,辽宁省农业科学院高粱研究所/国家高粱改良中心,沈阳 110161New Research Progress on Sorghum Breeding and Cultivation Techniques
ZOU JianQiu,Sorghum Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shenyang 110161责任编辑: 李莉
收稿日期:2020-02-10接受日期:2020-05-10网络出版日期:2020-07-16
| 基金资助: |
Received:2020-02-10Accepted:2020-05-10Online:2020-07-16
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邹剑秋,E-mail：
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邹剑秋. 高粱育种与栽培技术研究新进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(14): 2769-2773 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.14.001
ZOU JianQiu.
高粱在中国具有非常悠久的栽培历史,形成了独特的高粱类型[1];直至20世纪七、八十年代,高粱仍是中国主粮作物,对保证粮食安全起到了重要作用。随着高粱退出主粮市场,种植面积逐渐压缩,目前,中国高粱种植面积仅有70万—80万hm2。虽然高粱已不再是主粮作物,但其在农业生产中仍是不可或缺的。高粱抗旱性好,耗水量少,水分利用率高,具有较高的比较效益,在中国东北、华北、西北干旱地区的农作物生产体系中具有不可替代的优势。高粱还具有良好的耐盐碱性,在一些其他农作物不能正常生长的地区也能正常生长。近年来,为了促进农业可持续发展,中国开始实施种植业结构调整规划,高粱以其优异的抗旱性、耐盐碱性成为种植业结构调整中重要的替代作物。
高粱产业的发展也是国民经济发展的需要。众所周知,高粱是白酒的优异原料,中国的优质白酒基本上都是以高粱为原料酿制的,茅台、五粮液、郎酒、汾酒等众多名酒的主要原料均是高粱。中国白酒的年产量约900亿升,若全部以高粱为主要原料酿制,年需高粱约1 800万t,目前,中国高粱年产量约300万t,仅为年需要量的六分之一,因此,酒用高粱市场需求强劲。
酒用高粱淀粉特性是影响酿造品质的重要指标,淀粉含量及组分与酿酒品质密切相关,是评价酒用高粱品质的重要指标[2]。在小麦[3,4]、玉米[5,6,7]、水稻[8,9,10,11,12]上的研究表明,淀粉结构也是影响品质的重要指标,高粱[13]的相关研究尚少。本期柯福来等[14]发表的“不同糯性高粱胚乳淀粉形成与积累过程的酶学调控机制及显微结构变化”以不同淀粉组成的高粱品种为研究对象,分析了不同类型高粱淀粉结构的差异,认为淀粉结构差异是不同淀粉类型高粱品质差异的主要因素,这与倪德让等[15]在红缨子上的研究结果类似。研究还认为淀粉组成差异是淀粉结构差异的主要影响因素,而淀粉组成主要受淀粉合成酶类控制,随着淀粉合成酶类控制基因的挖掘与利用[16],预示着通过生物技术手段控制淀粉结构成为可能。
高粱除了可以酿酒,还可作为饲料和能源用。尤其是近年来,国家推进粮肉转化,支持畜牧业发展,需要大量的青贮饲料和饲草。据统计,中国目前需要种植8.47×106 hm2的青贮玉米及5.35×106 hm2的优质干草才能满足畜牧业饲草的需要[17]。甜高粱和草高粱是饲草料的优质来源,大量的饲喂试验表明,使用甜高粱作青贮饲料与青贮玉米的饲喂效果相似[18,19];且甜高粱作青贮饲料平均产量82.5 t·hm-2（甜高粱产量数据由国家高粱改良中心提供,未发表）,比青贮玉米平均高10.5 t·hm-2;草高粱平均干草产量为27 t·hm-2,比苜蓿类干草产量高18 t·hm-2。若用甜高粱、草高粱替代青贮玉米与其他饲草,按替代1/3算,年可节约耕地1.92×106 hm2,且甜高粱、草高粱可在干旱、盐碱等边际性土地种植,可有效缓解与粮争地的情况。
本期《中国农业科学》发表了3篇相关方面的研究论文,从育种理论、育种手段及栽培技术方面阐述了甜高粱与草高粱研究的最新进展。目前,生产上大面积应用的甜高粱品种基本上都是杂交高粱,对于杂交种而言,杂种优势预测及利用是育种过程中最重要的问题之一。遗传距离是预测杂种优势的主要指标,普遍认为,亲本间较远的遗传距离易获得较大的杂种优势[20]。遗传距离分为表型遗传距离和分子遗传距离,在杂种优势预测上,分子遗传距离具有相关性显著、预测结果可靠的优势[21]。本期王黎明等[22]发表的“基于配合力和遗传距离的甜高粱杂种优势预测”开辟了利用亲本配合力预测杂种优势的新途径,以8个甜高粱不育系为母本及8个甜高粱恢复系为父本配制64个杂交组合,分析了亲本的配合力、表型遗传距离、分子遗传距离及杂种优势,认为在甜高粱杂种优势预测上,分子遗传距离优于表型遗传距离,配合力优于分子遗传距离,利用配合力预测杂种优势具有更高的可靠性。应用分子遗传距离预测杂种优势减少了田间鉴定环节,效率较高。随着现代生物技术的发展,作物基因组研究的深入,利用分子生物学技术预测杂种优势、辅助育种将越来越普遍。牛皓等[23]发表的“基于SSR的光敏型饲草高粱分子辅助育种体系研究”利用微卫星分子标记技术（SSR）和集团分离分析法（BSA）对晋光1R/BMRC-3-2的F2群体进行光敏感基因的定位分析,以及特异性SSR引物的设计、筛选;发现了控制高粱光敏性的候选基因LOC8068537和LOC8068548,获得特异性引物70.2-3;利用该引物辅助选择,可有效鉴定区分具有光敏感特性的育种材料,变田间二代测定为实验室当代测定,缩短了育种年限,可提高育种效率。在甜高粱栽培生理研究方面,谷子高粱体系也开展了相关研究。王海莲等[24]发表的“不同生长时期收获对甜高粱农艺性状及营养品质的影响”通过不同收获期甜高粱的鲜重、干重、粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维等性状的对比分析,认为孕穗期收获相对营养价值最高,蜡熟期收获生物量最高,综合考虑甜高粱应在乳熟期与蜡熟期之间收获为宜。
为了适应机械化、智能化的农业发展方向,高粱研究也向轻简化、机械化、专用化方向发展。在品种选育中,已从主要关注个体产量性状（诸如高秆、大穗、高生物量）向注重群体产量性状（诸如矮秆、整齐度）及相关遗传育种理论研究转变。众多研究已经证实,高粱株高主要由4个基因（Dw1—Dw4）控制[25,26,27],但是各基因控制株高的效应仍不清楚。本期《中国农业科学》发表的2篇文章“优异高粱不育系01-26A的组配降秆效应及其分子机理”和“早熟矮秆高粱不育系P03A生育期和株高性状的遗传分析”从不同角度阐述了高粱株高的调控机理。邹剑秋等[28]分析了具有矮化株高效应的不育系01-26A为母本配制的杂交种的遗传效应,认为株高降低主要是节间长与穗柄长缩短的结果,并推测01-26A可能是为数不多的3矮育种材料。通过分析可以推测,在控制株高的4个基因中,起主要作用的可能是Dw1和Dw3。JIA等[29]提出Dw1和Dw2比较,Dw1作用效应值更大,以及CASSADY等[30]指出的Dw3在高粱株高调控中起着关键作用的结论相似。段有厚等[31]利用主+多基因混合模型分析了P03A株高的遗传效应,也认为株高主要受2对主基因控制,主基因的遗传力为84.80%,多基因效应只能解释6.89%的变异。白晓倩等[32]通过分析忻粱-52和美引-20的杂交F2群体的株高遗传效应,也认为株高主要受2对主基因控制。研究表明,株高的遗传力较高,基本不受环境影响,可在早代进行选择[31,32],为矮化育种材料的选育指明了方向。
