiveness of different types of biochar additives and bacterial inoculation on gaseous emission, nutrient preservation, and relevant functional bacterial community during cow manure composting. The result revealed that biochar and bacterial consortium inoculation effectively inhibited gaseous emission and improved carbon and nitrogen sequestration, remarkably enriching the abundance of the functional bacteria community. Notably, superior efficacy was found in 12% wheat straw biochar and bacterial consortium amendment composting of T6 with the lowest cumulative CO2-C and NH3-N (308.02 g and 12.71 g, respectively), minimal total C and N losses, and the highest bacterial population. Additionally, gaseous emission exhibited a strong correlation between physicochemical properties with intersection of 66.78% and a unique substrate utilizing bacterial communities. Consequently, the integrated application of biochar and bacterial consortium inoculation was suggested as an efficient method to adjust microbial activity and facilitate cellulose-rich waste degradation, enabling efficient management of organic waste from cow manure and wheat straw by composting.

[31]

LIU

, XU X

, LI H

, XU

. Effect of microbiological inocula on chemical and physical properties and microbial community of cow manure compost
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011,35(8):3433-3439.

DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.042 URL [本文引用: 1]

[32]

KOYAMA

, NAGAO

, SYUKRI

, RAHIM A

, KAMARUDIN M

, TODA

, MITSUHASHI

, NAKASAKI

. Effect of temperature on thermophilic composting of aquaculture sludge: NH₃ recovery, nitrogen mass balance, and microbial community dynamics
Bioresource Technology, 2018,265:207-213.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.109 URLPMID:29902653 [本文引用: 1]

Development of thermophilic composting for maximizing NH3 gas recovery would enable the production of a nitrogen source which is free from pathogen/heavy metal, for the cultivation of high-value microalgae. The present study examined the effect of NH3 recovery, nitrogen mass balance, and microbial community dynamics on thermophilic composting of shrimp aquaculture sludge. The emission of NH3 gas at 60 and 70 degrees C was 14.7% and 15.6%, respectively, which was higher than that at 50 degrees C (9.0%). The nitrogen mass balance analysis revealed that higher temperatures enhanced the solubilization of non-dissolved nitrogen and liberation of NH3 gas from the produced NH4(+)-N. High-throughput microbial community analysis revealed the shift of the dominant bacterial group from Bacillus to Geobacillus with the rise of composting temperature. In conclusion, thermophilic composting of shrimp aquaculture sludge at 60-70 degrees C was the most favorable condition for enhancing NH3 gas recovery.

[33]

周黎明. 畜禽规模养殖粪污的处理与利用
畜牧兽医杂志, 2016,35(4):34-38.

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ZHOU L

. Processing and utilization of the waste in the scale breeding of livestock and poultry
Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2016,35(4):34-38. (in Chinese)

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[34]

张晓华, 高帅, 段洪峰, 文立华, 戴求仲, 燕海峰. 中小规模奶牛场粪污处理与利用方案
家畜生态学报, 2019,40(1):54-59.

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ZHANG X

, GAO

, DUAN H

, WEN L

, DAI Q

, YAN H

. Waste treatment and utilization in small and medium-sized dairy farm
Acta Ecologiae Animals Domastici, 2019,40(1):54-59. (in Chinese)

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[35]

李群岭, 耿富卿. 好氧堆肥接种微生物的效果研究进展
作物研究, 2014,28(7):867-870.

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LI Q

, GENG F

. Effect of aerobic composting on microorganism inoculation: A review
Crop Research, 2014,28(7):867-870. (in Chinese)

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[36]

CHAN M

, SELVAM

, WONG J W

. Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during ‘struvite' food waste composting by zeolite amendment
Bioresource Technology, 2016,200:838-844.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.093 URLPMID:26590758 [本文引用: 3]

Struvite formation during composting through supplementation of Mg and P salts conserved nitrogen but in the same time increased the electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost limiting its application. Therefore the present study aimed at utilizing zeolite to control the EC under 'struvite' composting of food waste. Zeolite at 5% and 10% (dry weight basis) was supplemented to the composting mass receiving Mg and P salts and compared with treatment with Mg and P salts only and the control without any amendment. Addition of Mg and P salts effectively buffered the pH to approximately 8.0 but also increased the EC of the compost to 6.45mS/cm. Co-amendment with 10% zeolite effectively reduced the EC down to 2.82mS/cm and improved compost maturity. It also increased the adsorption of ammonium ions reducing ammonia loss to 18% resulting in higher total nitrogen content in the final compost.

