Phenolic Content, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Carambola
LUO MuKang1,2, JIA XuChao2, ZHANG RuiFen2, LIU Lei2, DONG LiHong2, CHI JianWei2, BAI YaJuan2, ZHANG MingWei21. College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei 2. Sericultura & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610;
Editor:ZHAOLing-li Received:2019-08-21Accepted:2019-10-22Online:2020-04-01 作者简介 About authors 罗牡康,E-mail: luomk1127@163.com。
摘要 【目的】 探讨杨桃果实中酚类物质的组成、含量、生物可及性及其抗氧化活性,为杨桃的鲜食消费和深加工利用提供参考。 【方法】 以广州红杨桃(GZ)、香蜜杨桃(XM)、台湾蜜丝杨桃(TW)3个品种的果实为材料,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测杨桃果实中主要的酚类物质,选用ABTS +自由基清除能力和氧自由基吸收能力(ORAC)两种方法测定其抗氧化能力,采取体外模拟胃肠消化法分析各杨桃品种果实在消化过程中消化液总酚、总黄酮、单体酚物质及抗氧化能力的变化,并计算其酚类物质生物可及性。 【结果】 从杨桃果实提取物中检测到了3种酚酸(原儿茶酸、对香豆酸和阿魏酸)和3种黄酮类物质(原花青素B2、表儿茶素和异槲皮苷),其中原花青素B2和表儿茶素是含量最高的单体酚。供试杨桃品种的总酚、总黄酮含量的变异范围分别为234.41—293.30 mg GAE/100g FW和165.75—278.97 mg CE/100g FW。模拟胃消化后,杨桃消化液中生物可及性多酚和黄酮的总含量分别为151.57—180.45 mg GAE/100 g FW和113.06—164.45 mg CE/100 g FW,总酚和总黄酮的生物可及性分别为54.05%—76.98%和47.58%—93.88%。进一步经肠消化后,释放入消化液中的生物可及性酚类成分有所减少,生物可及性多酚和黄酮的总含量分别为116.64—155.76 mg GAE/100 g FW和78.47—148.44 mg CE/100 g FW,总酚和总黄酮的生物可及性分别为46.57%—66.45%和40.12%—84.75%。胃消化释放入消化液的原花青素B2和表儿茶素分别达到56.60%—87.54%和65.33%—85.92%,而胃肠消化液中检测到的原花青素B2和表儿茶素含量分别为杨桃果实提取物的51.90%—80.94%和32.81%—37.50%。杨桃胃消化液的ABTS和ORAC抗氧化值分别为杨桃果实提取物的97.56%、102.42%、92.36%和122.73%、118.50%、107.14%,而经进一步肠消化后消化液的ABTS和ORAC值分别降低12.33%—26.60%和37.95%—43.28%。 【结论】 杨桃中主要的酚类物质包括原儿茶酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、原花青素B2、表儿茶素和异槲皮苷,其中原花青素B2和表儿茶素的含量显著高于其他4种酚类物质。杨桃果实经模拟胃液消化后消化液中有较高的酚类物质含量,而肠消化过程使生物可及性的酚类物质含量显著降低。 关键词:杨桃;酚类物质;黄酮;生物可及性;抗氧化
Abstract 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the phenolic composition, content, bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in different carambola fruit varieties, so as to provide reference for the fresh consumption and deep processing of carambola. 【Method】 Phenolic compounds of three cultivars, including Guangzhou Hong cultivar (GZ), Xiangmi cultivar (XM), and Taiwan Misi cultivar (TW), were determined by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Their antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ABTS + radical scavenging capacity (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC). The change of total phenol, flavonoids, mono-phenol and their antioxidant capacity, as well as their bioaccessibility were analyzed during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. 【Result】 Three phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) and three flavonoids (procyanidin B2, epicatechin and isoquercetin) were detected from the extracts of carambola fruit, among which proanthocyanin B2 and epicatechin were the predominant phenolics. The variation ranges of total phenolics and total flavonoids in tested varieties were 234.41-293.30 mg GAE/100 g and 165.75-278.97 mg CE/100 g, respectively. After simulated gastric digestion, the contents of phenolics and flavonoids in carambola digestive