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不同品种苜蓿中营养成分相互关系及生物产量

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26

李泽民, 张晨, 张崇玉,, 张桂国,山东农业大学动物科技学院/山东省动物生物工程与疾病防治重点实验室,山东泰安 271018

The Relationship Between Nutrients and Biological Yield of Different Varieties of Alfalfa

LI ZeMin, ZHANG Chen, ZHANG ChongYu,, ZHANG GuiGuo,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control & Prevention of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271018, Shandong

通讯作者: 张桂国,E-mail: zhanggg@sdau.edu.cn 张崇玉,E-mail: 17225122@163.com

责任编辑: 林鉴非
收稿日期:2019-02-25接受日期:2019-10-28网络出版日期:2020-03-16
基金资助:国家重大研发项目中韩合作计划.SQ2019YFE010236
国家“十三五”重大研发计划.2018YFD0502104-3
山东省现代农业产业技术体系产业创新团队项目.SDAIT-27-02
山东省现代农业产业技术体系产业创新团队项目.SDAIT-23-05
山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目.SDZD-2017
山东省良种工程南种北繁.2017LZN036
山东省“双一流”奖补资金.SDSYL2016
山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目.SDZDJS-2017


Received:2019-02-25Accepted:2019-10-28Online:2020-03-16
作者简介 About authors
李泽民,E-mail:779575896@qq.com。






摘要
【目的】测定不同品种苜蓿营养成分含量与变异程度以及各纤维成分含量之间的相互关系;比较不同品种苜蓿的生物产量。【方法】选用WL343HQ、WL353HQ、WL354HQ、WL363HQ、WL366HQ、阿尔冈金、金皇后、中苜3号、中苜6号、鲁多、鲁黄1号、无棣苜蓿、鲁丰1号、保定苜蓿、中原804、敖汉苜蓿16个品种苜蓿,于2016年10月2日播种,每个品种设2次重复,小区随机排列,每个品种苜蓿种植面积为18 m 2(3 m×6 m),行距30 cm,播种10行。2018年5月23日初花期时收割,测定其生物产量;制备32个样品,测定其干物质(DM)中的粗灰分(ASH)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和木质素(ADL)等营养成分的含量。【结果】(1)不同品种苜蓿DM中,ASH、NDF、ADF、半纤维素(HCEL)、纤维素(CEL)和ADL的含量差异极显著(P<0.01),EE的含量差异不显著(P=0.527)。WL363HQ苜蓿的ASH含量最高,为8.53%;金皇后苜蓿的CP含量最高,为27.19%;保定苜蓿的EE和CF含量最高,分别为3.01%、36.69%;中原804苜蓿的NDF、ADF、CEL和ADL含量最高,分别为57.02%、42.73%、34.43%和7.92%;不同品种苜蓿DM中的ASH、CP、EE、CF、NDF、ADF、ADL、CEL和HCEL含量的平均值分别为7.83%、21.58%、2.51%、33.25%、50.12%、36.76%、6.98%、29.43%和13.36%;变异系数(CV)在5.16%—12.06%之间。(2)苜蓿中ADF与NDF、CEL、ADL含量呈强相关,相关系数r分别为0.9756、0.9955、0.9455;CF与ADF、CEL、ADL之间的相关系数r分别为0.9114、0.8849、0.9375;CF(含AIA)与CF之间的相关系数r为0.9997;NDF与CEL、ADL、HCEL之间的相关系数r分别为0.9671、0.9396、0.8736;ADL(含AIA)与ADL之间的相关系数r为0.9989;RFA与ADF、CEL之间的相关系数r分别为0.9826、0.9700。(3)相对饲用价值(RFV)与NDF含量之间呈强相关(r=0.9938),可用于苜蓿RFV的估测:RFV=287.0677-3.4709NDF(%) n=16 P<0.01。(4)不同品种苜蓿生物产量不同,保定苜蓿粗脂肪、碳水化合物、半纤维素和纤维素产量最高,分别为393.59、9 308.22、1 976.32和4 208.05 kg·hm -2;金皇后苜蓿粗蛋白质产量最高,为2 697.23 kg·hm -2,保定苜蓿消化能(DE)产量最高,为126 814.45 MJ·hm -2。【结论】不同品种苜蓿纤维成分含量之间呈强相关,苜蓿RFV值与NDF成分呈强相关;不同品种苜蓿生物产量不同。
关键词: 苜蓿;营养成分;生物产量