[37]

SUN

, ZHU L

, XU X

, MENG Q

, MEN M

, XU B

, DENG L

. Correlation between ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and environmental factors during cattle manure composting
Revista Argentins de Microbiología, 2019,51(4):371-380.

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黄丹丹. 猪场沼液贮存中的气体排放研究
[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2013.

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HUANG D

. Study on gas emission from piggery digested slurry
[D]. Hanzhuo: Zhejiang University, 2013. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[39]

LIU

, KONG H

, LU B

, WANG J

, XIE

, FANG

. The use of concentrated monosodium glutamate wastewater as a conditioning agent for adjusting acidity and minimizing ammonia volatilization in livestock manure composting
Journal of Environmental Management, 2015,161:131-136.

DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.029 URLPMID:26164271 [本文引用: 1]

In this study, concentrated monosodium glutamate waste (CMGW) was proposed as a conditioning agent to adjust acidity and decrease ammonia (NH3) volatilization in thermophilic aerobic composting based on two incubation experiments. The results showed that with the addition of CMGW, NH3 volatilization of compost mixture under high temperature phase decreased significantly and pH met the current national standard within 5.5-8.5. When CMGW dosage increased to 2% (v/w), the decrease in NH3 volatilization was as high as 78.9%. This effect was enhanced by repeated application of CMGW. Furthermore, although the electrical conductivity increased with the application of CMGW, both the germination index and the microbial respiration of compost mixture implied that CMGW had no negative effects on the maturity of compost, instead, a comprehensive maturity might be accelerated. It was concluded that CMGW was an optional conditioning agent for thermophilic aerobic composting of livestock manure in regards to adjusting acidity and preventing nitrogen loss from NH3 volatilization.

[40]

问鑫, 高凤仙. 堆肥技术在处理死畜禽上的应用
湖南饲料, 2018(1):24-28.

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WEN

, GAO F

. Application of composting technology in dead livestock and poultry treatment
Hunan Feed, 2018(1):24-28. (in Chinese)

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张鹤, 李孟婵, 杨慧珍, 王友玲, 路永莉, 张春红, 邱慧珍. 不同碳氮比对牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟过程的影响
甘肃农业大学学报, 2019,54(1):60-67.

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ZHANG

, LI M

, YANG H

, WANG Y

, LU Y

, ZHANG C

, QIU H

. Effect of different carbon and nitrogen ratio on decayed process of aerobic composting of cow dung
Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2019,54(1):60-67. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[42]

ZHANG

, SUN X

. Changes in physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage co-composting of green waste with spent mushroom compost and biochar
Bioresource Technology, 2014,171:274-284.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.079 URL [本文引用: 1]

This research determined whether the two-stage co-composting can be used to convert green waste (GW) into a useful compost. The GW was co-composted with spent mushroom compost (SMC) (at 0%, 35%, and 55%) and biochar (BC) (at 0%, 20%, and 30%). The combined addition of SMC and BC greatly increased the nutrient contents of the compost product and also improved the compost quality in terms of composting temperature, particle-size distribution, free air space, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen transformation, organic matter degradation, humification, element contents, abundance of aerobic heterotrophs, dehydrogenase activity, and toxicity to germinating seeds. The addition of 35% SMC and 20% BC to GW (dry weight % of initial GW) and the two-stage co-composting technology resulted in the production of the highest quality compost product in only 24 days rather than the 90-270 days required with traditional composting. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

[43]

田野, 刘善江, 陈益山. 不同水分和物料配比条件下堆肥氨气排放量研究
中国土壤与肥料, 2019(5):127-134.

[本文引用: 1]

TIAN

, LIU S

, CHEN Y

. Study on ammonia emission from composting under different moisture and material ratios
Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2019(5):127-134. (in Chinese).

[本文引用: 1]

[44]

PETRIC

, HELI?