本期发表的文章展示了分子生物学技术在高粱杂种优势预测、后代材料辅助选择中的应用,分析了株高的遗传效应与分子机理,但是和玉米、小麦、水稻等[33,34,35,36,37]作物相比,在功能基因组挖掘、基因编辑技术的应用等方面还存在较大差距,今后需要进一步加强这方面的研究,相信通过国家谷子高粱产业技术体系及广大相关科技人员的共同努力,高粱研究对产业的支撑作用将更加强劲,高粱产业的未来将更加广阔！
致谢：
有关高粱总产量、甜高粱产量、草高粱产量数据由国家高粱改良中心提供,在此表示感谢！参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
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URLPMID:32146307 [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.006URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The objective of this experiment is to study the effects of drought stress on the composition, granule size distribution, pasting properties and crystal properties of wheat endosperm of different varieties, and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of wheat starch. 【Method】The wheat cultivars Jingdong8(JD8), Henong825(HN825), Jimai585(JM585) and Nongda211(ND211) were used as the test materials, and irrigated and rainfed treatments were designed in research of the effects of drought stress on wheat endosperm starch structure and physicochemical properties. 【Result】Drought stress significantly inhibited the accumulation of starch in wheat endosperm, but it had no significant effect on the Am/Ap ratio of wheat starch. The granule volume, surface area and number distribution of wheat endosperm showed a bimodal curve. The effect of drought stress on starch grain size distribution of wheat endosperm was different due to the difference of genotype and grain size, in which it had a great influence on the surface area and the number distribution of starch granule size <5 μm. Drought stress didn’t change the crystal type of wheat endosperm starch, but significantly increased the crystallinity of starch, and the effects of drought stress on intensity of X-ray diffraction peak were different due to different cultivars and diffraction angles. Drought stress significantly increased trough viscosity and pasting temperature of starch, prolonged the pasting time, while significantly reduced the peak viscosity and breakdown, and there was a genotypic difference in final viscosity and setback. Correlation analysis showed a that the wheat endosperm starch crystallinity showed significant negative correlation with total starch and Am content, and a significant positive correlation with Ap content. The total starch content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity. The Am content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity and breakdown, and a negative correlation with the pasting temperature. The correlation between the Ap content and pasting parameters was not significant, while the Am/Ap ratio of wheat starch showed a significant negative correlation with the pasting time. The volume of <5 μm and <10 μm starch granule, respectively, showed a significant and an extreme significant negative correlation with final viscosity and setback, but the starch granule with diameter >15 μm was positively correlated with final viscosity and setback. The correlation between granule volume distribution and crystallinity of wheat was not significant. Wheat starch peak viscosity and breakdown, respectively, showed an extremely significant and significant negative correlation with crystallinity, but there was a significant positive correlation between the pasting temperature and crystallinity. 