,1Effects of Two Trellis Systems on Viticultural Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Three Table Grape Cultivars
WANG XiaoYue1, ZHANG GuoJun1, SUN Lei1, ZHAO Yin2, YAN AiLing1, WANG HuiLing1, REN JianCheng1, XU HaiYing,1通讯作者:
收稿日期:2018-07-9接受日期:2018-12-10网络出版日期:2019-04-01
| 基金资助: |
Received:2018-07-9Accepted:2018-12-10Online:2019-04-01
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王晓玥,Tel：010-82592156;E-mail：
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王晓玥, 张国军, 孙磊, 赵印, 闫爱玲, 王慧玲, 任建成, 徐海英. 2种架式对3个鲜食葡萄品种栽培性状及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(7): 1150-1163 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.07.003
WANG XiaoYue, ZHANG GuoJun, SUN Lei, ZHAO Yin, YAN AiLing, WANG HuiLing, REN JianCheng, XU HaiYing.
0 引言
【研究意义】我国华北平原葡萄主产区属于典型的大陆性季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥,需要埋土防寒越冬,深层土壤（地下40—80 cm）质地大多为黏壤土,透水性不强,使得葡萄栽培面临诸多挑战：葡萄树势难以调控,营养生长与生殖生长难以平衡,多种病虫害齐发,在耗费大量劳动用工后果实产量和品质仍无法得到保证。葡萄的树势调控是指在葡萄生长的不同阶段调节树体生长势头和状态,使其达到营养生长与生殖生长的平衡,从而使树体达到稳定状态的栽培管理过程[1,2]。其中,栽培架式的选择对树势的调控十分重要,适宜的葡萄架式有利于葡萄树体的调控、葡萄产量的形成、果实品质的提高和田间管理的省力减工[3,4]。【前人研究进展】架式结构决定了叶幕类型,叶幕类型又影响光能的截流量与叶幕整体的光合效率,从而影响光合产物的合成与分配[5,6,7],调节营养生长与生殖生长之间的关系[8,9,10],继而影响新梢生长、果实品质[6,11-12],最终体现为对树体整体长势、结构、越冬性和丰产稳产性的影响[6,13-14],由此可见,栽培架式的优化与改造意义重大。前人关于不同架式对葡萄生长发育的研究大多集中于V型架和单臂篱架[15,16,17],以及平顶棚架[18]之间的比较,陆贵锋等[19]于2017年在广西对V型架和T型架下栽培的酿酒葡萄‘凌丰’进行了比较研究,结果表明T型架的萌芽率和结果枝率高于V型架,且T型架树冠内光照分布相对一致,枝叶分布较均匀,但是产量和果实品质差异不显著。高、宽、垂的T型架自20世纪七、八十年代开始在生产中应用[20],但是这种兼具篱架和棚架优点的架式却没有被大面积普及。【本研究切入点】由于气候条件和地理环境等差异,确定我国不同地域相对合理的栽培架式和树体结构是葡萄栽培研究不可忽略的核心内容之一。迄今,关于T型架在我国北方冲积平原葡萄埋土区的研究尚未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】本研究紧密结合生产实践,在华北冲积平原埋土区以3个鲜食葡萄品种（‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’）的6年生大树为试材,连续3年调查V型架和T型架对葡萄生长发育、果实品质和树体结构等方面的影响,旨在为特定葡萄品种在特定生态环境条件下的合理架式提供理论依据和配套栽培措施,从而达到树势易调控、光能高利用及栽培省力化的目的。1 材料与方法
1.1 试验区概况和试验材料
试验地位于北纬40°13′,东经117°12′,属于典型冲积平原埋土防寒区,近3年气象条件见表1。浅层土壤（地下0—40 cm）质地为沙壤土,深层土壤（地下40—80 cm）质地为黏壤土,土壤肥力中等,田间持水量25.4%,土壤容重1.37 g·cm-3,有机质含量12.50 g·kg-1,pH 6.9,全氮0.86 g·kg-1,全磷0.87 g·kg-1,全钾22.2 g·kg-1,可溶性盐1.03 g·kg-1。Table 1
表1
表12015—2017年气象条件
Table 1
| 生长季 Growing period | 平均温度 Mean temperature (℃) | 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) | 风速 Wind speed (km?h-1) | 降雨量 Precipitation (mm) | 有效积温 Growing degree days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | |||||
| 4月April | 14.7 | 45.7 | 11.3 | 34.29 | 134.0 |
| 5月May | 20.8 | 44.3 | 11.3 | 24.89 | 290.0 |
| 6月June | 24.4 | 57.9 | 9.3 | 34.80 | 407.5 |
| 7月July | 26.5 | 65.7 | 7.6 | 83.07 | 481.0 |
| 8月August | 26.1 | 68.6 | 7.3 | 71.10 | 501.0 |
| 9月September | 20.6 | 71.2 | 8.1 | 50.54 | 302.5 |
| 10月October | 13.8 | 59.2 | 9.3 | 14.22 | 130.5 |
| 11月November | 2.9 | 78.9 | 7.5 | 17.28 | 0.5 |
| 均值/总合Average/Total | 18.7 | 61.4 | 9.0 | 330.20 | 2247 |
| 2016 | |||||
| 4月April | 15.5 | 38.8 | 11.4 | 5.59 | 159.5 |
| 5月May | 20.2 | 45.0 | 10.9 | 17.77 | 297.0 |
| 6月June | 24.9 | 57.7 | 8.5 | 61.47 | 421.5 |
| 7月July | 27.1 | 69.4 | 7.9 | 181.61 | 501.0 |
| 8月August | 27.0 | 66.3 | 8.1 | 71.37 | 500.0 |
| 9月September | 21.3 | 66.2 | 7.7 | 56.13 | 335.5 |
| 10月October | 12.9 | 72.4 | 8.0 | 50.30 | 113.0 |
| 11月November | 3.52 | 62.1 | 8.6 | 7.87 | 1.5 |
| 均值/总合Average/Total | 19.1 | 59.7 | 8.9 | 452.11 | 2329 |
| 2017 | |||||
| 4月April | 15.5 | 36.4 | 10.6 | 0 | 124.5 |
| 5月May | 22.0 | 40.9 | 10.5 | 28.95 | 293.5 |
| 6月June | 24.7 | 50.5 | 9.0 | 80.78 | 357.5 |
| 7月July | 27.3 | 75.0 | 7.7 | 63.51 | 443.5 |
| 8月August | 25.9 | 73.3 | 7.5 | 199.9 | 423 |
| 9月September | 21.7 | 64.5 | 7.4 | 3.05 | 318 |
| 10月October | 12.3 | 72.5 | 7.1 | 32.77 | 80.5 |
| 11月November | 3.1 | 46.0 | 10.3 | 0 | 4.0 |
| 均值/总合Average/Total | 19.1 | 57.4 | 8.8 | 408.96 | 2044.5 |
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供试葡萄品种为欧亚种（Vitis vinifera L.）鲜食葡萄‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’。‘瑞都脆霞’（京秀×香妃）,果皮紫红色,果肉脆硬;‘瑞都无核怡’（香妃×无核红宝石）,果皮红紫色,无核,甜酸多汁;‘瑞都香玉’（京秀×香妃）,果皮黄绿色,果肉有浓郁玫瑰香。
于2009年春季定植3个品种的一年生苗,栽培架式分为篱架T型（顺行平棚架）和V型（图1）。T型架架面高度和宽度分别为190 cm和150 cm,新梢总长度和下垂长度分别为160 cm和85 cm左右;V型架两侧架面各平拉3道铅丝,第一道铅丝距地面70 cm,第二道铅丝距地面110 cm,两侧铅丝间距60 cm,第三道铅丝距地面150 cm,两侧铅丝间距120 cm,新梢总长度和下垂长度分别为100 cm和50 cm左右。为便于出埋土,主蔓均以15°—25°角倾斜上架。两种架式的树形均为顺行水平龙干形[1,21-23],南北向种植,株行距3 m×3 m。修剪方式均为短梢或极短梢修剪,延长头为长梢修剪。新梢与主蔓垂直引缚,果穗以下至基部各节位的副梢留2—3片叶摘心,果穗以上留1—2片叶摘心。病虫害的防治目标主要是霜霉病、白粉病和蓟马、叶蝉等,以农业防治和物理防治为主,一般每年3—5次化学农药防治。
图1
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图1两种架式结构示意图
A：T型架;B：V型架
Fig. 1Sketch of two trellis systems
A: T-trellis; B: V-trellis
种植行地面高于行间约20 cm,采用简易避雨、地表覆盖园艺地布和滴灌供水管理模式,机械埋土越冬。本文研究3个品种在2种架式下的表现,故共有6个处理,品种名称在图表中使用简写：‘瑞都脆霞’—CX,‘瑞都无核怡’—WHY,‘瑞都香玉’—XY。
1.2 气象资料采集
试验地属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,四季分明,热量适中,光照充足。2015—2017的气象数据来自于试验地HOBO小型气象站（Onset Computer Corporation,Bourne,MA,USA）,详见表1。1.3 试验方法
1.3.1 物候期、结果习性、架式特点和用工劳动强度调查和统计 连续3年观察记录各处理的萌芽期、初花期、果实始熟（转色）期和新梢始熟期。同一处理随机选择3株长势接近且中庸的树,调查整株葡萄的总芽数、萌芽数、结果枝数和果穗数,根据以下公式计算萌芽率、结果枝率和结果系数：萌芽率（%）=萌芽数/总芽数×100,结果枝率（%）=结果枝数/萌芽数×100,结果系数=果穗数/结果枝数。通过3年的田间管理情况,总结试验材料在两种架式下的生长特点和用工情况。1.3.2 光合参数测定 连续3年于8月份晴天上午09：00—11：00,每个处理选择长势基本一致的葡萄树3—5株,选择新梢果穗以上第4—5片、健康无病害的功能叶片,使用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统（Li-Cor Inc.,Lincoln NE,USA）,测定净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度,采用内置光源,光强设定为1 600 μmol?m-2?s-1,读取4—10个数据,取平均值。
1.3.3 新梢和叶片生长状况调查 于2014年和2017年秋分别使用游标卡尺测定4株葡萄的全部新梢基部粗度;于2015年秋（副梢修剪后3周左右）使用卷尺测量叶幕长度、高度和单侧叶幕厚度,同日于各处理中随机选择3个新梢,摘取所有叶片,用LC2400P叶面积仪（Regent Instruments Canada Inc.,Quebec,Canada）测定叶面积,统计各处理总新梢数,计算叶面积指数（LAI）,LAI=叶片总面积/土地面积;于同年秋季采用SPAD502叶绿素仪（Konica Minolta,Tokyo,Japan）测定新梢果穗以上第4—5片功能叶的叶绿素含量,记录3个数据取平均值。