Abstract
【Objective】To determine the content and the variation degree of nutritive and the relationship between the content of various fiber components in different alfalfa varieties. Compare the biological yields of different alfalfa varieties.【Method】Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, selected 16 alfalfa varieties including WL343HQ, WL353HQ, WL354HQ, WL363HQ, WL366HQ, Algonuin, Golden empress, Zhongmu No.3, Zhongmu No.6, Luduo, Luhuang No. 1, Wudi, Lufeng No. 1, Baoding, Zhongyuan804, Aohan and planted on October 2, 2016. Each variety was set up twice and randomly arranged plots. The planting area of each alfalfa variety was 18 m 2 (3 m×6 m) , row spacing was 30 cm, and 10 rows were sown. Harvested at the beginning of flowering on May 23, 2018 and determined the biological yield. In experiment 2,prepared 32 samples and determined the content of nutrients such as crude ash (ASH), crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), crude fiber (CF),neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (ADL) in the dry matter (DM). 【Result】 The results showed that: (1) In alfalfa DM of different varieties, the contents of ASH, NDF, ADF, HCEL, CEL and ADL were significantly different (P<0.01), but the difference of EE content was not significantly (P=0.527). The ASH content of WL363HQ alfalfa was the highest, which was 8.53%. The highest CP content of golden empress alfalfa was 27.19%. The content of EE and CF in baoding 804 alfalfa was the highest, which were 3.01% and 36.69%, respectively. The content of NDF, ADF, CEL and ADL in zhongyuan 804 alfalfa was the highest, which were 57.02%, 42.73, 34.43% and 7.92% respectively. The average values of ASH, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, CEL and HCEL in alfalfa DM of different varieties were 7.83%, 21.58%, 2.51%, 33.25%, 50.12%, 36.76%, 6.98%, 29.43% and 13.36%, respectively; The coefficient of variation (CV) is between 5.16% and 12.06%. (2) There was a strong correlation between ADF and CEL, ADL content in alfalfa, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9756, 0.9955 and 0.9455. The correlation coefficients between CF and ADF, CEL, ADL content were 0.9114, 0.8849 and 0.9375, respectively. The correlation coefficient between CF (including AIA) and CF was 0.9997. The correlation coefficients between NDF and CEL, ADL, HCEL content were 0.9671, 0.9396 and 0.8736, respectively. The correlation coefficient between ADL (including AIA) and ADL was 0.9989. The correlation coefficients between RFA and ADF, CEL were 0.9826 and 0.9700. (3) There was a strong correlation between relative feeding value (RFV) and NDF content (r=0.9938), which can be used for the estimation of alfalfa RFV: RFV=287.0677-3.4709 NDF (%) n=16 P<0.01. (4) The yields of different alfalfa varieties were different. Baoding alfalfa has the highest yield of crude fat, carbohydrate, hemiculose and cellulose, which were respectively 393.59, 9 308.22, 1 976.32 and 4 208.05 kg·hm -2; The yield of golden empress's crude protein was the highest, which was 2 697.23 kg·hm -2, and the yield of Baoding's digestible energy (DE) was the highest, which was 126 814.45 MJ·hm -2. 【Conclusion】There was a strong correlation between the content of different alfalfa fiber components, and the RFV value of alfalfa was strongly correlated with the NDF component; The yields of different alfalfa varieties are different.
Keywords:alfalfa;nutrients;biological yield