juice were 151.57-180.45 mg GAE/100 g FW and 113.06-164.45 mg CE/100 g FW, respectively. And their bioaccessibility were 54.05%-76.98% and 47.58%- 93.88%, respectively. After further intestinal digestion, the content of phenolic compounds released into the digestive fluid was reduced. The phenolics and flavonoids contents were 116.64-155.76 mg GAE/100 g FW and 78.47-148.44 mg CE/100 g FW, respectively, and their bioaccessibility were 46.57%-66.45% and 40.12%-84.75%, respectively. The contents of procyanidins B2 and epicatechin released into digestive fluid were 56.60%-87.54% and 65.33%-85.92% with gastrointestinal digestion and these only accounted for 51.90%-80.94% and 32.81%-37.50% of carambola fruit extract, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of ABTS and ORAC of digestive juice of three carambola fruit with gastric digestion were 97.56%, 102.42%, 92.36% and 122.73%, 118.50% and 107.14%, respectively. After further intestinal digestion, their antioxidant capacity of ABTS and ORAC were reduced by 12.33%-26.60% and 37.95%-43.28%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, procyanidin B2, epicatechin and isoquercetin were the main phenolic substances in carambola, and the contents of procyanidin B2 and epicatechin were the highest among them. After simulated gastric digestion, a high content of phenolic compounds in the digestive juice were detected, while their contents were significantly reduced with intestinal digestion. Keywords:carambola;phenolic substances;flavonoid;bioaccessibility;antioxidant
PDF (1206KB)元数据多维度评价相关文章导出EndNote|Ris|Bibtex收藏本文 本文引用格式 罗牡康, 贾栩超, 张瑞芬, 刘磊, 董丽红, 池建伟, 白亚娟, 张名位. 杨桃的酚类成分含量及其生物可及性与抗氧化活性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(7): 1459-1472 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.07.014 LUO MuKang, JIA XuChao, ZHANG RuiFen, LIU Lei, DONG LiHong, CHI JianWei, BAI YaJuan, ZHANG MingWei. Phenolic Content, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Carambola[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(7): 1459-1472 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.07.014
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0 引言
【研究意义】杨桃(Averrhoa carambola L.)又名阳桃或洋桃,其横截面呈星形而得名“星果”,因其特殊的风味和口感,在我国以及东南亚深受欢迎[1,2]。杨桃是一种有效的天然抗氧化食品,含有丰富的酚类成分[3,4,5],其酚类含量在20种热带水果中排名第四[6]。杨桃酚类物质具有抗氧化[2]、抑制脂肪酶[7]、抑制脂肪生成[8]和抑制脂肪肝变性[9]等生物活性,对维持人体健康具有重要意义。通常情况下,酚类物质从食品基质中的释放决定着其被吸收、利用的可能性,摄入富含酚类物质的食物并不一定意味着有着较多的酚类物质被人体所吸收[10,11]。前人研究表明水果多酚与自身食物基质的其他成分有很强的自然联系和相互作用,这些相互作用限制了多酚在胃肠消化过程中从食物基质中完全释放[12],进而影响多酚类物质的吸收代谢和生理功效的发挥。综上所述,酚类物质的生物可及性是多酚发挥人体健康效应的前提。因此,探究杨桃果实的酚类构成谱、生物可及性及其抗氧化活性,对研究杨桃果实多酚生物利用度和体内吸收代谢具有重要意义,也为杨桃的品质育种和精深加工提供理论指导。【前人研究进展】近年来,杨桃酚类物质的研究主要集中在其化学结构表征和生物活性评价等方面。ZAINUDIN等[13]研究发现杨桃果实中总酚含量高达(234.89±19.85)mg GAE/100 g FW;PANG等[14]对4个杨桃品种中的游离酚、结合酚和总酚含量进行了测定,并通过高效液相色谱鉴定到表儿茶素等7个单体酚类成分;也有****通过分离纯化结合核磁共振等波谱手段对杨桃中的酚类成分进行了结构表征,报道的成分主要包括花青素类[15]、查尔酮类[2,8-9]、木脂素类和酚酸[16]等。杨桃中的酚类物质也被报道具有良好的生物活性。