1.3.4 叶片病害调查 于2016年和2017年秋对各处理叶片白粉病和霜霉病的发病情况进行调查,于随机选取的3株葡萄树体东侧和西侧分别选取5个枝条,统计所有主梢叶片的发病情况。白粉病和霜霉病采用以下分级标准[24]：0级,全叶无病斑;1级,病斑面积占叶面积0%—5%;3级、5级、7级和9级病斑面积分别占6%—25%、26%—50%、51%—75%和75%以上至枯死。根据公式计算发病率和病情指数,发病率（%）=（病叶数/调查总叶数）×100,病情指数=∑（病级数值×该病级叶片数）/（最高级数值×调查总叶片数）×100。
1.3.5 产量控制和果实品质测定 为保证两种架式的可比性,通过栽培措施使二者的产量在同一水平,‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’亩产控制在1 000 kg,‘瑞都无核怡’在700 kg。每个处理于树体东、西两侧各部位随机采取6—8穗果实,称量每穗葡萄重量;每穗葡萄随机剪取30粒称重,计算单粒重;随机挑选10粒果实放入带标尺的卡槽内测量果粒横径和纵径;采用手持糖度计测定可溶性固形物（TSS）,读取5个数据;0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH滴定法测定可滴定酸,3次重复;剩余果实样品迅速用液氮冷冻,放入超低温冰箱（-80℃）中保存,随后使用微量分光光度计P330（Implen,Westlake Village,CA,USA）测定花色苷[25]、原花色素[26]和类黄酮[27],3次重复。使用分光光度计扫出花色苷提取液的最大吸收波长,对应的化合物为锦葵色素,因此使用二甲基花翠素双葡萄糖苷氯化物作为标准品,原花色素和类黄酮的标准品分别为原花色素和儿茶素。
1.4 统计分析
用Microsoft Excel 2003软件整理、统计数据以及作图,用Sigmaplot 12.0数据分析软件进行单因素方差（ANOVA）分析,Student-Newman-Keuls法多重比较,差异显著性定义为P<0.05。2 结果
2.1 2种架式的植株生长和田间管理情况
2015—2017年,同一品种2种架式的萌芽期和初花期基本一致。2015年,‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的果实始熟期（转色期）比V型架早3 d;2017年‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下的始熟期比T型架早3 d。由于2016年7月份降雨量（181.6 mm,表1）过于集中,‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’的成熟期分别推迟了约1周和2周;2015年3个品种在T形架下的新梢始熟期要显著晚于V型架,2016年和2017年差异逐渐缩小（表2）。大多数情况下,3个品种在T型架下的萌芽率高于V型架,其中2015年‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平;2015年和2016年V型架的结果枝率高于T型,但是2017年结果相反,T型架均高于V型架;结果系数未表现出规律性的结果（表3）。V型架下的葡萄极性生长特性强,长势较旺,而T型架下的葡萄长势中庸,顶端优势不明显。T型架下葡萄的副梢管理次数、摘心次数、结果枝绑缚次数和冬季修剪工时均小于V型架,春季出土上架和冬季下架埋土所需工时与V型架一致（表4）。Table 2
表2
表22015—2017年3个品种在2种架式下的物候期
Table 2
| 年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 萌芽期 Bud break (M-D) | 初花期 First bloom (M-D) | 始熟期 Veraison (M-D) | 新梢始熟期 Cane maturation (M-D) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-26 | 7-6 | 9-6 |
| V | 4-19 | 5-27 | 7-9 | 9-1 | ||
| WHY | T | 4-22 | 5-27 | 7-19 | 8-25 | |
| V | 4-22 | 5-26 | 7-22 | 8-2 | ||
| XY | T | 4-21 | 5-24 | 7-13 | 8-14 | |
| V | 4-19 | 5-24 | 7-13 | 8-5 | ||
| 2016 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-23 | 7-2 | 9-9 |
| V | 4-18 | 5-22 | 7-2 | 9-1 | ||
| WHY | T | 4-21 | 5-28 | 7-24 | 8-28 | |
| V | 4-22 | 5-26 | 7-24 | 8-26 | ||
| XY | T | 4-17 | 5-20 | 7-25 | 8-25 | |
| V | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-24 | 8-27 | ||
| 2017 | CX | T | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-5 | 8-28 |
| V | 4-18 | 5-19 | 7-4 | 8-25 | ||
| WHY | T | 4-21 | 5-20 | 7-16 | 8-18 | |
| V | 4-22 | 5-20 | 7-16 | 8-18 | ||
| XY | T | 4-17 | 5-16 | 7-6 | 8-26 | |
| V | 4-18 | 5-16 | 7-9 | 8-28 |
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Table 3
表3
表32015—2017年3个品种在2种架式下的结果习性
Table 3
| 年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 萌芽率 Percentage of germination (%) | 结果枝率 Percentage of bearing shoots (%) | 结果系数 Cluster number per bearing shoot |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | CX | T | 95.3±2.2* | 83.8±4.7 | 1.73±0.1 |
| V | 48.3±4.8 | 94.2±1.7 | 1.80±0.1 | ||
| WHY | T | 71.0±3.1 | 66.2±2.0 | 1.21±0.0 | |
| V | 39.2±4.0 | 69.4±6.5 | 1.09±0.0 | ||
| XY | T | 86.7±3.3* | 54.7±17.6 | 1.63±0.1 | |
| V | 47.6±3.3 | 80.0±2.0 | 1.88±0.1 | ||
| 2016 | CX | T | 67.8±3.9 | 90.0±1.1 | 1.83±0.1 |
| V | 63.8±3.3 | 93.3±4.1 | 1.57±0.0 | ||
| WHY | T | 72.0±1.5 | 87.4±3.6 | 1.45±0.1 | |
| V | 70.5±2.0 | 75.8±10.5 | 1.17±0.0 | ||
| XY | T | 72.0±2.9 | 59.0±8.2 | 1.11±0.1 | |
| V | 61.1±3.6 | 71.5±4.4 | 1.56±0.1 | ||
| 2017 | CX | T | 73.1±5.0 | 77.8±6.1 | 1.52±0.1 |
| V | 64.6±8.1 | 71.6±6.1 | 1.49±0.0 | ||
| WHY | T | 67.4±7.6 | 76.6±7.4 | 1.35±0.1 | |
| V | 67.9±3.7 | 54.1±21.5 | 1.30±0.1 | ||
| XY | T | 60.5±3.7 | 71.6±7.7 | 1.41±0.2 | |
| V | 67.7±8.0 | 61.9±3.8 | 1.71±0.1 |
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Table 4
表4
表4两种架式特点和用工劳动强度
Table 4
| 项目 Parameter | V型 V-trellis | T型 T-trellis |
|---|---|---|
| 长势Vigor | 较旺 Vigorous | 中庸 Moderate |
| 顶端优势 Apical dominance | 较明显 Obvious | 不明显 Not obvious |
| 结果带距地面高度Fruit setting height (cm) | 40 | 170 |
| 出土上架工时（时／人·亩）Out-of-soil and tying hours per person per 1/6 acre | 24 | 24 |
| 副梢管理次数（／年）Lateral shoot management times (/year) | 10 | 5 |
| 摘心次数（／年）Topping times (/year) | 1—2 | 1 |
| 结果枝绑缚次数（／年）Fruit branch binding times (/year) | 2 | 1 |
| 冬季修剪工时（时／人·亩）Winter pruning hours per person per 1/6 acre | 2 | 1.33 |
| 下架埋土工时（时／人·亩） Soil-bury and untying hours per person per 1/6 acre | 3.2 | 3.2 |
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2.2 2种架式的光合参数比较
如图2-A所示,2015年3个品种的净光合速率Pn均表现为T型架高于V型架,‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平,2016年‘瑞都无核怡’T型架Pn显著高于V型架,2017年‘瑞都脆霞’V型架Pn显著高于T型架。图2-B表明,2015—2017年‘瑞都无核怡’T型架的气孔导度Gs高于V型架,‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在不同年份表现并不一致。‘瑞都脆霞’V型架的蒸腾速率Tr显著高于T型架（图2-C）,‘瑞都香玉’在2016年表现为V型架高于T型架,‘瑞都无核怡’表现为无差异。胞间CO2浓度Ci在多数情况下2种架式间差异不显著（图2-D）。综上,除2016年‘瑞都香玉’和2017年‘瑞都脆霞’在V型架下的光合能力高于T型架外,其他看份不同处理均为T型架处于较高水平。图2
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图22015—2017年3个品种在2种架式下的叶片光合效率比较
*表示T型架和V型架在P<0.05水平差异显著。下同
Fig. 2The photosynthetic parameters of leaves of three cultivars in two trellis systems from 2015 to 2017
*indicates significant difference between T-trellis and V-trellis at P<0.05. The same as below
2.3 2种架式的新梢和叶片生长状况比较