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本文引用格式
李泽民, 张晨, 张崇玉, 张桂国. 不同品种苜蓿中营养成分相互关系及生物产量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(6): 1269-1277 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.06.018
LI ZeMin, ZHANG Chen, ZHANG ChongYu, ZHANG GuiGuo. The Relationship Between Nutrients and Biological Yield of Different Varieties of Alfalfa[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(6): 1269-1277 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.06.018


0 引言

【研究意义】紫花苜蓿作为世界上种植面积最大的多年生优良豆科牧草,具有抗寒抗旱、再生性强、营养价值高、适口性好等优点,苜蓿干草及苜蓿青贮等产品广泛应用在草食动物饲粮中,是畜禽重要的饲草饲料[1]。评定苜蓿干草的营养价值有粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗灰分(ASH)、相对饲用价值(RFV)等指标,中国畜牧业协会颁布了苜蓿干草的团体标准(T/CAAA001-2018[2]),根据以上指标将苜蓿干草质量分为特级、优级、一级、二级、三级5个分级,为生产实际中的应用提供了依据。【前人研究进展】国内外对紫花苜蓿的营养成分和生物产量有一些研究,李冠真[3]研究不同播种量对不同品种苜蓿生产性能和营养价值的影响,依据灰色关联分析和权重决策法综合评价,播种量为30 kg·hm-2时营养价值最高。宋书红等[4]研究了不同刈割时期对紫花苜蓿营养价值和生物产量的研究,发现紫花苜蓿在开花期时的营养价值最高,生物产量最高。裴彩霞等[5]研究不同干燥方法对紫花苜蓿营养成分含量的影响,发现最佳的干燥方法是直接烘干,营养价值最高。KAULA等[6,7]研究表明,紫花苜蓿的形态发育与其生物产量和营养物质的积累密切相关。【本研究切入点】国内外对影响苜蓿干草中各营养成分的含量和生物产量因素的报道有很多,然而,对于同一时间种植、同一时间收获的不同苜蓿品种之间的营养成分含量以及苜蓿各纤维成分含量之间的相互关系,在国内外研究报道中较少。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究选用16个国内外优良苜蓿品种,在同一试验田里种植,初花期收割,测定比较不同苜蓿品种各营养成分的含量和变异程度、生物产量,不同纤维成分之间的相互关系,建立苜蓿营养成分含量、消化能及RFV的估测模型,为其估测提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概括

试验田选在山东农业大学试验基地,具有典型的鲁中山区气候和土壤特点。鲁中山区以泰山山脉为主,多丘陵,山地气候特征较明显,属温带季风气候。泰安年平均气温为13.4℃,年平均降水量为678.5 mm,全年盛行风向为偏东北[8],土壤肥沃,保水能力强。

1.2 试验材料

选用WL343HQ、WL353HQ、WL354HQ、WL363HQ、WL366HQ、阿尔冈金、金皇后、中苜3号、中苜6号、鲁多、鲁黄1号、无棣苜蓿、鲁丰1号、保定苜蓿、中原804、敖汉苜蓿16个苜蓿品种。

1.3 试验设计

试验于2016年10月2日播种,每个品种设2次重复,小区随机排列,每个品种苜蓿种植面积为18 m2(3 m×6 m),行距30 cm,播种10行,小区间距40 cm,四周设保护行2 m以上。

1.4 样品采集与制备

于2018年5月23日初花期时收割,在每个小区选5个点,每点为1 m2的范围,在此范围内离地面5 cm处割取苜蓿,将各点苜蓿混合均匀,随机取鲜草500 g,3个重复。将新鲜苜蓿制成实验室半干样品或风干样品,按照GB/T 20195-2006[9]标准制备样品,粉碎后过1.00 mm筛,然后将样品充分混合均匀,密封保存以备分析测定。

1.5 测定方法

苜蓿产量的测定,将小区内的苜蓿全部刈割,称其质量m(kg),按照以下公式计算苜蓿每公顷的产量:

苜蓿每公顷的产量(kg/hm2)= m÷18×10000。

式中,18为小区的面积18 m2,10 000为公顷与平方米的换算单位。

营养成分产量的测定,按照以下公式:

营养成分产量(kg·hm-2)=苜蓿每公顷的产量(kg·hm-2)×(1-水分%)×营养成分含量%。

苜蓿样品中水分(W)测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 6435-20014[10]);ASH含量测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 6438-2007[11]);CP含量测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 6432-2018[12]);CF含量测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 6434-2006/ISO 6865:2000[13]);NDF含量测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 20806- 2006[14]);ADF含量测定,参照国家行业标准法测定(NY/T 1459-2007[15]);ADL含量测定,参照国标法测定(GB/T 20805-2006[16]);每个饲料样品做3个平行。碳水化合物(CHO)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、半纤维素(HCEL)、CEL、RFV、DE和奶牛能量单位(NND)参照以下公式计算:

CHO%=100%- W%- ASH%- CP%-EE%;

NFE%=100%-W%-ASH%-CP%-EE%-CF%;

HCEL %=NDF %-ADF %;CEL%=ADF %-(ADL+ AIA)%;

RFV=DMI(%BW)×DDM(%DM)/1.29;

式中,干物质采食量DMI(%BW)=120/NDF(%DM);

干物质消化率DDM(%DM)=88.9-0.779ADF (%DM)。

DE值用估测模型计算:

DE(MJ·kg-1)=CP×75%×0.0236+EE×50%×0.0393+HCEL×50%×0.0174+CEL×40%×0.0174+ NDSC×85%×0.0174;

NND=(DE×0.5501-0.3958)/3.138;

式中,CP、粗脂肪(EE)、HCEL、CEL和NDSC为饲料中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、半纤维素、纤维素和中性洗涤可溶性碳水化合物的含量(g·kg-1),75%、50%、50%、40%和85%分别为CP、EE、HCEL、CEL和NDSC的牛羊消化率典型值[17,18],0.0236、0.0393和0.0174分别为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的热价(MJ·g-1)。NDSC计算公式为NDSC%=100%-W%- ASH%-CP%-EE%-NDF%。

1.6 数据统计分析方法

试验数据采用Excel 2010进行整理,采用SPSS 19.0统计软件的比较均值过程进行单因素ANOVA分析,差异显著则用SNK法进行两两比较。P<0.05作为差异显著的判断标准。试验结果用平均值表示。

2 结果

2.1 不同品种苜蓿DM中营养成分含量及DE、NND值

表1可知,不同品种苜蓿DM中,ASH、NDF、ADF、HCEL、CEL和ADL的含量差异极显著(P<0.01),EE的含量差异不显著(P=0.527)。ASH含量最高的苜蓿品种是WL363HQ,为8.53%;CP含量最高的苜蓿品种是金皇后,为27.19%;EE含量最高的苜蓿品种是保定苜蓿,为3.01%;CF含量最高的苜蓿品种是保定苜蓿,为36.69%;NDF、ADF、CEL和ADL含量最高的苜蓿品种是中原804,分别为57.02%、42.73%、34.43%和7.92%;HCEL含量最高的苜蓿品种是鲁黄1号,为15.43%;DE值最高的苜蓿品种是WL354HQ,为10.95 MJ·kg-1