, AVDI?

. Evolution of process parameters and determination of kinetics for co-composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste with poultry manure
Bioresource Technology, 2012, 117:107-116.

DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.046 URLPMID:22609720 [本文引用: 2]

This study aimed to monitor the process parameters and to determine kinetics in composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and poultry manure. The experiments were carried out with three different mixtures. The results showed that the mixture 60% OFMSW, 20% poultry manure, 10% mature compost and 10% sawdust provided the most appropriate conditions for composting process. Using nine kinetic models and nonlinear regression method, kinetic parameters were estimated and the models were analyzed with four statistical indicators. Kinetic models with four measured variables proved to be better than models with less number of measured variables. The number of measured experimental variables influences kinetics more than the number of kinetic parameters. Satisfactory fittings of proposed kinetic model to the experimental data of OM were achieved. The model is more suitable for data obtained from composting of mixtures with much higher percentage of OFMSW than percentage of poultry manure.

[45]

ZHANG H

, LI G

, GU

, WANG G

, LI Y

, ZHANG D

. Influence of aeration on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and NH₃ emissions during aerobic composting of kitchen waste
Waste Management, 2016,58:369-375.

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[46]

沈玉君, 孟海波, 张朋月, 赵立欣, 周海宾, 侯月卿. 猪粪堆肥挥发性有机物的产生规律与影响因素
农业工程学报, 2017,33(5):211-216.

URL [本文引用: 1]

堆肥是畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径，然而堆肥过程中极易产生挥发性有机物（VOCs，volatile organic compounds），引发恶臭问题，并对人体健康带来危害。该研究以猪粪和秸秆为原料，通过堆肥试验，研究了含水率、碳氮比和通风速率等工艺参数对猪粪堆肥过程中主要VOCs产生的影响。研究结果表明：堆肥过程中TVOCs的最高体积分数可达2 000×10-6以上，主要在堆肥升温期产生。二甲二硫、二甲三硫是主要的致臭VOCs，其中，影响二甲二硫排放的主要因素为物料初始含水率，影响二甲三硫排放的主要因素为通风速率。极差及方差分析结果表明，堆肥过程中采用含水率65%，碳氮比30，通风速率0.1 m3/(min·m3)可以有效控制VOCs的排放。

SHEN Y

, MENG H

, ZHANG P

, ZHAO L

, ZHOU H

, HOU Y

. Generation law and influencing factors of volatile organic compounds during pig manure composting
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(5):211-216. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]

覃俊达. 微生物特性对农业废物堆肥腐殖化的影响研究
农业科技与信息, 2016,35:106-108, 111.

[本文引用: 4]

QIN J

. Effects of Microbial characteristics on humification of agricultural waste composting
Agricultural Science-technology and Information, 2016(35):106-108, 111. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 4]

[48]

任甜甜, 陈静, 刘乃芝, 徐辉, 蒋正民, 石玉青. 猪粪好氧堆肥技术研究进展
广东饲料, 2015,24(2):44-47.

[本文引用: 3]

REN T

, CHEN

, LIU N

, XU

, JIANG Z

, SHI Y

. Aerobic composting technology of pig manure: A review
Guangdong feed, 2015,24(2):44-47. (in Chinese)

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[49]

KOYAMA

, NAGAO

, SYUKRI

, RAHIM A

, TODA

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, NAKASAKI

. Ammonia recovery and microbial community succession during thermophilic composting of shrimp pond sludge at different sludge properties
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020,251:119718.

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[50]

朱新梦, 董雯怡, 王洪媛, 严昌荣, 刘宏斌, 刘恩科. 牛粪堆肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放的影响
农业工程学报, 2017,33(10):258-264.