2.3.1 2014年和2017年2种架式新梢一致性比较 2014年3个品种在T型架下的新梢粗度均大于V型架（图3-A）,其中‘瑞都脆霞’差异最小,未达到显著水平,‘瑞都无核怡’差异显著,为2.2 mm,‘瑞都香玉’差异最为显著,达到了4.3 mm。经过3年的树势调控后,3个品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度均显著减小,达到了10—12 mm的适宜范围,且同一品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度在同一水平,无显著差异。从2014到2017年,‘瑞都脆霞’T型架的新梢粗度平均值减少了3.2 mm,V型架减少了2.9 mm;‘瑞都无核怡’T型架减少了3.7 mm,V型架减少了1.2 mm;‘瑞都香玉’T型架减少量最大,为5.4 mm,V型架减少了2.1 mm。由此可见,在雨热同季的气候条件和土壤质地为壤土偏黏的条件下,葡萄树体的生长势需要一定年限才能得以调控好,低树龄的葡萄在T型架的长势更为强旺,但是经过调控后可与V型架一样,达到树势中庸、均衡的状态。图3
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图32014和2017年3个品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度和一致性比较
Fig. 3Thickness of shoots and standard error of shoot thickness of three cultivars in two trellis systems in 2014 and 2017
新梢粗度一致性结果如图3-B所示,‘瑞都脆霞’在2014年和2017年均表现为T型架下的新梢粗度标准差要小于V型架,从2014年到2017年,2种架式的新梢粗度标准差显著降低,到2017年,T型架和V型架的新梢粗度标准差仅为2.3和2.7。‘瑞都无核怡’在2014年表现出了很大的新梢粗度差异,T型更为显著,达到4.4,但是2017年显著下降为2.6,低于V型架的2.75。‘瑞都香玉’的表现与‘瑞都无核怡’类似,也是在2014年表现出了很大的新梢粗度差异,T型架（3.8）高于V型架（3.2）,但是2017年T型架显著下降为2.3,远低于V型架的3.0。通过对葡萄树体长势的调控,3个品种在T型架下的葡萄新梢生长一致性均优于V型架。
2.3.2 2种架式叶片生长状况比较 2种架式的叶幕和叶片特征比较结果表明（表5）,3个品种在叶幕高度和叶幕长度的表现有所差异,但是V型架的叶幕厚度和叶幕体积均大于T型架,其中‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平;‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下的LAI高于T型,‘瑞都无核怡’结果相反;2种架式下的叶片叶绿素含量并无显著差异,说明不同架式叶片的光合性能之间的差异不是由叶绿素造成的。
Table 5
表5
表52015年3个品种在2种架式下的叶幕和叶片特征比较
Table 5
| 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 叶幕高度 Canopy height (cm) | 叶幕长度 Canopy length (cm) | 叶幕厚度 Canopy thickness (cm) | 叶幕体积 Canopy volume (cm3) | 叶面积指数 Leaf area index | 叶片叶绿素 Leaf chlorophyll contents (SPAD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CX | T | 127.3±2.7 | 162.7±3.0 | 39.3±2.0 | 0.86±0.0 | 1.33±0.22 | 42.4±1.6 |
| V | 111.7±6.1 | 303.0±28.8 | 60.0±5.8* | 2.0±0.3* | 1.71±0.15 | 31.4±3.9 | |
| WHY | T | 111.0±8.5 | 177.7±29.0 | 52.0±4.0 | 1.0±0.2 | 2.05±0.23 | 44.9±0.6 |
| V | 114.7±2.4 | 202.7±30.0 | 58.7±7.2 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.78±0.03 | 49.1±1.8 | |
| XY | T | 94.3±1.9 | 328.0±17.4* | 51.0±4.0 | 1.6±0.1 | 1.00±0.07 | 44.6±1.7 |
| V | 116.7±3.2* | 234.7±25.9 | 73.0±10.4 | 1.9±0.1* | 1.57±0.14* | 44.0±0.9 |
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2016年‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下霜霉病的发病率和病情指数显著高于T型架（表6）,白粉病在2种架式下的发病情况差异不显著,‘瑞都无核怡’白粉病的发病率最高,达44.0%—53.0%。2017年3个品种在V型架下的霜霉病发病率和病情指数均显著高于T型架,其中‘瑞都脆霞’感病情况最重,发病率高达46.7%;而白粉病仅在2017年的‘瑞都无核怡’上有所差异,T型架下叶片的发病情况显著高于V型架,其余年份和品种未表现出显著差异。
Table 6
表6
表62种架式叶片霜霉病和白粉病发病情况比较
Table 6
| 年份 Year | 品种 Cultivar | 架式 Trellis system | 霜霉病Downy mildew | 白粉病Powdery mildew | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发病率Incidence (%) | 病情指数Disease index | 发病率Incidence (%) | 病情指数Disease index | |||
| 2016 | CX | T | 7.79±2.56 | 0.87±0.28 | 7.78±5.21 | 0.86±0.58 |
| V | 2.48±1.32 | 0.28±0.15 | 16.00±8.19 | 2.22±1.16 | ||
| WHY | T | 6.20±2.67 | 0.69±0.30 | 44.00±8.84 | 7.11±1.93 | |
| V | 11.83±0.85 | 1.31±0.10 | 53.00±13.3 | 18.33±5.24 | ||
| XY | T | 4.62±1.71 | 0.51±0.19 | 0 | 0 | |
| V | 14.38±1.35* | 1.94±0.40* | 0 | 0 | ||
| 2017 | CX | T | 15.93±8.49 | 2.14±0.97 | 33.33±6.15 | 9.63±4.42 |
| V | 46.67±8.03* | 17.41±5.01* | 33.33±10.5 | 10.37±5.57 | ||
| WHY | T | 7.04±4.46 | 1.60±1.22 | 41.06±7.97* | 10.49±4.02 | |
| V | 36.67±8.82* | 8.52±2.14* | 16.67±5.58 | 4.07±2.00 | ||
| XY | T | 1.67±1.67 | 0.56±0.56 | 14.58±6.78 | 4.40±2.55 | |
| V | 30.00±0.00* | 8.89±1.38* | 23.33±3.33 | 5.56±1.25 | ||
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2.4 2种架式的果实品质差异比较
2015年3个品种的果穗重均在500 g以上,随后的2016年和2017年通过加大疏果量使成熟期的果穗重保持在300—450 g。2015年‘瑞都无核怡’在V型架下的单粒重为8.7 g,超出T型架1.9 g;同年‘瑞都香玉’在T型架下的单粒重为9.4 g,超出V型架1.4 g;但是2016年‘瑞都香玉’又表现为V型架单粒重超出T型架1.3 g。综合3年的数据,‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的单粒重为6.8 g,小于V型架的7.5 g,‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’的单粒重在2种架式下差异不明显。可溶性固形物TSS结果表明,‘瑞都脆霞’T型架每年均高于V型架;2017年‘瑞都无核怡’T型架的TSS比V型架高出1.3°,其他两年二者无明显差异;‘瑞都香玉’T型架在2015年比V型架低0.1°,在2016年和2017年则分别高出V型架0.1°和0.7°。综合3年的数据,可滴定酸含量未出现规律性的结果,但是不同架式下葡萄果实的固酸比却有明显差异（表7）。研究表明,当鲜食葡萄的固酸比处于20—40时,消费者的喜爱度与之成正比,超过40后成反比,且当两种样品的固酸比相差不小于5时,消费者可以感受到差异[28,29]。2015年3个品种在2种架式下的固酸比差值均小于5,差异不显著。2016年‘瑞都脆霞’在2种架式下的果实TSS均偏高,平均为18.7°,二者的固酸比都超过了40,而T型架的可滴定酸含量较高,因此固酸比显著低于V型架,表明T型架下果实口感更好;同年的‘瑞都香玉’在T型架和V型架下果实的固酸比分别为36.9和46.5,二者TSS数值接近,但是V型架的果实酸度偏低（3.55 g?L-1）,因此T型架更好。2017年,‘瑞都脆霞’T型架的固酸比为59.2,优于V型架的72.3;‘瑞都无核怡’V型架的固酸比为29.8,表现为TSS偏低（14.0°）,可滴定酸偏高（4.70 g?L-1）,T型架固酸比为43.0,优于V型架。尽管存在年份差异,但是3个品种在T型架下的果实口感均不差于V型架,有些年份表现为差异不显著,有些年份表现为显著优于V型架。
Table 7
表7
表72种架式对果实品质基本指标的影响
Table 7
| 年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 架式 Trellis system | 果穗重 Cluster weight (g) | 单粒重 Berry weight (g) | 横径 Berry width | 纵径 Berry length | 可溶性固形物 Total soluble solids (°Brix) | 可滴定酸 Titratable acidity (g·L-1) | 固酸比 TSS/TA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | CX | T | 681±16* | 8.0 | 2.39 | 2.45 | 15.6±0.2 | 4.75±0.02 | 32.8 |
| V | 480±38 | 7.3 | 2.25 | 2.43 | 15.3±0.6 | 4.48±0.02 | 34.2 | ||
| WHY | T | 674±107 | 6.8 | 2.29 | 2.46 | 16.5±0.5 | 5.30±0.07 | 31.1 | |
| V | 657±64 | 8.7 | 2.45 | 2.67 | 16.5±0.3 | 5.47±0.03 | 30.2 | ||
| XY | T | 595±218 | 9.4 | 2.52 | 2.71 | 17.2±0.2 | 4.41±0.02 | 39.0 | |
| V | 529±48 | 8.0 | 2.38 | 2.65 | 17.3±0.3 | 4.41±0.02 | 39.2 | ||
| 2016 | CX | T | 497±37* | 7.6 | 2.34 | 2.42 | 18.8±0.1 | 3.58±0.05 | 52.5 |
| V | 286±41 | 6.8 | 2.16 | 2.51 | 18.6±0.6 | 3.14±0.03 | 59.2* | ||
| WHY | T | 373±99 | 6.7 | 2.14 | 2.53 | 15.8±0.7 | 4.36±0.02 | 36.2 | |
| V | 244±29 | 6.9 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 15.8±0.2 | 4.31±0.01 | 36.7 | ||
| XY | T | 296±95 | 7.2 | 2.23 | 2.54 | 16.6±0.3 | 4.50±0.03 | 36.9 | |