Table 1
表1
表1不同品种苜蓿样品DM中各种营养成分含量及DE、NND值
Table 1Contents of various nutrients and DE、NND values in alfalfa DM of different varieties
品种名称
Name
灰分
ASH
(%)
粗蛋白质
CP
(%)
粗脂肪
EE
(%)
粗纤维
CF
(%)
中性洗涤纤维NDF(%)酸性洗涤纤维ADF(%)半纤维素HCEL
(%)
纤维素CEL
(%)
木质素ADL
(%)
消化能
DE
(MJ·kg-1)
奶牛能量单位
NND
WL343HQ7.9423.032.5529.6847.1633.3513.8026.726.2910.491.71
WL353HQ7.4422.822.3632.5247.8936.0711.8228.966.7810.421.70
WL354HQ8.2324.092.7327.3941.6530.2511.4124.625.3010.951.79
WL363HQ8.5323.702.4028.9742.9631.9810.9825.895.7610.731.76
WL366HQ7.9720.972.7832.2346.6634.1212.5426.816.8810.411.70
阿尔冈金Algonuin8.0220.322.5335.5350.0437.9512.0830.237.3510.071.64
金皇后 Golden empress7.8727.192.4431.7051.1436.4514.6828.937.1710.261.67
中苜3号 Zhongmu No.37.5218.722.7235.1553.7139.6914.0232.177.159.861.60
中苜6号 Zhongmu No.67.1318.862.2036.0750.0736.7013.3729.047.2910.161.66
鲁多Luduo7.7322.432.8230.5046.5733.7712.8027.126.3310.551.72
鲁黄1号 Luhuang No 17.2425.082.4433.3953.4838.0515.4330.507.2510.121.65
无棣Wudi7.8519.992.0235.3852.5239.1413.3831.197.579.871.60
鲁丰1号 Lufeng No 18.2818.902.7135.1350.9337.3113.6229.917.099.971.62
保定Baoding7.4318.373.0136.6955.5940.4715.1132.187.889.701.57
中原804 Zhongyuan8047.7721.522.1536.1057.0242.7314.3034.437.929.571.55
敖汉Aohan8.3619.282.3135.5854.5640.1814.3832.237.639.621.56
SEM0.060.350.060.430.470.380.160.380.100.100.02
PP<0.001P<0.0010.527P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001P<0.001

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2.2 不同品种苜蓿DM中营养成分含量的平均值及变异系数

表2可知,不同品种苜蓿DM中的ASH、CP、EE、CF、NDF、ADF、ADL、CEL和HCEL含量的平均值分别为7.83%、21.58%、2.51%、33.25%、50.12%、36.76%、6.98%、29.43%和13.36%;变异系数(CV)分别为5.16%、12.06%、10.78%、8.76%、8.78%、9.21%、10.54%、9.15%和9.90%。RFV平均值为113.10%。

Table 2
表2
表2不同品种苜蓿DM中营养成分含量的平均值及变异系数(%)
Table 2Average value and coefficient of variation of nutrient content in alfalfa DM of different varieties (%)
平均值
Average value
标准差
Standard deviation
变异系数
Coefficient of variation
ASH7.830.405.16
CP21.582.6012.06
EE2.510.2710.78
CF33.252.918.76
NDF50.124.408.78
ADF36.763.399.21
ADL6.980.7410.54
CEL29.432.699.15
HCEL13.361.329.90
RFV113.1015.3613.58

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2.3 苜蓿中各种成分的关系

表3可知,CP与NDF、ADF之间的相关系数r分别为0.8996、0.8842;ADF与NDF、CEL、ADL等指标呈强相关,相关系数r分别为0.9756,0.9955,0.9455;CF与ADF、CEL、ADL、NFE之间的相关系数r分别为0.9114、0.8849、0.9375、0.8899;CF(含AIA)与CF之间的相关系数r为0.9997;NDF与CEL、ADL、HCEL、NDSC之间的相关系数r分别为0.9671、0.9396、0.8736、0.9678;ADL(含AIA)与ADL之间的相关系数r为0.9989;RFV与NDF之间的相关系数r为0.9938。