URL [本文引用: 1]

为明确堆肥过程中温室气体和氨气排放规律以及产生的总温室效应，在云南省大理州开展堆肥试验，并以奶牛粪便为试验材料，研究了农民堆肥（FC）、覆盖堆肥（CC）、覆盖-翻堆堆肥（CTC）和覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥（CATC）4种堆肥方式对温室气体和氨气排放的影响。结果表明：覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥（CATC）可提高堆肥腐熟度，有效降低CH4和N2O排放，但并没降低CO2和NH3排放；与农民堆肥（FC）相比，覆盖堆肥（CC）的CH4排放量增加了48.7%，而N2O和NH3排放量与农民堆肥（FC）基本一致；覆盖-翻堆堆肥（CTC）虽然提高了腐熟度，但CH4、CO2和NH3排放量较大；堆肥结束时，4个处理的总温室效应分别为25.6、32.9、38.1及18.0 kg/t；温度与CH4、CO2、N2O和NH3排放速率均极显著相关，pH值显著影响N2O和NH3的排放。因此，覆盖通风-翻堆堆肥（CATC）不仅能够满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求，而且能够减少总温室效应，再加上其操作简便，能够在生产中推广应用。

ZHU X

, DONG W

, WANG H

, YAN C

, LIU H

, LIU E

. Effects of cattle manure composting methods on greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(10):258-264. (in Chinese)

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YANG

, LI

, HAN Y

, QIAN W

, LI G

, LUO W

. Performance of mature compost to control gaseous emissions in kitchen waste composting
Science of the Total Environment, 2019,657:262-269.

URLPMID:30543975 [本文引用: 1]

[52]

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, WANG Y

, XIAO J

, WANG

. Composting process and odor emission varied in windrow and trough composting system under different air humidity conditions
Bioresource Technology, 2020,297:122482.

URLPMID:31812913 [本文引用: 1]

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ONWOSI C

, IGBOKWE V

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, IROH I

, EZEOGU L

. Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects
Journal of Environmental Management, 2017,190:140-157.

DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.051 URLPMID:28040590 [本文引用: 1]

Composting technology has become invaluable in stabilization of municipal waste due to its environmental compatibility. In this review, different types of composting methods reportedly applied in waste management were explored. Further to that, the major factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, moisture, particle size that have been considered relevant in the monitoring of the composting process were elucidated. Relevant strategies to improve and optimize process effectiveness were also addressed. However, during composting, some challenges such as leachate generation, gas emission and lack of uniformity in assessing maturity indices are imminent. Here in, these challenges were properly addressed and some strategies towards ameliorating them were proffered. Finally, we highlighted some recent technologies that could improve composting.

[54]

王亚飞, 李梦婵, 邱慧珍, 张文明, 张春红, 李亚娟. 不同畜禽粪便堆肥的微生物数量和养分含量的变化
甘肃农业大学学报, 2017,52(3):37-45.

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WANG Y

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, QIU H

, ZHANG W

, ZHANG C

, LI Y

. Changes of microbial quantity and nutrient content in different composting of livestock manure
Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2017,52(3):37-45. (in Chinese)

[本文引用: 2]

[55]

万合锋, 武玉祥, 聂飞, 杨广明, 黄振兴. 农业废物堆肥化处理技术控制简述
浙江农业科学, 2019,60(3):523-527.

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WAN H

, WU Y

, NIE

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, HUANG Z

. Technical control of composting treatment of agricultural waste
Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2019,60(3):523-527. (in Chinese)

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[56]

ZHU L

, ZHAO

, ZHANG W

, ZHOU H

, CHEN X

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, WEI Z

. Roles of bacterial community in the transformation of organic nitrogen toward enhanced bioavailability during composting with different wastes
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张昊, 陈芳, 申杰, 皮劲松. 畜禽粪便堆肥产臭与生物除臭的研究进展
家畜生态学报, 2018,39(1):84-89.

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ZHANG

, CHEN

, SHEN

, PI J

. Research progress on odor emission in composting of livestock and poultry manure and biological deodorization
Acta Ecologiae Animals Domastici, 2018,39(1):84-89. (in Chinese)

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[58]

WANG

, BI L

, LIAO Y

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, ZHANG H

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刘标, 尹红梅, 刘惠知. 病死猪堆肥降氨除臭微生物的筛选与鉴定
科学技术与工程, 2018,18(34):248-252.