| V | 310±32 | 8.5 | 2.35 | 2.60 | 16.5±0.2 | 3.55±0.04 | 46.5* | ||
| 2017 | CX | T | 392±22 | 6.1 | 2.16 | 2.15 | 18.4±1.0 | 3.11±0.03* | 59.2 |
| V | 480±32 | 7.0 | 2.27 | 2.30 | 18.3±0.4 | 2.53±0.11 | 72.3* | ||
| WHY | T | 369±58 | 7.0 | 2.25 | 2.41 | 15.3±0.4 | 3.56±0.01 | 43.0* | |
| V | 309±21 | 7.0 | 2.21 | 2.42 | 14.0±0.9 | 4.70±0.01* | 29.8 | ||
| XY | T | 363±35 | 7.1 | 2.23 | 2.39 | 18.0±0.4 | 3.51±0.03 | 51.3 | |
| V | 384±23 | 6.9 | 2.22 | 2.33 | 17.3±0.6 | 3.62±0.11 | 47.8 |
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由图4-A可知,由于‘瑞都香玉’果皮黄绿色,因此花色苷含量较低,‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的总花色苷含量高于V型架,其中‘瑞都无核怡’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.018 mg?g-1。‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’均为红色品种,但由于‘瑞都脆霞’存在果皮上色不均的问题,因此总花色苷含量较低,均值仅为0.022 mg?g-1。3个品种在T型架下的类黄酮含量均高于V型架（图4-B）,其中‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.70 mg?g-1,且以‘瑞都香玉’含量最高,‘瑞都无核怡’最低。如图4-C所示,‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的原花色素含量显著高于V型架,另外2个品种架式间差异不显著。总体而言,T型架下的果实多酚化合物含量高于V型架。
图4
新窗口打开|下载原图ZIP|生成PPT图43个品种在2种架式下果实总花色苷、类黄酮和原花色素含量比较
Fig. 4Comparison on berry total anthocyanins, flavnoid and proanthocyanidin of three cultivars under two trellis systems
3 讨论
3.1 不同架式对葡萄树体栽培性状的影响
连续3年的试验结果表明,不同架式由于叶幕高度和开张角度不同,结果带高度不同,导致光能截流量与叶幕整体光合利用效率,葡萄果际微环境,新梢生长状况,果实品质和栽培用工上均有所差异。由于T型架的极性生长特性被抑制,顶端优势被削弱,因此,处理夏芽副梢和冬季修剪的用工量均显著少于V型架;而V型架相对较厚重的枝叶量导致叶幕相对郁闭,架面整体通透性能较T型架差,叶部病害发生情况也较T型架严重,与前人研究结果一致[18,30-32]。有研究表明,新梢下垂架式的叶片净光合速率低于新梢上缚的架式,主要原因是运输到新梢顶端的水分减少了,光合作用的原料因此减少,从而导致光合性能偏低,也有研究表明叶片净光合速率与新梢绑缚方向无关[33]。但本研究表明,T型架的叶片光合利用效率有高于V型架的趋势,与相关研究结果相似[34,35,36],又由于本研究发现不同架式的叶片叶绿素含量之间无显著差异,由此推断T型架叶片光合速率较高的原因与叶片曝光度和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBisCo）的含量和活性有关[33,37]。RuBisCo是碳库顶的第一个酶,其活性与Pn和叶片的碳固定输出能力密切相关[6],今后的研究应该在这两点上深入挖掘,以探究T型架的叶片曝光度是否高于V型架,两种架式下的葡萄叶片在午后是否受到了光抑制以及RuBisCo的动态变化规律。新梢的生长状况是衡量树体是否正常生长的最直观的指标,其中新梢粗度一致性对于判断树体长势是否中庸,树体状态是否稳定极为重要。本研究中的供试品种在定植后的头几年长势较旺,新梢粗度超过1.2 cm,甚至达到1.6 cm以上,通过多年的树体调控,2种架式下树体主蔓全部新梢的平均粗度控制在0.91—1.10 cm,属于中庸水平,成熟度好,成花率高,与晁无疾等[38]关于‘红地球’的研究结果一致。3个品种在T型架下新梢一致性均优于V型架,说明T型架下葡萄主蔓前、中、后段新梢整体一致性更好,长势更均衡,主蔓各段上结果枝组或结果母枝的生长势更容易被调节,利于长势中庸且稳定的葡萄树体结构的形成[35],但是前人对不同架式间新梢一致性的研究却非常少,这点在以后的栽培研究中应得到足够的重视。
3.2 不同架式对葡萄果实口感和果实品质的影响
固酸比与消费者喜爱程度高度相关[28,39],表现了葡萄的酸甜平衡性,决定了葡萄口感的好坏,可作为评价口感的基础指标[40,41]。葡萄果实中的酒石酸和苹果酸占总含酸量的90%,二者的含量主要受葡萄品种、种植地域和成熟期温度影响[42,43],其中,温度对于调控果实的含酸量更为关键。本研究结果表明,2015年果实成熟期（7月份）的温度比2016年和2017年分别低了0.6℃和0.8℃（表1）,而2015年3个品种的可滴定酸含量均高于2016年和2017年,说明果实采收时的含酸量与成熟期温度成负相关,与前人研究结果一致[44]。V型架下的‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在果实生理成熟期的可滴定酸偏低导致了固酸比的偏高,这很可能是由于两种架式的结果带位置不同所致：V型架的结果带位于叶幕外侧,而T型架的结果带位于叶幕下（内）侧（图1）,因此,在果实成熟期,V型架结果带接受到的日光辐射量要多于T型架,从而导致V型架下果际温度更高,加速了钾离子等阳离子与有机酸的结合[44,45],降低了含酸量。2017年V型架下的‘瑞都无核怡’表现为成熟度不足,采收时TSS仅为14.0°,作为一个中晚熟品种,‘瑞都无核怡’的果实成熟期比‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’稍晚,为7月中旬到8月中旬,而2017年8月的降雨量过于集中,导致该品种在果实成熟期的水分吸收过多,营养生长过旺,转运到果实的光合产物相应减少,致使成熟度不足。本研究结果表明,T型架对于提高鲜食葡萄果实多酚化合物有一定作用,多酚化合物具有良好的抗氧化功能,对强化血管壁和降血脂也有一定功效[46,47]。前人关于多酚化合物的研究多集中在酿酒葡萄上,而酿酒葡萄在国外生产中常用的架式为单臂篱架（Vertical shoot positioning）,双臂低篱架（Low single wire）,竖琴式（Lyra）和交替叶幕高架（Geneva Double Curtain）等[4,48],国内常用架式为单臂篱架,“厂”字形,独龙蔓等[3,49],目前关于T型架对鲜食葡萄果实花色苷、类黄酮和原花色素含量影响的研究很少,但是随着消费者对于水果营养价值要求的提高,此部分研究内容可作为今后的研究方向之一。
在实际生产中,采用篱架T型的栽培模式,株距3—6 m,枝蔓满架后采用短梢或极短梢修剪,并配套使用滴灌供水、行内覆盖园艺地布、行间自然生草结合机割作业、主梢晚摘心、副梢晚处理或不处理并结合适度花果管理配套技术,可有效调控树体树势,提高新副梢生长的有效性,降低病虫害发生率,提高果实品质,实现省力减工作业,在生产中有推广应用价值。
4 结论
由于T型架本身的架式特性,加上有效的树势调控,使葡萄植株的极性生长得到了抑制,叶幕环境得到了改善。欧亚种鲜食葡萄‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’在树体产量维持在同一水平的情况下,相较于V型架,均表现为T型架叶片光合利用效率更高,叶部病害发生情况更少,新梢生长一致性更好,果实品质更优,口感更佳,管理用工更省。（责任编辑 赵伶俐）
参考文献 原文顺序
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被引期刊影响因子
DOI:10.13414/j.cnki.zwpp.2016.03.006 [本文引用: 2]
本文针对我国大陆季风性气候特点,提出我国葡萄栽培应对策略的核心是树势调控,分析了原因,并提出在葡萄园区规划、种植方式选择等方面的具体应对措施,以期为引导新形式下我国葡萄栽培的新走向提供参考.
DOI:10.13414/j.cnki.zwpp.2016.03.006 [本文引用: 2]
本文针对我国大陆季风性气候特点,提出我国葡萄栽培应对策略的核心是树势调控,分析了原因,并提出在葡萄园区规划、种植方式选择等方面的具体应对措施,以期为引导新形式下我国葡萄栽培的新走向提供参考.
DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00105.xURL [本文引用: 1]
Background and Aims: Climate variation contributes to fluctuations in reproductive output, and spring temperature is thought to influence flower production in grapevines. For 3 years, we studied the influence of temperature from before budswell through to the appearance of individual flowers on reproductive development in field-grown Cabernet Sauvignon while minimising the influence of other microclimatic variables.Methods and Results: Dormant buds and emerging shoots were heated or cooled from before budswell until individual flowers were visible. Flower number per inflorescence was inversely related to pre-budburst temperature. Conversely, flower size, percent fruit set, and berry size increased with higher temperatures. Fruit set also increased as flower size and leaf area per flower increased; fruit set was erratic below 4 cm2 leaf area per flower. Berry mass and sugar content per berry increased with increasing flower size. Although yield per shoot varied threefold among treatments, differences in fruit composition were minor.Conclusions: Variations in early-season temperatures may alter substantially grapevine yield formation. The temperature effect may be a combination of direct effects on floral development and indirect effects arising from differences in shoot growth.Significance of the Study: This study shows that variations in temperature near budburst may be an important cause of large variations in grapevine yield.