【Conclusion】Drought stress changed the wheat endosperm starch composition, granule size distribution, crystallinity and pasting parameters. There were significant correlations between wheat endosperm starch structure and physicochemical properties, indicating that the effects of drought stress on the structure of wheat starch, indirectly affected the physicochemical properties, therefore, the cultivation conditions could be adjusted to achieve the purpose of quality wheat production.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.006URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The objective of this experiment is to study the effects of drought stress on the composition, granule size distribution, pasting properties and crystal properties of wheat endosperm of different varieties, and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of wheat starch. 【Method】The wheat cultivars Jingdong8(JD8), Henong825(HN825), Jimai585(JM585) and Nongda211(ND211) were used as the test materials, and irrigated and rainfed treatments were designed in research of the effects of drought stress on wheat endosperm starch structure and physicochemical properties. 【Result】Drought stress significantly inhibited the accumulation of starch in wheat endosperm, but it had no significant effect on the Am/Ap ratio of wheat starch. The granule volume, surface area and number distribution of wheat endosperm showed a bimodal curve. The effect of drought stress on starch grain size distribution of wheat endosperm was different due to the difference of genotype and grain size, in which it had a great influence on the surface area and the number distribution of starch granule size <5 μm. Drought stress didn’t change the crystal type of wheat endosperm starch, but significantly increased the crystallinity of starch, and the effects of drought stress on intensity of X-ray diffraction peak were different due to different cultivars and diffraction angles. Drought stress significantly increased trough viscosity and pasting temperature of starch, prolonged the pasting time, while significantly reduced the peak viscosity and breakdown, and there was a genotypic difference in final viscosity and setback. Correlation analysis showed a that the wheat endosperm starch crystallinity showed significant negative correlation with total starch and Am content, and a significant positive correlation with Ap content. The total starch content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity. The Am content showed a significant positive correlation with peak viscosity and breakdown, and a negative correlation with the pasting temperature. The correlation between the Ap content and pasting parameters was not significant, while the Am/Ap ratio of wheat starch showed a significant negative