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LIU

, YIN H

, LIU H

. Screening and identification of deodorant microorganism for dead-pig composting
Science Technology and Engineering, 2018,18(34):248-252. (in Chinese)

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[60]

于洪久, 郭炜, 王大蔚, 李玉梅, 刘杰, 边道林. 微生物菌剂对堆肥过程中氨挥发的影响
黑龙江八一农垦大学学报, 2016,28(1):73-75, 83.

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YU H

, GUO

, WANG D

, LI Y

, LIU

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. Effects of microorganism agent on ammonia volatilization during manures composting
Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, 2016,28(1):73-75, 83. (in Chinese)

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[61]

张生伟, 黄旺洲, 姚拓, 杨巧丽, 王鹏飞, 李生贵, 闫尊强, 滚双宝. 高效微生物除臭剂在畜禽粪便堆制中的应用效果及其除臭机理研究
草业学报, 2016,25(9):142-151.

DOI:10.11686/cyxb2015388 URL [本文引用: 1]

To explore a new method of controlling environment pollution from malodorous gas produced by livestock manure, several previously isolated efficient deodorizing and cellulose-decomposing microbes strains were grouped optimally as a compound microbial deodorizer; their effects on odor and compost characteristics during livestock manure composting were assessed. The dynamic changes and emissions of nitrogen and sulfur were analyzed during composting to explore the deodorizing mechanisms of the compound mix. The results showed that the compound microbial mix had outstanding deodorization capability with increased removal rates of NH₃ and H₂S to 70% and 60% respectively in the first 20 days, reduced pH, moisture content and carbon-nitrogen ratio, rapidly improved stack temperature and extended high temperature period of compost. Stack temperature of pig manure and chicken manure reached the highest value after 25 and 20 days respectively and the period above 50 ℃ was maintained for 15 and 20 days, respectively. At the end of composting microbial deodorization reduced 25.84% and 28.65% N-loss of swine and chicken manure respectively and significantly increased (P<0.05) total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) in composts compared with natural composts. The microbial deodorizer promoted sulfur transformation into inorganic sulfur (SO₄^2-) and significantly increased (P<0.05) the SO₄^2-content. These results suggested that microbial deodorizers were able to efficiently reduce odor, reduce nutrient losses and accelerated compost maturity of livestock manure, as well as help amelioration environmental pollution.

ZHANG S

, HUANG W

, YAO

, YANG Q

, WANG P

, LI S

, YAN Z

, GUN S

. Effects of efficient microbial deodorizer in livestock manure composting and its deodorizing mechanism
Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2016,25(9):142-151. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11686/cyxb2015388 URL [本文引用: 1]

范建华, 李尚民, 吴兆林, 储卫华, 金波, 顾华兵, 彭兵, 窦新红. 嗜热除臭型发酵菌剂筛选及其在鸡粪堆肥发酵中的应用
中国家禽, 2018,40(18):36-39.

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FAN J

, LI S

, WU Z

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, JIN

, GU H

, PENG

, DOU X

. Selection of heat resistant and deodorant fermentation agents and its application in composting of chicken manure
China Poultry, 2018,40(18):36-39. (in Chinese)

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[63]

RENE E

, SERGIENKO

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Bioresource Technology, 2018,248(B):28-35.

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DAS

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LIU

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MUDLIAR

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The goal of this study was to investigate the optimal pH and temperature allowing enhanced nitrification in communities of nitrifying bacteria in full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Although maximum nitrification of activated sludge in WWTPs was achieved using similar optimal conditions, nitrification performance was uniquely influenced by simultaneous variations in temperature and pH. These results led to development of different model equations predicting the combined effects of temperature and pH on nitrification rates at WWTPs, reflecting the propensity of nitrifying bacterial communities to flourish under different conditions. Different end products of nitrification resulted not only from certain factors such as pH and temperature, but from differences in proportions of nitrifying bacteria among total bacteria. Therefore, proper adjustment of optimal pH and temperature in nitrifying bacteria communities can provide an implementable approach to improve nitrification performance of WWTPs, incorporating those specific conditions shown to favor the acclimatization of certain nitrifying bacteria. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V.