[本文引用: 2]
[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2003.tb00257.xURL [本文引用: 2]
Own-rooted Shiraz, spaced 1.5 m apart in 2.75 m wide rows, were compared under five different training systems in the Barossa Valley, South Australia over five seasons starting 1995鈥96. Our objective was to determine how training affected fruit composition and crop yield in a context of efficient vineyard management. Training systems were: (i) low single wire (LSW), in which vines were trained to bi-lateral cordons, 1.0 m above the ground, non-shoot-positioned; (ii) high single wire (HSW), a higher cordon (1.8 m) version of LSW; (iii) vertically shoot positioned (VSP); (iv) Scott Henry, where canopies of alternate vines were cordon-trained and shoot-positioned upwards (SHU) or downwards (SHD); and (v) minimally pruned (MIN), the same as LSW, except vines were not annually spur-pruned. Crop yields (kg/m of row), over four seasons, averaged 4.9 (MIN), 2.9 (combined Scott Henry), 3.2 (VSP), 2.6 (HSW) and 2.9 (LSW). The greatest year-to-year variation in yield occurred with MIN and Scott Henry training. Crop weight of SHD vines was inferior to that of SHU vines in two seasons due to fewer shoots and bunches per vine, and to fewer bunches per shoot. Individual berry weights (g) were consistently least with MIN (0.89), and greatest with VSP (1.17). Fruit from all training systems exhibited similar rates of sugar accumulation during two seasons in which repeated measures of fruit maturation were made. Excepting the relatively light yields observed in 1999鈥2000, sugar accumulation was delayed in MIN vines, relative to other training systems, even when MIN harvest was delayed up to two weeks. The delay is most readily explained by the greater crops of MIN vines. Berry total anthocyanins and total phenolics concentrations (mg/g berry fresh wt.) at harvest were not greatly affected by training system. Berry anthocyanins and total phenolics exhibited a negative relationship with crop/m of canopy and a slight positive relationship with bunch exposure when evaluated across all training systems. Experimental plot soil depth and water availability affected cane pruning weights, yield per vine, berry weight, and canopy characteristics. LSW, HSW and MIN training systems all provided good yields of high quality fruit, although MIN did have a tendency to produce excessive crops in some years. VSP and Scott Henry training were less attractive due to their inherently greater canopy management requirements.
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
田间自然条件下在葡萄园群体水平上多年的研究证明：叶幕PAR光能截留率与葡萄群体净光合速率、叶幕和单叶PAR光能截留率与果实干物质总量占地上部生物量干重的百分比、与果实总糖产量占果实本身干物质总量的百分比、以及与果皮色素产量占果实本身干物质总量的千分比之间呈现显著或极显著的线性正相关关系。说明利用叶幕结构变异调节叶幕PAR光能截留和分配，可以对光合同化物源库关系和果实中物质代谢方向进行有效的调控。PAR光能截留率较高和分配合理的叶幕，不但通过较高的群体光合速率为产量和品质形成提供了丰富的同化物“源”，而且通过调节器官间“库”关系使同化物以较高的比例流向果实，同时使果实中物质代谢过程有利于合成构成品质的要素。
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
田间自然条件下在葡萄园群体水平上多年的研究证明：叶幕PAR光能截留率与葡萄群体净光合速率、叶幕和单叶PAR光能截留率与果实干物质总量占地上部生物量干重的百分比、与果实总糖产量占果实本身干物质总量的百分比、以及与果皮色素产量占果实本身干物质总量的千分比之间呈现显著或极显著的线性正相关关系。说明利用叶幕结构变异调节叶幕PAR光能截留和分配，可以对光合同化物源库关系和果实中物质代谢方向进行有效的调控。PAR光能截留率较高和分配合理的叶幕，不但通过较高的群体光合速率为产量和品质形成提供了丰富的同化物“源”，而且通过调节器官间“库”关系使同化物以较高的比例流向果实，同时使果实中物质代谢过程有利于合成构成品质的要素。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2009.35.071URL [本文引用: 4]
[目的]研究不同整型方式对设施葡萄叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响。[方法]以4年生红提葡 萄为试材，其整形方式设FI型、L型、V型和扇型（CK）4种，对不同整型葡萄中部叶片的平均叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率、Rubisco活性和果实品 质进行测定与比较。『结果1与传统的扇形整型方式相比，L型和FI型整型方式明显提高葡萄的叶面积和平均单果重；在果实迅速膨大期，L型还显著提高叶片的 叶绿素含量、气孔导度和Rubisco活性，使叶片的光合速率显著提高；L型、FI型和V型整型方式均不同程度提高葡萄平均单果重和可溶性固形物含量，降 低果实可滴定酸含量。[结论]4种整型方式中，以L型叶片的叶绿素含量、Rubisco活性和光合速率最高，平均单果重和可溶性果形物含量也最高。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2009.35.071URL [本文引用: 4]
[目的]研究不同整型方式对设施葡萄叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响。[方法]以4年生红提葡 萄为试材，其整形方式设FI型、L型、V型和扇型（CK）4种，对不同整型葡萄中部叶片的平均叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合速率、Rubisco活性和果实品 质进行测定与比较。『结果1与传统的扇形整型方式相比，L型和FI型整型方式明显提高葡萄的叶面积和平均单果重；在果实迅速膨大期，L型还显著提高叶片的 叶绿素含量、气孔导度和Rubisco活性，使叶片的光合速率显著提高；L型、FI型和V型整型方式均不同程度提高葡萄平均单果重和可溶性固形物含量，降 低果实可滴定酸含量。[结论]4种整型方式中，以L型叶片的叶绿素含量、Rubisco活性和光合速率最高，平均单果重和可溶性果形物含量也最高。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2007.03.073URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】研究温室葡萄不同受光架式和冠位叶片组织结构及其叶绿体超微结构的变化，为温室葡萄栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以温室的棚架、单篱架、双篱架葡萄为试材，分别采用光学显微和电子显微镜技术观测不同架式和冠位叶片的显微结构和叶绿体的超微结构。【结果】温室葡萄棚架受光优于篱架，篱架下部叶片受光极差，阴天对篱架受光的影响比棚架大，对下部影响比上部大：温室葡萄叶片的总厚、栅栏组织厚、组织密度CTR值及栅栏海绵组织比值等光合组织结构有所退化，但不同受光架式间和冠位间有差异。棚架的叶片质量均匀，光舍组织发达，篱架的下部叶片结构严重退化；叶片总厚、栅栏组织厚与光照强度呈显著正相关；葡萄棚架叶片和篱架上部叶片的叶绿体数、基粒数、基粒片层数明显高于篱架下部的叶片。【结论】温室葡萄采取棚架栽培时整体叶片的叶绿体发育正常，而篱架下部叶片因长期弱光胁迫导致叶绿体结构发生异常变化。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6850.2007.03.073URL [本文引用: 1]
【目的】研究温室葡萄不同受光架式和冠位叶片组织结构及其叶绿体超微结构的变化，为温室葡萄栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以温室的棚架、单篱架、双篱架葡萄为试材，分别采用光学显微和电子显微镜技术观测不同架式和冠位叶片的显微结构和叶绿体的超微结构。【结果】温室葡萄棚架受光优于篱架，篱架下部叶片受光极差，阴天对篱架受光的影响比棚架大，对下部影响比上部大：温室葡萄叶片的总厚、栅栏组织厚、组织密度CTR值及栅栏海绵组织比值等光合组织结构有所退化，但不同受光架式间和冠位间有差异。棚架的叶片质量均匀，光舍组织发达，篱架的下部叶片结构严重退化；叶片总厚、栅栏组织厚与光照强度呈显著正相关；葡萄棚架叶片和篱架上部叶片的叶绿体数、基粒数、基粒片层数明显高于篱架下部的叶片。【结论】温室葡萄采取棚架栽培时整体叶片的叶绿体发育正常，而篱架下部叶片因长期弱光胁迫导致叶绿体结构发生异常变化。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8151.2010.06.012URL [本文引用: 1]
为了研究修剪技术对温室葡萄新梢生长的影响,本试验通过对温室葡萄的不同品种、以及同一品种在不同整枝方式下和不同架式下的枝条生长情况进行了研究,结果表明,①在同一(FI形)整枝方式下,奥古斯特、无核早红、无核白鸡心的新梢生长量极显著高于粉红亚都蜜、早黑宝、京秀、优无核;② FI形整枝方式比F形、扇形更有效控制新梢的徒长;③棚架和篱改棚能明显抑制葡萄新梢徒长.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8151.2010.06.012URL [本文引用: 1]
为了研究修剪技术对温室葡萄新梢生长的影响,本试验通过对温室葡萄的不同品种、以及同一品种在不同整枝方式下和不同架式下的枝条生长情况进行了研究,结果表明,①在同一(FI形)整枝方式下,奥古斯特、无核早红、无核白鸡心的新梢生长量极显著高于粉红亚都蜜、早黑宝、京秀、优无核;② FI形整枝方式比F形、扇形更有效控制新梢的徒长;③棚架和篱改棚能明显抑制葡萄新梢徒长.
[本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.014URL [本文引用: 1]
The fruiting capacity of grapevines in a given climatic region is largely determined by their total leaf area and by the percentage of the total leaf surface area that is exposed to full sunlight, provided other factors are not limiting growth and the initiation of fruit primordia. A wide range of leaf area/crop weight ratios were investigated by pruning to different levels of buds per vine, by different degrees of defoliation, and/or by cluster thinning of grape cultivars Thompson Seedless, Tokay, Chenin blanc, and Cabernet Sauvignon located at Davis or Oakville, California. For single-canopy (SC) type trellis-training systems, the leaf area/crop weight ratio required for maximum level of total soluble solids, berry weight, and berry coloration at harvest ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 m2/kg, whereas for horizontally divided-canopy (DC) type trellis-training systems (GDC, lyre, wye), this ratio was reduced to 0.5 to 0.8 m2 leaf area per kg fruit. Optimal crop yield/pruning weight, pruning weight (kg) per m canopy length, leaf area (m2) per m canopy length, and leaf area density (m2/m3) for SC systems ranged from 4.0 to 10, 0.5 to 1.0 kg/m, 2 to 5 m2/m, and 3 to 7 m2m鈭3, respectively. Similarly, for DC systems these ratios ranged from 5.0 to 10, 0.4 to 0.8 kg/m, 2 to 4 m2/m, and 3 to 6 m2m鈭3, respectively. Grapevines with ratios that fell within the ranges given above for each of these five parameters were considered well balanced and capable of producing high-quality fruit and wines.