correlation with the pasting time. The volume of <5 μm and <10 μm starch granule, respectively, showed a significant and an extreme significant negative correlation with final viscosity and setback, but the starch granule with diameter >15 μm was positively correlated with final viscosity and setback. The correlation between granule volume distribution and crystallinity of wheat was not significant. Wheat starch peak viscosity and breakdown, respectively, showed an extremely significant and significant negative correlation with crystallinity, but there was a significant positive correlation between the pasting temperature and crystallinity. 【Conclusion】Drought stress changed the wheat endosperm starch composition, granule size distribution, crystallinity and pasting parameters. There were significant correlations between wheat endosperm starch structure and physicochemical properties, indicating that the effects of drought stress on the structure of wheat starch, indirectly affected the physicochemical properties, therefore, the cultivation conditions could be adjusted to achieve the purpose of quality wheat production.
URLPMID:9625695 [本文引用: 1]
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【Objective】The purpose of this research was to reveal the size-distribution characteristics of starch granules in maize endosperm and to study the relation of starch granule size to grain starch content, protein content and test weight. 【Method】In the present experiment, four maize cultivars (Nongda 108 and Zhengdan 958 as common maize, Feiyu 3 and Zhengdan 18 as high starch maize) were used, and maize grains at mature stage were analyzed to study the changes of number, volume and surface area distribution of starch granules in maize endosperm.【Result】The starch granule in matured grain was 0.37-31.5 μm in diameter. Taking 2 μm and 15 μm as limit, the starch particles were divided into three types: small starch granule group (SSG, ＜2μm), middle starch granule group (MSG, 2-15 μm) and large starch granule group (LSG, ＞15 μm). The distribution frequency showed two-peak curve in starch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. Maize endosperm had a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, and the SSG granule accounted for over 95% of the total starch granule. The percent age of volume of SSG and MSG were higher than that of LSG in the high starch maize, but in the common maize, the percent ages of volume, number and surface area of LSG were higher than those in high starch maize. Correlation analysis indicated that the starch content was positively correlated with the volume of 0.8-2 μm (r=0.777, P＜0.05), 2-10 μm (r=0.735, P＜0.05) and 10-15 μm starch granules, but negatively correlated with other size ranges. The content of protein and test weight had no correlation with volume of starch granule with other size ranges.【Conclusion】Maize has a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, two-peak curve instarch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. The percent ages of volume of SSG and MSG in the high starch maize were higher than that of common maize significantly.
URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The purpose of this research was to reveal the size-distribution characteristics of starch granules in maize endosperm and to study the relation of starch granule size to grain starch content, protein content and test weight. 【Method】In the present experiment, four maize cultivars (Nongda 108 and Zhengdan 958 as common maize, Feiyu 3 and Zhengdan 18 as high starch maize) were used, and maize grains at mature stage were analyzed to study the changes of number, volume and surface area distribution of starch granules in maize endosperm.【Result】The starch granule in matured grain was 0.37-31.5 μm in diameter. Taking 2 μm and 15 μm as limit, the starch particles were divided into three types: small starch granule group (SSG, ＜2μm), middle starch granule group (MSG, 2-15 μm) and large starch granule group (LSG, ＞15 μm). The distribution frequency showed two-peak curve in starch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. Maize endosperm had a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, and the SSG granule accounted for over 95% of the total starch granule. The percent age of volume of SSG and MSG were higher than that of LSG in the high starch maize, but in the common maize, the percent ages of volume, number and surface area of LSG were higher than those in high starch maize. Correlation analysis indicated that the starch content was positively correlated with the volume of 0.8-2 μm (r=0.777, P＜0.05), 2-10 μm (r=0.735, P＜0.05) and 10-15 μm starch granules, but negatively correlated with other size ranges. The content of protein and test weight had no correlation with volume of starch granule with other size ranges.【Conclusion】Maize has a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, two-peak curve instarch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. The percent ages of volume of SSG and MSG in the high starch maize were higher than that of common maize significantly.
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DOI:10.1105/tpc.109.070821URLPMID:20889913 [本文引用: 1]
Rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm accumulates a massive amount of storage starch and storage proteins during seed development. However, little is known about the regulatory system involved in the production of storage substances. The rice flo2 mutation resulted in reduced grain size and starch quality. Map-based cloning identified FLOURY ENDOSPERM2 (FLO2), a member of a novel gene family conserved in plants, as the gene responsible for the rice flo2 mutation. FLO2 harbors a tetratricopeptide repeat motif, considered to mediate a protein-protein interactions. FLO2 was abundantly expressed in developing seeds coincident with production of storage starch and protein, as well as in leaves, while abundant expression of its homologs was observed only in leaves. The flo2 mutation decreased expression of genes involved in production of storage starch and storage proteins in the endosperm. Differences between cultivars in their responsiveness of FLO2 expression during high-temperature stress indicated that FLO2 may be involved in heat tolerance during seed development. Overexpression of FLO2 enlarged the size of grains significantly. These results suggest that FLO2 plays a pivotal regulatory role in rice grain size and starch quality by affecting storage substance accumulation in the endosperm.
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DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.07.002URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Starch grain density affects maize kernel test weight. In this study, we use a mutant Mrd of maize to identify and fine map the gene controlling starch grain density, which are helpful for the cloning and function verification of the related grain test weight gene.【Method】The Mrd is a starch grain density mutant which was identified during maize breeding practices. Scanning electron microscopy and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analyzer were used to observe changes of chemical composition in the Mrd kernels. The segregation population F2 and BC1 were derived from the cross of Mrd and B73, which were planted in Zhengzhou and Yuanyang, Henan Province and Sanya, Hainan Province, and used for genetic analysis. BSA (Bulked Segregation Analysis) was used to identify linkage markers selected from 1 000 pairs of SSR primers from maizeGDB (http://www.maizegdb.org) of target gene. The BC1 segregation population of 38 thousand individuals were used to fine map the target gene tw1. The candidate genes were sequenced and functional predicted by bioinformatics. Allelism test was performed for tw1 and su2. 【Result】Compared with the normal seed, the Mrd had smaller grain size and no change in grain length and increased specific gravity. The crude protein content in mutants decreased, the content of crude starch did not change significantly, but the Mrd has irregular shape and smaller starch grain, increased density, and increased grain test weight. Observations of the starch grain structure inside the kernel in different days after pollination showed that the density of the mutant kernel starch kernel increased with the progress of development and was always higher than that of the normal kernel. The genetic analysis of F2 and BC1 population showed that grain test weight mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene tw1 which was firstly located on chromosome 6 between SSR marker umc1105 and bnlg1154. After screening and analysis the recombinant from the BC1 segregation population, the gene was located between B3 and A47. There are three protein-coding genes in the 0.2 Mb candidate physical interval. Allelism test excluded su2 gene and sequence analysis of the other two candidate genes verified that GRMZM2G042607 should be the primary candidate gene of tw1, which encodes protein with a carbohydrate recognition domain and deposits deposition of carbohydrates in the seed. 