Table 3
表3
表3y=a+bx模型中各参数及相关系数r (n=16)
Table 3Parameters and correlation coefficient r in y=a+bx model (n=16)
yabxrP<
CP42.3190-0.4352NDF0.89960.01
CP40.9850-0.5548ADF0.88420.01
ADF-0.89170.7513NDF0.97560.01
ADF-0.07451.2516CEL0.99550.01
ADF6.36684.3563ADL0.94550.01
CF4.44680.7835ADF0.91140.01
CF5.09840.9565CEL0.88490.01
CF7.34073.7134ADL0.93750.01
CF101.4800-1.9437NFE0.88990.01
CF+AIA0.40011.0195CF0.99970.01
NDF3.64701.5790CEL0.96710.01
NDF10.89585.6218ADL0.93960.01
NDF13.35502.7524HCEL0.87360.01
NDF80.0210-1.5833NDSC0.96780.01
ADL-0.33580.2485CEL0.91050.01
ADL+AIA0.21881.0192ADL0.99890.01
RFV287.0677-3.4709NDF0.99380.01
RFV276.9435-4.4568ADF0.98260.01
RFV275.9090-5.5315CEL0.97000.01

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2.4 不同品种苜蓿营养成分生物产量及DE、NND值

表4可知,粗脂肪、碳水化合物、半纤维素和纤维素产量最高的品种是保定苜蓿,分别为393.59、 9 308.22、1 976.32和4 208.05kg·hm-2;粗蛋白质产量最高的品种是金皇后,为2 697.23 kg·hm-2;消化能产量最高的品种是保定苜蓿,为126 814.45 MJ·hm-2

Table 4
表4
表4不同品种苜蓿中各种营养成分生物产量及DE、NND值
Table 4Biological yield of various nutrients and DE、NND values in alfalfa of different varieties
品种名称
Name
粗蛋白质
CP
(kg·hm-2)
粗脂肪
EE
(kg·hm-2)
碳水化合物
CHO
(kg·hm-2)
半纤维素
HCEL
(kg·hm-2)
纤维素
CEL
(kg·hm-2)
消化能
DE
(MJ·hm-2)
奶牛能量单位NND
(hm2)
WL343HQ2253.71250.036506.621351.022615.69102681.5817998.47
WL353HQ2455.22254.237249.901271.743116.11112153.8219658.98
WL354HQ2322.58263.256262.221099.662374.13105541.0218499.74
WL363HQ2490.31252.436869.201153.672720.30112789.0219770.33
WL366HQ2451.23324.877980.741465.293134.38121632.5321320.62
阿尔冈金Algonuin2437.47303.098290.901449.293626.14120732.7521162.89
金皇后Golden empress2697.23242.206198.241456.482869.70101782.0517840.78
中苜3号Zhongmu No.31991.85289.577556.721491.123422.49104929.8518392.60
中苜6号Zhongmu No.61602.59187.136099.311135.652467.1186333.4315132.60
鲁多Luduo1850.75232.545530.301056.072237.5887010.4515251.28
鲁黄1号Luhuang No.12444.71237.696360.281504.392973.6298659.8117293.44
无棣Wudi1884.46190.326612.011261.652939.8493034.5016307.31
鲁丰1号Lufeng No.12351.96337.108725.491695.363721.97124131.9421758.78
保定Baoding2402.24393.599308.221976.324208.05126814.4522229.03
中原804 Zhongyuan8042661.73266.238476.871768.024257.91118381.9720750.79
敖汉Aohan2533.91303.589182.161889.754235.35126764.8222220.33

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3 讨论

3.1 影响苜蓿中营养成分含量及生物产量的因素

苜蓿中营养成分含量及生物产量受到多种因素的影响,如苜蓿品种、种植模式、土壤条件、气候条件、田间管理、刈割时期、加工工艺等。

苜蓿中CP含量的高低是反映牧草营养价值的重要指标之一,直接关系到牧草营养价值的高低[19]。宋书红等[4-5,20]对紫花苜蓿在不同时期收获营养成分的变化进行了系统研究,研究结果表明,随着生育期的推迟,紫花苜蓿中CP的含量会下降,CF的含量会增加。ASH中大部分是钙、磷、钾等矿物元素,其反映牧草矿物元素的总体含量[21],但如果在收获时期带入一些泥土,会使ASH含量增加[22]。ADF和NDF是评价苜蓿干物质采食量和消化率的国际通用指标。李岩等[23,24]研究表明,ADF和NDF的含量随着紫花苜蓿生育期的延长呈现上升的趋势,随着灌溉量减少而降低。