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<p>摘要：以三年生晚红葡萄为试验材料，研究了不同架式及负载量对果实品质的影响。结果表明：立体棚架栽培的果实单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比等品质指标均高于平棚架和篱架，总酸含量低于二者；立体棚架叶片净光合速率（Pn）极显著高于棚架和篱架（P<0.01），并且叶片Pn与果实单粒重、总糖含量呈显著正相关。单粒重与总糖、固酸比呈极显著正相关，与总酸呈显著负相关。总糖与固酸比呈极显著正相关。总酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关。立体棚架保留8-10个/m2新梢对其光能利用和果实品质较适宜。</p>
URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<p>摘要：以三年生晚红葡萄为试验材料，研究了不同架式及负载量对果实品质的影响。结果表明：立体棚架栽培的果实单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比等品质指标均高于平棚架和篱架，总酸含量低于二者；立体棚架叶片净光合速率（Pn）极显著高于棚架和篱架（P<0.01），并且叶片Pn与果实单粒重、总糖含量呈显著正相关。单粒重与总糖、固酸比呈极显著正相关，与总酸呈显著负相关。总糖与固酸比呈极显著正相关。总酸与固酸比呈极显著负相关。立体棚架保留8-10个/m2新梢对其光能利用和果实品质较适宜。</p>
DOI:10.1111/ajgw.12275URL [本文引用: 1]
Grape composition is important in determining the flavour and aroma characteristics of the resultant wine. Samples of the juice composition are described by their average value, yet the variability in fruit composition around the mean may also have a large impact on wine quality. The objective of this study was to identify the variance contribution of row orientation and trellis type within the vineyard, and bunch and shoot position within the vine.For two years primary and secondary bunches were sampled from basal, mid-cane and apical shoots of five year old Sauvignon blanc vines on the Wairau Plains of Marlborough, New Zealand (41 29' south, 173 54' East). Vines were trained on either the Scott-Henry (S-H) or vertically shoot positioned (VSP) trellis and located in either east/west (E/W) or north/south (N/S) oriented rows.The bunch position contributed 30% to 50% to juice composition variance in 1999 and 50% to 90% in 2000. Whilst trellis type and row orientation contributed 42%, 50% and 40% to the brix, TA and pH variance respectively in 1999, they contributed only 26%, 16% and 4% in 2000. This was attributed to a change in canopy management which increased the fruit and leaf exposure, therefore reducing the effects of trellis and row orientation on juice composition variance. Despite bunch position accounting for most of the data variance in 2000, differences between apical and basal shoots were the largest single differences in brix (0.9), TA (0.9 g/L) and pH (0.07). The least mature bunches on the vine were secondary bunches on basal shoots regardless of trellis type or year. They were from 1.3 - 2.2 brix lower, and 1.0 - 2.7 g/L TA higher than primary bunches on mid cane or apical shoots.In the first year of the trial differences in fruit exposure caused maturity differences between trellis types. Fruit exposure levels were improved in the second year, and maturity differences were similar to differences in phenology at flowering. The phenology of apical shoots was advanced by 2 to 3 days compared to basal shoots in both years, whilst primary bunches were advanced 1 to 2 days relative to secondary bunches. Variation in the leaf area or leaf area: fruit weight ratio of shoots was not correlated to variation in berry weight or soluble solids. This was probably because of low vine crop loads and remobilisation of carbohydrate reserves.The results indicated that to reduce variability in the grape crop the viticulturist must promote uniform fruit exposure and try to reduce phenological differences between shoot positions. Further study should consider the relationship between vine crop load and the leaf area or leaf area: fruit weight ratio of individual shoots on the vine. A better understanding of how light exposure on the fruit and leaves contributes to the weighted average juice composition of a vine would also be useful. Whilst the effects of variable fruit exposure on the variance of the data were not clear, biologically significant differences in maturity were not reflected in the data variance, so this line of research is of less concern to the viticulturist/wine maker.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-345X.2012.05.004URL [本文引用: 1]
以红地球葡萄为试材，进行了篱架（扇形整枝）、V形架、厂字形架和小棚架4种不同架式对红地球葡萄生长结果的影响试验。结果表明：4种架式对葡萄1年生枝蔓长度、节间长度和粗度的影响不同；在对产量和品质的影响方面，可溶性固形物含量和平均单果重以厂字形架最高，分别比扇形架高出33．65％和13．8％；对叶片发育的影响也不同，厂字形架处理的叶面积明显大于扇形架，其他整形方式间差异不明显。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-345X.2012.05.004URL [本文引用: 1]
以红地球葡萄为试材，进行了篱架（扇形整枝）、V形架、厂字形架和小棚架4种不同架式对红地球葡萄生长结果的影响试验。结果表明：4种架式对葡萄1年生枝蔓长度、节间长度和粗度的影响不同；在对产量和品质的影响方面，可溶性固形物含量和平均单果重以厂字形架最高，分别比扇形架高出33．65％和13．8％；对叶片发育的影响也不同，厂字形架处理的叶面积明显大于扇形架，其他整形方式间差异不明显。
URL [本文引用: 1]
为了提高设施葡萄的产量与品质，通过不同的架式处理，研究其对设施“红提”葡萄枝蔓生长发 育、果穗高度、主芽发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明，F形和L形架式显著的降低1a生枝蔓的长度和粗度，降低了平均单果穗高度，显著提高了枝蔓花芽的形成 率和主芽的萌芽率，与对照相比，F形和L形架式显著提高了葡萄的产量与品质。因此在宁夏设施环境下，合理的架式可缓和红提葡萄的生长势，调节主芽的坏死率 和萌芽率，最终影响葡萄的产量与品质。
URL [本文引用: 1]
为了提高设施葡萄的产量与品质，通过不同的架式处理，研究其对设施“红提”葡萄枝蔓生长发 育、果穗高度、主芽发育和果实品质的影响。结果表明，F形和L形架式显著的降低1a生枝蔓的长度和粗度，降低了平均单果穗高度，显著提高了枝蔓花芽的形成 率和主芽的萌芽率，与对照相比，F形和L形架式显著提高了葡萄的产量与品质。因此在宁夏设施环境下，合理的架式可缓和红提葡萄的生长势，调节主芽的坏死率 和萌芽率，最终影响葡萄的产量与品质。
URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]探索适宜当地"赤霞珠"葡萄优质、高效生产的架式与树形.[方法]以2年生"赤霞珠"葡萄品种为试材,研究了传统"篱架"、"V"型架对伊犁67团"赤霞珠"葡萄节间生长情况、果实相关品质的影响.[结果]采用"V"型架的整形方式可显著增加结果枝的节间长度,降低节间粗度;增加可溶性固形物、总酚、总花色素含量,降低可滴定酸和单宁含量;显著地增加单穗重、单粒重、果实纵横径、每棵树结果数.[结论]"V"型架在品质、产量均优于篱架,对当地酿酒葡萄的发展具有一定的指导和理论意义.
URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]探索适宜当地"赤霞珠"葡萄优质、高效生产的架式与树形.[方法]以2年生"赤霞珠"葡萄品种为试材,研究了传统"篱架"、"V"型架对伊犁67团"赤霞珠"葡萄节间生长情况、果实相关品质的影响.[结果]采用"V"型架的整形方式可显著增加结果枝的节间长度,降低节间粗度;增加可溶性固形物、总酚、总花色素含量,降低可滴定酸和单宁含量;显著地增加单穗重、单粒重、果实纵横径、每棵树结果数.[结论]"V"型架在品质、产量均优于篱架,对当地酿酒葡萄的发展具有一定的指导和理论意义.
URL [本文引用: 1]
本文研究了不同架式对“桂葡6号”葡萄树体生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明,与其他架式相比,在篱架栽培模式下,桂葡6号葡萄采用0度单臂篱架＋60度“V”形篱架架式处理后,树势中庸、产量中等,能显著提高可溶性固形物含量、降低可滴定酸、增加固酸比,是适宜南方种植的架式。该架式通风透光好,可控制树体生长量和产量,减轻病虫害发生,同时便于简化栽培管理,可为生产上酿酒葡萄栽培技术提供参考。
URL [本文引用: 1]
本文研究了不同架式对“桂葡6号”葡萄树体生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明,与其他架式相比,在篱架栽培模式下,桂葡6号葡萄采用0度单臂篱架＋60度“V”形篱架架式处理后,树势中庸、产量中等,能显著提高可溶性固形物含量、降低可滴定酸、增加固酸比,是适宜南方种植的架式。该架式通风透光好,可控制树体生长量和产量,减轻病虫害发生,同时便于简化栽培管理,可为生产上酿酒葡萄栽培技术提供参考。
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.18.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<P><FONT face=Verdana>【目的】研究架式与新梢留量对葡萄酒中单体酚的影响。【方法】以赤霞珠为试材,采用HPLC分析法,研究不同新梢留量、单篱架与“V”形架栽培条件下所酿干红葡萄酒中单体酚的种类及含量。新梢处理设3个水平,分别为每延长1 m架面留新梢10、13和16个。【结果】(1)单体酚总量随单位新梢留量的降低而增加(119.08—146.40 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1),且各处理间存在极显著差异;“V”形架栽培下的葡萄酒单体酚总量(133.47 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)高于单篱架(119.08 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)。(2)各处理条件下葡萄酒中非类黄酮含量(100.13—123.46 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)均高于类黄酮含量(17.08—25.25 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1),前者占单体酚总量的81.08%—85.66%,后者占14.34%—18.92%。(3)各处理条件下均可检出待测10种单体酚,类黄酮类物质以儿茶素为主,非类黄酮类物质以没食子酸为主。【结论】降低赤霞珠葡萄单位面积留梢量可提高葡萄酒中单体酚的含量;“V”形架栽培可提高葡萄酒中单体酚的含量。<BR></FONT></P>
DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.18.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
<P><FONT face=Verdana>【目的】研究架式与新梢留量对葡萄酒中单体酚的影响。【方法】以赤霞珠为试材,采用HPLC分析法,研究不同新梢留量、单篱架与“V”形架栽培条件下所酿干红葡萄酒中单体酚的种类及含量。新梢处理设3个水平,分别为每延长1 m架面留新梢10、13和16个。【结果】(1)单体酚总量随单位新梢留量的降低而增加(119.08—146.40 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1),且各处理间存在极显著差异;“V”形架栽培下的葡萄酒单体酚总量(133.47 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)高于单篱架(119.08 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)。(2)各处理条件下葡萄酒中非类黄酮含量(100.13—123.46 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1)均高于类黄酮含量(17.08—25.25 mg<I>&#</I>8226;L-1),前者占单体酚总量的81.08%—85.66%,后者占14.34%—18.92%。(3)各处理条件下均可检出待测10种单体酚,类黄酮类物质以儿茶素为主,非类黄酮类物质以没食子酸为主。【结论】降低赤霞珠葡萄单位面积留梢量可提高葡萄酒中单体酚的含量;“V”形架栽培可提高葡萄酒中单体酚的含量。<BR></FONT></P>
DOI:10.13938/j.issn.1007-1431.20160348URL [本文引用: 2]
为探索强势极性葡萄品种的优质、高产栽培架式,以紫秋、白香蕉葡萄为试材,采用单篱架、“V”形篱架和平顶棚架作比较栽培研究.结果表明,3种架式对葡萄的夏梢生长、产量品质与管理成本均有影响,其中平顶棚架葡萄栽培处理极显著比单篱架和“V”形篱架的夏芽萌生变少、结果枝节间缩短、早期病叶减轻、单体果穗增重、单位产量提高.枝蔓长势旺、生长极性强的葡萄品种,宜用平顶棚架栽培.