MAHATTANATAWEE等[17]研究了14种热带水果的抗氧化活性,发现杨桃具有最高的DPPH抗氧化活性,其ORAC抗氧化活性仅次于番石榴;庞道瑞[7]研究发现杨桃游离酚提取物对3T3-L1细胞分化脂滴的产生有一定的抑制作用,对脂肪酸诱导的L02肝细胞脂肪变性也有一定的缓解作用,并通过db/db小鼠模型进一步确证了杨桃游离酚提取物有较好的降血脂和降肝脂活性;AZEEM等[18]通过对白化小鼠腹腔注射CCl4诱导肝毒性模型发现,杨桃水提物对四氯化碳所致小鼠肝损伤具有良好的保护作用;JIA等[16]研究结果表明从新鲜杨桃中分离出的11种酚类化合物具有良好的ABTS和FRAP抗氧化活性,其中部分化合物还表现出中等强度的猪胰脂肪酶抑制活性。【本研究切入点】目前杨桃果实酚类物质的结构表征及生物活性已有研究报道,但缺少关于杨桃酚类物质在消化过程中的释放与生物可及性的研究。【拟解决的关键问题】以广州红杨桃(GZ)、香蜜杨桃(XM)、台湾蜜丝杨桃(TW)3个品种的杨桃果实为材料,利用HPLC-MS/MS对杨桃果实提取物的酚类物质组成及含量进行测定,并采用体外模拟胃肠消化的方法研究杨桃酚类物质的生物可及性,以了解杨桃果实在模拟胃肠消化过程中活性成分及其抗氧化能力的变化规律,为杨桃的功能活性研究和
Fig. 2The LC-ESI-MS spectra of carambola methanol extracts and some identified phenolic compounds
2.2 杨桃果实酚类成分的含量
供试品种总酚含量范围为234.41—293.30 mg GAE/100 g FW,其中XM的含量显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),TW次之,GZ的含量最低((234.41±7.88)mg GAE/100 g FW)。总黄酮含量范围为165.75— 278.97 mg CE/100 g FW,XM的含量高达(278.97± 5.50)mg CE/100 g FW,显著高于其他品种。GZ和TW的总酚、总黄酮含量无显著差异(P>0.05)(图3)。
GZ:广州红杨桃Guangzhou Hong carambola;XM:香蜜杨桃 Xiangmi carambola;TW:台湾蜜丝杨桃Taiwan Misi carambola。不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同 Fig. 3The total contents of phenolics and flavonoids in three varieties of carambola Different letters mean significant differences (P<0.05). The same as below
除原儿茶酸外,原花青素B2、表儿茶素、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、异槲皮苷在所有供试品种中均能检测到。原花青素B2是供试杨桃中含量最丰富的一种单体酚,其中XM的含量最高,分别为GZ和TW的1.26和1.41倍。XM的表儿茶素含量显著高于其他品种,分别为GZ和TW的1.25和1.93倍。XM中异槲皮苷的含量显著低于GZ和TW,仅分别为GZ和TW的47.2%和58.6%。原儿茶酸在TW中含量最高,但在XM中未检测到。对香豆酸和阿魏酸的含量分别为0.89—1.23 mg/100 g FW和1.20—1.40 mg/100 g FW(表2)。
Table 2 表2 表2杨桃果实中单体酚的含量 Table 2The Content of monomeric phenols in carambola
品种 Variety
含量 Content (mg/100 g FW)
广州红杨桃 GZ
香蜜杨桃 XM
台湾蜜丝杨桃 TW
酚酸 Phenolic acid
原儿茶酸 Protocatechuic acid
1.25±0.30b
ND
1.49±0.00b
对香豆酸 p-Coumaric acid
0.98±0.02a
1.23±0.05b
0.89±0.02a
阿魏酸 Ferulic acid
1.28±0.02ab
1.40±0.03b
1.20±0.01a
黄酮 Flavone
原花青素B2 Proanthocyanidin B2
14.93±0.51a
18.86±0.90b
13.41±0.81a
表儿茶素 Epicatechin
9.23±0.10b
11.55±1.55c
5.97±0.33a
异槲皮苷 Isoquercitrin
2.16±0.06b
1.02±0.03a
1.74±0.10b
同一行不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。ND:未检测到。下同 Different letters within the same row indicate significant difference (P<0.05). ND: Not detected. The same as below
Table 3 表3 表3杨桃体外消化过程中释放入消化液中的总酚和总黄酮含量及其生物可及性 Table 3Contents of total phenolics and flavonoids released into digestive fluid and their bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion of carambola
Fig. 5ORAC antioxidant capacity of carambola during simulated digestion
3 讨论
3.1 杨桃果实酚类物质组成及含量特征
大量研究表明,酚类物质的组成与含量因果实种类而异。RAMFUL等[25]测定了36种柑橘类水果的酚类物质,发现总酚为28.2—692.3 mg GAE/100 g FW,总黄酮为78.1—561.5 mg QE/100 g FW。ZHANG等[26]发现不同品种荔枝果肉中酚类物质含量差异显著,总酚含量变幅为101.51—259.18 mg GAE/100 g FW。DERRADJI等[27]曾报道各品种葡萄果肉中总酚含量为121—335 mg GAE/100 g FW,总黄酮含量为40—109 mg CE/100g FW。本研究测定了3个品种杨桃果实的酚类物质组成及含量,3个品种中总酚、总黄酮分别为234.41—293.30 mg GAE/100 g FW和165.75—278.97 mg CE/100 g FW,可见杨桃果实的酚类物质含量低于部分柑橘类水果,高于大部分荔枝,其黄酮含量甚至高于葡萄。在受试品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种是XM,稍高于庞道瑞[7]测得的结果,这可能是由于原料产地、原料成熟度等因素造成的结果差异。
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