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卢云黎, 谢卫民, 钱宝. 几种常见除臭微生物的应用
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In the work described here, a biotrickling filter with Thiobacillus thioparus (ATCC 23645) immobilized on polyurethane foam is proposed for the removal of hydrogen sulfide contained in air. The effect of surface velocity of the recirculation medium (5.9-1.2 m/h), sulfate concentration inhibition (3.0-10.7 g/L), pH (6.0-8.2), empty bed residence time (EBRT) (150-11 s) for constant loads of 11.5 and 2.9 g S/m(3)/h, and pressure drop of the system were investigated. The total amount of biomass immobilized on the carrier was 8.2+/-1.3x10(10) cells/g. The optimal values of the operating variables were: pH between 7.0 and 7.5, surface velocity of 5.9 m/h and sulfate concentration below 5 g/L. The critical EC value was 14.9 g S/m(3)/h (removal efficiency of 99.8%) and the EC(max) was 55.0 g S/m(3)/h (removal efficiency of 79.8%) for an EBRT of 150 s. For loads of 2.89+/-0.05 and 11.5+/-0.1 g S/m(3)/h, the removal efficiency was higher than 99% for an EBRT over 90 s.

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CHO K

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Biological deodorization of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was studied using porous lava as a carrier of Thiobacillus thiooxidans in a laboratory-scale biofilter. Three different samples of porous lava, A, B, and C, which were obtained from Cheju Island in Korea, were used. The water-holding capacities of samples A, B and C were 0.38, 0.25, and 0.47 g-H2O/g-lava, respectively. The pHs and densities of the lava samples ranged from 8.25-9.24 and 920-1190 kg/m3, respectively. The buffering capacities, expressed as the amount of sulfate added to lower the pH to 4, were 60 g-SO4(2-)/kg-lava for sample A, 50 g-SO4(2-)/kg-lava for B, and 90 g-SO4(2-)/kg-lava for C. To investigate the removal characteristics of H2S by the lava biofilters, T. thiooxidans was immobilized on the lava samples. Biofilters A and C showed a removal capacity of 428 g-S.m(-3).h(-1) when H2S was supplied with 428 g-S.m(-3).h(-1) of inlet load at a space velocity (SV) of 300 h(-1). At the same inlet load and SV, the removal capacity of biofilter B was 396 g-S.m(-3).h(-1). The H2S critical loads of biofilters A, B and C at a SV of 400 h(-1) were 396, 157 and 342 g-S.m(-3).h(-1), respectively. It is suggested that natural, porous lava is a promising candidate as a carrier of microorganisms in biofiltration.

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屈艳芬, 叶锦韶, 尹华. 生物过滤法处理城市污水处理厂臭气
生态科学, 2005,24(1):18-20.

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Biofiltration removal of odor emitted from grit-water separator in a municipal sewage plant was studied. The height and volume of biofilter media were 1.5m and 55 m³ respectively, and the volume of odor gas to be treated was 12 000 m³·h^-1. The 120d observation showed that the initial concentration of H₂S and NH₃ was 1.96~4.63 mg·m^-3, 2.21~5.68 mg·m^-3. After treatment, the concentration was reduced to 0.03~0.97 mg·m^-3 for H₂S and under 0.46 mg·m^-3 for NH₃. The removal ratio of H₂S exceeded 80%, and the concentration of NH₃ in outflux was better than level 1 National Standard. Odor removal strains consisted of bacteria, yeast and mould, such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Acinetobacter, Thiobacillus, Saceharomyces, Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium,and Rhizopus, among which bacteria was dominant and reached 1.8~3.1×10⁸ CFU per gram dry filter media.

QU Y

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, YIN

. Removal on odor of municipal sewage by biofiltration
Ecological Science, 2005,24(1):18-20. (in Chinese)

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韩保安, 凌超, 李扬, 鲍大林, 赵鸿涛, 胡子全, 赵海泉. 猪粪除臭菌的筛选、复配以及培养条件的优化
家畜生态学报, 2017,38(12):55-61, 72.

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. Selection of pig manure deodorant, compound and optimization of culture conditions
Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2017,38(12):55-61, 72. (in Chinese)

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曾苏, 李南华, 贺琨, 胡子全. 垃圾微生物除臭剂的筛选、复配及其培养条件的优化
微生物学杂志, 2015,35(2):72-77.