国内外对影响苜蓿生物产量的因素有一些研究,SUTTIE等[25,26]研究报道,苜蓿播种量为22.5—30.0 kg·hm-2时,有利于提高苜蓿的生物产量。宋书红等[4]对不同品种苜蓿在不同时期的生物产量进行了研究,苜蓿在开花期的生物产量最高,高于营养期和盛花期的生物产量。在恶劣的天气条件下,苜蓿主要通过增加根系总长度、根体积和根尖数来适应干旱[27],增加根颈直径和侧根数来提高其抗寒性[28]。田间管理方面,刘贵和等[29]研究表明,在田间配施一定比例的硼、钼和锌可以显著(P<0.05)提高苜蓿生物产量。魏志标等[30,31]研究表明,紫花苜蓿对氮的利用率高于60%,对磷的利用率相对较低,田间最优施氮量为50 kg·hm-2,施磷量141 kg·hm-2,能增加苜蓿的生物产量。施加适量的硒、锌[21],能够提高苜蓿中CP的产量,降低ASH、EE、CF的产量;施加适量的铁、锌[32],能够降低ADF和NDF的产量。在收获加工方面,苜蓿的收获时间延迟,干燥时间过长,会导致苜蓿严重木质化,而且很多叶子会脱落,降低苜蓿中CP的产量[33]

3.2 苜蓿中各种纤维含量之间的相互关系

苜蓿中NDF含有半纤维素、纤维素、木质素和不溶性灰分,ADF含有纤维素、木质素和酸不溶性灰分[34],与NDF比较ADF不含半纤维素。因此,我们的结果表明NDF含量的增加明显高于ADF。粗纤维是植物细胞壁的主要组成成分,陈桂华等[35]研究发现,粗纤维含量越高,植物茎秆的充实度越好,植株的抗倒能力越强。半纤维素是由几种不同类型的单糖组成的多糖,主要是戊糖和己糖,包括木聚糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖和半乳糖等[33],含量大约占细胞壁多糖的30%[36];纤维素是由纤维素合酶复合物在植物细胞的质膜上合成的,主要由β-D-葡聚糖链组成[37],存在于紫花苜蓿茎中,盛花期时茎中纤维素含量为30.6%[36]。木质素是植物细胞壁的主要结构成分[38],由对-香豆醇、芥子醇和松柏醇3种木质醇单体通过多种化学键连接形成[39],是一种分子量大、组成和结构复杂的天然酚醛聚合物[40]

结果显示,ADF与NDF、CEL等指标呈强相关,相关系数r分别为0.9756,0.9955;CF(含AIA)与CF之间的相关系数r为0.9997;ADL(含AIA)与ADL之间的相关系数r为0.9989;NDF与CEL之间的相关系数r为0.9671;RFV与NDF之间的相关系数r为0.9938。苜蓿中各种纤维成分的关系呈强相关,可以用于苜蓿RFV的估测。

4 结论

不同品种苜蓿纤维成分含量之间呈强相关,酸性洗涤纤维含量与中性洗涤纤维含量之间呈强相关(r=0.9756);酸性洗涤纤维含量与纤维素含量之间呈强相关(r=0.9955);苜蓿相对饲用价值与中性洗涤纤维含量呈线性相关(r=0.9938):RFV=287.0677- 3.4709NDF(%),可以用于苜蓿RFV的估测。不同品种苜蓿生物产量不同,金皇后苜蓿粗蛋白质产量最高, 为2 697. 23 kg·hm-2, 保定苜蓿消化能产量最高, 为126 814. 45 MJ·hm-2

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