【Conclusion】The tw1 gene is fine mapped and find the candidate gene, GRMZM2G042607, encodes beta-1,3 galactosyltransferase.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.07.002URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】Starch grain density affects maize kernel test weight. In this study, we use a mutant Mrd of maize to identify and fine map the gene controlling starch grain density, which are helpful for the cloning and function verification of the related grain test weight gene.【Method】The Mrd is a starch grain density mutant which was identified during maize breeding practices. Scanning electron microscopy and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) analyzer were used to observe changes of chemical composition in the Mrd kernels. The segregation population F2 and BC1 were derived from the cross of Mrd and B73, which were planted in Zhengzhou and Yuanyang, Henan Province and Sanya, Hainan Province, and used for genetic analysis. BSA (Bulked Segregation Analysis) was used to identify linkage markers selected from 1 000 pairs of SSR primers from maizeGDB (http://www.maizegdb.org) of target gene. The BC1 segregation population of 38 thousand individuals were used to fine map the target gene tw1. The candidate genes were sequenced and functional predicted by bioinformatics. Allelism test was performed for tw1 and su2. 【Result】Compared with the normal seed, the Mrd had smaller grain size and no change in grain length and increased specific gravity. The crude protein content in mutants decreased, the content of crude starch did not change significantly, but the Mrd has irregular shape and smaller starch grain, increased density, and increased grain test weight. Observations of the starch grain structure inside the kernel in different days after pollination showed that the density of the mutant kernel starch kernel increased with the progress of development and was always higher than that of the normal kernel. The genetic analysis of F2 and BC1 population showed that grain test weight mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene tw1 which was firstly located on chromosome 6 between SSR marker umc1105 and bnlg1154. After screening and analysis the recombinant from the BC1 segregation population, the gene was located between B3 and A47. There are three protein-coding genes in the 0.2 Mb candidate physical interval. Allelism test excluded su2 gene and sequence analysis of the other two candidate genes verified that GRMZM2G042607 should be the primary candidate gene of tw1, which encodes protein with a carbohydrate recognition domain and deposits deposition of carbohydrates in the seed. 【Conclusion】The tw1 gene is fine mapped and find the candidate gene, GRMZM2G042607, encodes beta-1,3 galactosyltransferase.
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DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.09.002URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The correlation between heterosis and genetic distance (GD) of quantitative traits between parents was analyzed by 1500 hybrid combinations in upland cotton, and the possibility of using GD between parents of large-scale combinations to improve the efficiency of hybrid vigour prediction of upland cotton was discussed in order to provide theoretical guidance for cotton hybrid breeding and utilization of heterosis.【Method】305 upland cotton core collections from 15 countries and 23 provinces (municipalities) of China were selected as parents, and 1500 cross combinations were produced by L×T (Line×Tester) cross design. From 2012 to 2013, ten yield and fiber quality related traits, including plant height (PH), boll weight (BW), boll number per plant (BN), lint percentage (LP), fiber length (FL), fiber strength (FS), fiber elongation (FE), fiber length uniformity (FU), micronaire (MIC) and spinning consistent index (SCI), were investigated in 13 ecological conditions in north and south China. F1 hybrids mid-parent heterosis (MPH), heterobeltiosis (HB), GD between parents and population structure were analyzed. The correlation between GD and hybrid vigour was calculated by four schemes (Cor1-Cor4). 