DOI:10.13938/j.issn.1007-1431.20160348URL [本文引用: 2]
为探索强势极性葡萄品种的优质、高产栽培架式,以紫秋、白香蕉葡萄为试材,采用单篱架、“V”形篱架和平顶棚架作比较栽培研究.结果表明,3种架式对葡萄的夏梢生长、产量品质与管理成本均有影响,其中平顶棚架葡萄栽培处理极显著比单篱架和“V”形篱架的夏芽萌生变少、结果枝节间缩短、早期病叶减轻、单体果穗增重、单位产量提高.枝蔓长势旺、生长极性强的葡萄品种,宜用平顶棚架栽培.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2017.05.018URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]探讨V形篱架及T形架栽培模式对酿酒葡萄凌丰生长及产量的影响,为南方湿热地区推广种植酿酒葡萄提供参考依据.[方法]通过田间观察,记录V形篱架和T形架栽培凌丰葡萄的物候期、树体生长势和结果习性,测定、分析其果实产量和品质.[结果]V形篱架栽培模式下,凌丰葡萄的萌芽期、开花期、果实转色期和果实成熟期均早于T形架3~5 d.一年两收栽培模式下,第一茬夏果V形篱架栽培的成枝率和结果枝率分别为75.8%和67.2%,分别显著低于T形架栽培1.8%(绝对值,下同)和5.1%(P0.05,下同),结果枝率为82.1%,显著高于V形篱架栽培8.1%,产量比V形篱架栽培高3.98%,但差异不显著.在两茬果测量光照强度的低处(70和100 cm)和高处(100和150 cm),V形篱架栽培的自然光照强度均显著强于T形架栽培,两种架形栽培凌丰葡萄的可溶性固形物含量差异不显著.[结论]以V形篱架栽培的酿酒葡萄凌丰枝叶分布较均匀,园内相对光照强度较高,有利于提高葡萄产量和品质,在南方湿热地区酿酒葡萄产区具有一定的推广应用价值.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1191.2017.05.018URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]探讨V形篱架及T形架栽培模式对酿酒葡萄凌丰生长及产量的影响,为南方湿热地区推广种植酿酒葡萄提供参考依据.[方法]通过田间观察,记录V形篱架和T形架栽培凌丰葡萄的物候期、树体生长势和结果习性,测定、分析其果实产量和品质.[结果]V形篱架栽培模式下,凌丰葡萄的萌芽期、开花期、果实转色期和果实成熟期均早于T形架3~5 d.一年两收栽培模式下,第一茬夏果V形篱架栽培的成枝率和结果枝率分别为75.8%和67.2%,分别显著低于T形架栽培1.8%(绝对值,下同)和5.1%(P0.05,下同),结果枝率为82.1%,显著高于V形篱架栽培8.1%,产量比V形篱架栽培高3.98%,但差异不显著.在两茬果测量光照强度的低处(70和100 cm)和高处(100和150 cm),V形篱架栽培的自然光照强度均显著强于T形架栽培,两种架形栽培凌丰葡萄的可溶性固形物含量差异不显著.[结论]以V形篱架栽培的酿酒葡萄凌丰枝叶分布较均匀,园内相对光照强度较高,有利于提高葡萄产量和品质,在南方湿热地区酿酒葡萄产区具有一定的推广应用价值.
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葡萄在生长中，通常需进行架设栽培，目前生产中运用最多的是高宽垂“Y”形架（也称为双十字形架）。这种树形一般在一层结果，植株生长势较旺，架面也比较规则，但对于生长偏旺、好芽节位偏上的品种，如克伦生无核、红地球、森田尼无核等，效果较差。，
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葡萄在生长中，通常需进行架设栽培，目前生产中运用最多的是高宽垂“Y”形架（也称为双十字形架）。这种树形一般在一层结果，植株生长势较旺，架面也比较规则，但对于生长偏旺、好芽节位偏上的品种，如克伦生无核、红地球、森田尼无核等，效果较差。，
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雷司令和白诗南品种用几种不同应形方式进行的试验证明,在陕西关中,产量最高的是“干”字形,含糖量最高、病害最轻的是“丁”字形,产量和精度最低、病害最重的是多主蔓扇形.
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雷司令和白诗南品种用几种不同应形方式进行的试验证明,在陕西关中,产量最高的是“干”字形,含糖量最高、病害最轻的是“丁”字形,产量和精度最低、病害最重的是多主蔓扇形.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7360.2006.06.007URL
宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地葡萄树形单一，皆为直立龙干形。课题组参照国内外葡萄树形，设计了斜干水平式新树形。经过5年试验证明：该树形比直立龙干形便于冬季埋土防寒，葡萄质量与产量稳定，树势均衡，修剪简单。但因稀植，前期产量不如直立龙干形。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7360.2006.06.007URL
宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地葡萄树形单一，皆为直立龙干形。课题组参照国内外葡萄树形，设计了斜干水平式新树形。经过5年试验证明：该树形比直立龙干形便于冬季埋土防寒，葡萄质量与产量稳定，树势均衡，修剪简单。但因稀植，前期产量不如直立龙干形。
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以"红地球"葡萄为试材,在原 有连叠式独龙干树形基础上进行架势改型,采取倾斜式顺架龙干整形修剪方式,探讨不同架势对新疆北疆地区"红地球"树势及果实品质的影响。结果表明:倾斜式 顺架龙干整形提高了树体结果部位,确保了树体的水平带状结果,降低了管理难度,保证了果实品质的一致性;该树形有利于控制产量,增加商品果率,使果实成熟 期提早10~15d左右,果实成熟期更加一致,与传统的连叠式棚架相比,果实可溶性固形物含量提高了28.8%,果实硬度提高了6.6%,枝条髓心宽度比 下降,枝条可溶性糖和淀粉含量提高;倾斜式顺架解决了冬季埋土下架和春季出土上架造成的植株基部扭伤或折断等问题,适合"红地球"等晚熟红色品种的集约 化、规模化种植。
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以"红地球"葡萄为试材,在原 有连叠式独龙干树形基础上进行架势改型,采取倾斜式顺架龙干整形修剪方式,探讨不同架势对新疆北疆地区"红地球"树势及果实品质的影响。结果表明:倾斜式 顺架龙干整形提高了树体结果部位,确保了树体的水平带状结果,降低了管理难度,保证了果实品质的一致性;该树形有利于控制产量,增加商品果率,使果实成熟 期提早10~15d左右,果实成熟期更加一致,与传统的连叠式棚架相比,果实可溶性固形物含量提高了28.8%,果实硬度提高了6.6%,枝条髓心宽度比 下降,枝条可溶性糖和淀粉含量提高;倾斜式顺架解决了冬季埋土下架和春季出土上架造成的植株基部扭伤或折断等问题,适合"红地球"等晚熟红色品种的集约 化、规模化种植。
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.xURLPMID:11556910 [本文引用: 1]
Aims: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil (OEO) and two of its principle components, i.e. thymol and carvacrol, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by using an innovative technique. The mechanism of action of the above substances was also investigated.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9980.2007.03.006URL [本文引用: 1]
以红地球葡萄品种为试材，研究了葡萄果皮中花色素的提取方法及色素理化性质。结果表明，1％盐酸-无水甲醇的提取葡萄果皮色素效率最高，其次是95％乙醇-4．7％盐酸（v／v=85／15）、1％盐酸-无水乙醇；以1％盐酸-无水乙醇为提取液．葡萄果皮质量与提取液的料液比宜为1：5～1：10（m：v，g／mL）。光谱特性分析表明，葡萄皮花色素属于花色素苷类，其稳定性受溶液的pH值影响最大，当溶液pH≥9时，特征光谱消失。葡萄花色素具有一定的热稳定性，但在光下降解速度加快，受热后在光下降解更快：Fe^3＋对葡萄花色素的不良影响大于Zn^2＋、Ca^2＋；高浓度的蔗糖、果糖对花色素有一定的护色效应，而葡萄糖对其影响不明显；维生素C、苯甲酸钠对花色素有不良影响。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9980.2007.03.006URL [本文引用: 1]
以红地球葡萄品种为试材，研究了葡萄果皮中花色素的提取方法及色素理化性质。结果表明，1％盐酸-无水甲醇的提取葡萄果皮色素效率最高，其次是95％乙醇-4．7％盐酸（v／v=85／15）、1％盐酸-无水乙醇；以1％盐酸-无水乙醇为提取液．葡萄果皮质量与提取液的料液比宜为1：5～1：10（m：v，g／mL）。光谱特性分析表明，葡萄皮花色素属于花色素苷类，其稳定性受溶液的pH值影响最大，当溶液pH≥9时，特征光谱消失。葡萄花色素具有一定的热稳定性，但在光下降解速度加快，受热后在光下降解更快：Fe^3＋对葡萄花色素的不良影响大于Zn^2＋、Ca^2＋；高浓度的蔗糖、果糖对花色素有一定的护色效应，而葡萄糖对其影响不明显；维生素C、苯甲酸钠对花色素有不良影响。
DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.06.032URL [本文引用: 1]
The extracts of crude polyphenols (seeds, pulp + skin, whole) from four different cultivars of Indian grapes were used in this study. The total polyphenolic contents of grape polyphenolic extracts (GPEs) were determined and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-initiating activities evaluated. The total polyphenolic contents, expressed in terms of gallic acid/catechin/procyanidin B3 equivalents, were found to vary significantly. Antioxidant activity of GPEs, particularly the seedless variety, was evident from significant dose-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH activity. GPEs and catechin inhibited the microsome-catalysed activity of cytochrome P450 isozymes (1A1, 1A2, 2B1) in a dose-dependent manner, by the decreased formation of resorufin. The inhibitory activity of GPEs on nitrite-mediated N-nitrosation of dimethylamine and N-methylaniline appears to correlate significantly with the total polyphenolic contents. Furthermore, six individual polyphenols present in GPEs were quantitated by HPLC, wherein procyanidin B3 was a major constituent.