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ZENG

, LI N

, HE

, HU Z

. Screening, combination of microbial deodorant for garbage & optimization of its culture conditions
Journal of Microbiology, 2015,35(2):72-77. (in Chinese)

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李海龙, 胡峻, 吴小国, 马威, 刘美玲. 除臭微生物的筛选、鉴定及其应用效果
环境科学与技术, 2016,39(S2):73-78.

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LI H

, HU

, WU X

, MA

, LIU M

. Screening, identification of deodorant microbial and its application effect
Environment Science & Technology, 2016,39(S2):73-78. (in Chinese)

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张生伟, 姚拓, 黄旺洲, 杨巧丽, 滚双宝. 猪粪高效除臭微生物菌株筛选及发酵条件优化
草业学报, 2015,24(11):38-47.

DOI:10.11686/cyxb2014513 URL [本文引用: 1]

By combining NH₃ and H₂S selective media for a first qualitative screening, and the boric acid absorption and zinc amine complex salt absorption colorimetric methods for a second quantitative screening, 5 strains which could efficiently reduce NH₃ release, and 3 strains reducing H₂S release were identified, of which a strain designated BX3 achieved emission reduction rates of NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, compared with control treatments, of 80.07%, 76.92%. An L₈(2⁷) orthogonal optimum design was employed to identify combinations of different strains with high deodorizing efficiency, and AF2+DZ1+BX3+DZ3+BZ1+EZ3+AX4 was found to be the optimal strain combination. With this combination, the emission rates of NH₃ and H₂S were significantly lower than that of other combinations. Compared with a blank control group, the emission reductions of NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, were 82.14%, 80.84% on the fifth day of the experiment. The optimal microbial combination for deodorizing activity was studied under differing fermentation conditions and the quantities of NH₃ and H₂S released were smallest with additive combinations of 10% inoculation, 30% moisture content and 10% bran addition, and 15% inoculation, 40% moisture content and 10% bran addition, respectively. The microbial strains isolated in this study have potentially broad application prospects in the fields of odor prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure.

ZHANG S

, YAO

, HUANG W

, YANG Q

, GUN S

. Optimization of fermentation conditions of swine manure and screening for efficient microbial deodorant strains
Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015,24(11):38-47. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11686/cyxb2014513 URL [本文引用: 1]

沈琦, 孙筱君, 吴逸飞, 姚晓红, 李园成, 孙宏, 王新, 汤江武. 畜禽粪污除臭微生物的筛选与鉴定
浙江农业科学, 2019,60(11):2110-2113.

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SHEN

, SUN X

, WU Y

, YAO X

, LI Y

, SUN

, WANG

, TANG J

. Screening and identification of deodorant microorganism for livestock manure
Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Science, 2019,60(11):2110-2113. (in Chinese)

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张宏才, 魏荷芬, 汪顺丽, 胡子全, 赵海泉. 鸡粪除臭菌的筛选、培养条件优化及其应用
安全与环境学报, 2017,17(1):250-255.

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ZHANG H

, WEI H

, WANG S

, HU Z

, ZHAO H

. Optimized microorganism for deodorizing the chicken manure, and the related culture conditions
Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017,17(1):250-255. (in Chinese)

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刘雪纯, 耿晓晴, 丁轲, 余祖华, 李旺, 李元晓, 何万领. 规模化猪场粪污高效脱硫菌的分离、筛选与鉴定
中国畜牧杂志, 2020,56(3):107-110.

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LIU X

, GENG X

, DING

, YU Z

, LI

, LI Y

, HE W

. Isolation, screening and identification of high efficient desulfurizing bacteria from pig manure
Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2020,56(3):107-110. (in Chinese)

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LIU Y

, HU T

, SONG Y

, CHEN H

, LV Y

. Heterotrophic nitrogen removal by Acinetobacter sp. Y1 isolated from coke plant wastewater
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2015,120(5):594-554.

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YANG J

, WANG

, CHEN

, LYU Y

. Ammonium removal characteristics of an acid-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter sp. JR1 from pharmaceutical wastewater capable of heterotrophic nitrification- aerobic denitrification
Bioresource Technology, 2019,274:56-64.

URLPMID:30500764 [本文引用: 1]