【Result】The mean values of MPH of the ten traits ranged from 1.70% to 7.40%, with an average of 4.36%, and F1 hybrids were divided into 5 groups (A-E) according to different male parents, the mean values of MPH: A>E>B>C>D. The mean values of HB ranged from -4.17% to 1.87%, with an average of -0.17%, and the average values of group A, B, and E were positive. In 5 groups, except for MIC of group D and E, other 9 traits had obvious MPH, among them, MPH of BW and FL were mainly positive (more than 80%) in the 5 groups, the maximum MPH values were 34.01% and 9.83% respectively, and the corresponding HB values were 24.25% and 5.80% respectively. The significant difference analysis between F1 hybrids and their parents indicated that BW, PH, FL, FE, and FU showed some HB. The GDs between male parents (testers) and 300 female parents ranged from 2.280 to 61.430, with an average of 21.550. The mean GDs between 5 testers and female parents: D>C>E>A>B, in which the nearest value was 11.721, and the farthest value was 33.271. According to “Ward” clustering method, 305 upland cotton parents were divided into two groups, including five subgroups. The results of four correlation analysis methods between GD and heterosis showed that the consequences varied with the sample size, the range of GD, and the male parent, the correlation increased with the sample size. Cor1 was the overall embodiment of Cor2 results; compared with Cor1 and Cor2, Cor3 had different correlations between MPH and GD in some traits; Cor4 had the weakest correlations. To sum up, the genetic distance was positively correlated with the MPH of LP, FS, FU, and SCI, the correlation between GD and MPH of other traits was different due to the different analysis schemes. In the four schemes, except for FU, the relationship between GD and HB was negatively correlated on the whole, and there was a strong correlation between genetic distance and HB of MIC, FL and LP. 【Conclusion】There is a linear relationship between GD of quantitative traits and hybrid vigour in upland cotton. The correlations are positive or negative, strong or weak due to different traits, and the larger the sample size, the stronger the correlation. Thus, the large-scale hybrid combinations are used to well study the relationship between GD and heterosis in upland cotton.
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.09.002URL [本文引用: 1]
【Objective】The correlation between heterosis and genetic distance (GD) of quantitative traits between parents was analyzed by 1500 hybrid combinations in upland cotton, and the possibility of using GD between parents of large-scale combinations to improve the efficiency of hybrid vigour prediction of upland cotton was discussed in order to provide theoretical guidance for cotton hybrid breeding and utilization of heterosis.【Method】305 upland cotton core collections from 15 countries and 23 provinces (municipalities) of China were selected as parents, and 1500 cross combinations were produced by L×T (Line×Tester) cross design. From 2012 to 2013, ten yield and fiber quality related traits, including plant height (PH), boll weight (BW), boll number per plant (BN), lint percentage (LP), fiber length (FL), fiber strength (FS), fiber elongation (FE), fiber length uniformity (FU), micronaire (MIC) and spinning consistent index (SCI), were investigated in 13 ecological conditions in north and south China. F1 hybrids mid-parent heterosis (MPH), heterobeltiosis (HB), GD between parents and population structure were analyzed. The correlation between GD and hybrid vigour was calculated by four schemes (Cor1-Cor4). 【Result】The mean values of MPH of the ten traits ranged from 1.70% to 7.40%, with an average of 4.36%, and F1 hybrids were divided into 5 groups (A-E) according to different male parents, the mean values of MPH: A>E>B>C>D. The mean values of HB ranged from -4.17% to 1.87%, with an average of -0.17%, and the average values of group A, B, and E were positive. In 5 groups, except for MIC of group D and E, other 9 traits had obvious MPH, among them, MPH of BW and FL were mainly positive (more than 80%) in the 5 groups, the maximum MPH values were 34.01% and 9.83% respectively, and the corresponding HB values were 24.25% and 5.80% respectively. The significant difference analysis between F1 hybrids and their parents indicated that BW, PH, FL, FE, and FU showed some HB. The GDs between male parents (testers) and 300 female parents ranged from 2.280 to 61.430, with an average of 21.550. The mean GDs between 5 testers and female parents: D>C>E>A>B, in which the nearest value was 11.721, and the farthest value was 33.271. According to “Ward” clustering method, 305 upland cotton parents were divided into two groups, including five subgroups. The results of four correlation analysis methods between GD and heterosis showed that the consequences varied with the sample size, the range of GD, and the male parent, the correlation increased with the sample size. Cor1 was the overall embodiment of Cor2 results; compared with Cor1 and Cor2, Cor3 had different correlations between MPH and GD in some traits; Cor4 had the weakest correlations. To sum up, the genetic distance was positively correlated with the MPH of LP, FS, FU, and SCI, the correlation between GD and MPH of other traits was different due to the different analysis schemes. In the four schemes, except for FU, the relationship between GD and HB was negatively correlated on the whole, and there was a strong correlation between genetic distance and HB of MIC, FL and LP. 【Conclusion】There is a linear relationship between GD of quantitative traits and hybrid vigour in upland cotton. The correlations are positive or negative, strong or weak due to different traits, and the larger the sample size, the stronger the correlation. Thus, the large-scale hybrid combinations are used to well study the relationship between GD and heterosis in upland cotton.
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URLPMID:28676627 [本文引用: 1]
URLPMID:28273925 [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.1007/s10142-009-0120-4URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183X000500050002xURL [本文引用: 1]
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DOI:10.1038/nature22971URLPMID:28605751 [本文引用: 1]
Complete and accurate reference genomes and annotations provide fundamental tools for characterization of genetic and functional variation. These resources facilitate the determination of biological processes and support translation of research findings into improved and sustainable agricultural technologies. Many reference genomes for crop plants have been generated over the past decade, but these genomes are often fragmented and missing complex repeat regions. Here we report the assembly and annotation of a reference genome of maize, a genetic and agricultural model species, using single-molecule real-time sequencing and high-resolution optical mapping. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly features a 52-fold increase in contig length and notable improvements in the assembly of intergenic spaces and centromeres. Characterization of the repetitive portion of the genome revealed more than 130,000 intact transposable elements, allowing us to identify transposable element lineage expansions that are unique to maize. Gene annotations were updated using 111,000 full-length transcripts obtained by single-molecule real-time sequencing. In addition, comparative optical mapping of two other inbred maize lines revealed a prevalence of deletions in regions of low gene density and maize lineage-specific genes.
URL [本文引用: 1]
稻米品质改良是水稻育种的重要方面, 传统的常规育种方法由于缺乏对目标基因有效检测的手段, 无法对稻米品质的基因型进行有效操作, 因而品质改良进展缓慢. 利用分子标记辅助选择与传统育种技术相结合, 可以在对稻米外观品质进行鉴定的同时, 对被选个体的基因型进行准确的鉴定. 结合品质的测定, 可以大大提高育种效率. 但是, 目前可用于稻米品质分子辅助育种的分子标记很少. 稻米品质与淀粉组分密切相关, 我们分析了16个典型水稻品种18个在淀粉合成中的重要基因的全基因序列, 明确了各个基因在不同种质中的等位变异, 设计了51个可以区分不同等位基因变异的分子标记, 这可为稻米品质的分子育种提供可靠的依据.
URL [本文引用: 1]
稻米品质改良是水稻育种的重要方面, 传统的常规育种方法由于缺乏对目标基因有效检测的手段, 无法对稻米品质的基因型进行有效操作, 因而品质改良进展缓慢. 利用分子标记辅助选择与传统育种技术相结合, 可以在对稻米外观品质进行鉴定的同时, 对被选个体的基因型进行准确的鉴定. 结合品质的测定, 可以大大提高育种效率. 但是, 目前可用于稻米品质分子辅助育种的分子标记很少. 稻米品质与淀粉组分密切相关, 我们分析了16个典型水稻品种18个在淀粉合成中的重要基因的全基因序列, 明确了各个基因在不同种质中的等位变异, 设计了51个可以区分不同等位基因变异的分子标记, 这可为稻米品质的分子育种提供可靠的依据.
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