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DOI:10.1111/j.1745-4557.2008.00231.xURL [本文引用: 2]
Harvesting at correct time is essential for the supply of quality grapes. There is no standard method to determine the proper time of harvesting for table grapes. The applicability of objective measurements such as soluble solids concentration ( ° Brix), acid contents (titratable acidity) and ° Brix/acid ratio of Crimson Seedless table grapes were evaluated as predictors of quality in terms of consumer acceptability. Crimson Seedless table grapes were harvested from two locations in Western Australia at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. The samples were density sorted to get berries of different maturity levels. Objective measurements and sensory evaluation (panel of 63 judges) were conducted. There were significant ( P ≤ 0.05) differences in the degree of liking among grapes of 16.0–17.0, 17.1–18.0 and 19.1–20.0 ° Brix. Consumer liking of grapes substantially changed with a change in acidity. The data revealed correlation coefficients of determination ( r <SUP> 2 </SUP>) of 0.58, 0.79 and 0.85 between overall consumer acceptability and ° Brix, acidity, and ° Brix/acid ratio, respectively. ° Brix/acid ratio was found to be the best objective measurement that reflected the consumer acceptability and can be used as a reliable tool to determine the optimum harvesting stage of Crimson Seedless table grapes.
DOI:10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00189-2URL [本文引用: 1]
‘In-store’ consumer acceptance tests were performed on a group of 400 American consumers and 250 native Chinese consumers to determine the relationship between ripe soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) on consumer acceptance of ‘Redglobe’ grapes for different ethnic groups. For this, a group of Caucasian, Hispanic and Chinese-American consumers and a group of native Chinese consumers tasted monadically four individual berry half samples at room temperature with SSC ranging from 10 to 20% and TA from 0.30 to 1.80%. Grapes with SSC <16.1% were accepted by 70% of the American consumers and 47% of the Chinese consumers. However, the percentage of consumers that disliked these grapes was the same (6521) for both ethnic groups. The difference in the percentages of Chinese and American consumers accepting the grapes was due to the ‘neither like nor dislike’ category. Chinese consumers chose the ‘neither like nor dislike’ category in approximately 34% of the cases, while approximately only 7% of the American consumers chose it. Our data confirmed that ‘Redglobe’ consumer acceptance is highly related to SSC:TA ratio but within a given SSC and TA level. In contrast to American consumers, Chinese consumer acceptance was not related to SSC:TA ratio when TA >0.80%. Thus, our work indicates that high TA affects consumer acceptance in relation to SSC:TA ratio depending on ethnic background.
DOI:10.0000/PMID313URL [本文引用: 1]
ABSTRACT Fruit zone leaf removal treatments were applied to Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling grapevines at two locations in the temperate Canadian Niagara Region during 1990 and 1991. Leaf removal treatments consisted of a control (no leaf removal), mechanical leaf removal (MLR) treatments applied either on one or both sides (2S) of the canopy, and hand leaf removal (HLR) treatments applied to both sides of the canopy. Treatments were applied early when the berries had reached pea size, late just prior to rapid berry sugar accumulation (veraison) or at both early and late treatment dates. The HLR treatments and to a lesser magnitude the MLR 2S treatments reduced the fruiting zone canopy parameters leaf layer number, percent interior leaves and percent interior clusters at the Grape Research Station vineyard. The effects of the leaf removal treatments at KEW vineyards, however, were limited mostly to the HLR and in a few instances the MLR 2S treatments. Slight differences in fruiting zone temperature occurred only at diurnal temperature peaks. Differences in cluster wetness occurred late in the season when the hand leaf removal treatment had lower values than the other treatments examined. The MLR 2S and HLR leaf removal treatments also improved light penetration into the fruiting zone at both vineyards. With the exception of a slight increase in bud survival at the Grape Research Station vineyard in 1990, there was no influence of the leaf removal treatments on bud fertility, shoot density or vine vigor at either vineyard.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0584.2006.02.022URL
正在浙江省丽水市,多数果园一直都是应用篱架和“V”型架露天栽培巨峰等葡萄品种。因南方地区花期多阴雨天气,病害严重,生产成本高,一直制约着葡萄的生产。在联城部分果园几年来应用高干“T”型架和简易避雨栽培巨峰葡萄,因生产的葡萄粒
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-0584.2006.02.022URL
正在浙江省丽水市,多数果园一直都是应用篱架和“V”型架露天栽培巨峰等葡萄品种。因南方地区花期多阴雨天气,病害严重,生产成本高,一直制约着葡萄的生产。在联城部分果园几年来应用高干“T”型架和简易避雨栽培巨峰葡萄,因生产的葡萄粒
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高“Y” 型平棚架，是在南方广为推广的“V” 型架的墓础上，提高主干高度到1.7m以上，将双向单层水平主蔓直接固定在水泥杆的一道铁线上，将“Y”，型架顶端的横档以平棚架的柱间骨千钢线替代。它与平棚架的区别点是与行向平行的纵网线，在行与行之间是断开的，也可称为“断裂式平棚架”，它避开了平棚架枝梢互相交叉，夏剪费工的弊端：它与“V”型架的区别点是新梢从倾斜直立生长改为基本是平行生长，且先端略为下垂。本文介绍高“Y”型平棚架的设架及高Y型架的规范树形的培养，浅谈了“Y”形架省架材抗台风效果好；通风透光好葡萄质量好；以及保持土壤水分、减轻灾害等优势。
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高“Y” 型平棚架，是在南方广为推广的“V” 型架的墓础上，提高主干高度到1.7m以上，将双向单层水平主蔓直接固定在水泥杆的一道铁线上，将“Y”，型架顶端的横档以平棚架的柱间骨千钢线替代。它与平棚架的区别点是与行向平行的纵网线，在行与行之间是断开的，也可称为“断裂式平棚架”，它避开了平棚架枝梢互相交叉，夏剪费工的弊端：它与“V”型架的区别点是新梢从倾斜直立生长改为基本是平行生长，且先端略为下垂。本文介绍高“Y”型平棚架的设架及高Y型架的规范树形的培养，浅谈了“Y”形架省架材抗台风效果好；通风透光好葡萄质量好；以及保持土壤水分、减轻灾害等优势。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8421.2004.05.014URL [本文引用: 2]
葡萄小棚简易避雨T形架,是南京农业大学与海门市三星葡萄良种开发有限公司在实践中探索形成的一种新的葡萄栽培架式.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8421.2004.05.014URL [本文引用: 2]
葡萄小棚简易避雨T形架,是南京农业大学与海门市三星葡萄良种开发有限公司在实践中探索形成的一种新的葡萄栽培架式.
DOI:10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2015.06.063URL [本文引用: 1]
以6年生巨峰葡萄为试验材料,研究了不同架式的葡萄光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,立体棚架叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素含量均高于篱架和平棚架,达到极显著差异。在叶绿素荧光参数方面,巨峰葡萄叶片Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo日变化呈"V"字型特征。Fv/Fm在午间明显下降,表明其光合作用受到光抑制,且立体棚架较平棚架和篱架轻;立体棚架Fo日变化幅度低于平棚架和篱架,说明立体棚架PSII反应中心的破坏程度和可逆失活程度轻,有更好的光合特性。
DOI:10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2015.06.063URL [本文引用: 1]
以6年生巨峰葡萄为试验材料,研究了不同架式的葡萄光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,立体棚架叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素含量均高于篱架和平棚架,达到极显著差异。在叶绿素荧光参数方面,巨峰葡萄叶片Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo日变化呈"V"字型特征。Fv/Fm在午间明显下降,表明其光合作用受到光抑制,且立体棚架较平棚架和篱架轻;立体棚架Fo日变化幅度低于平棚架和篱架,说明立体棚架PSII反应中心的破坏程度和可逆失活程度轻,有更好的光合特性。
DOI:10.1016/0304-4238(94)00735-XURL [本文引用: 1]
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cortese) plants were grown in containers, and their single shoot was trained eitherupwards or it was bent to a horizontal or downward position. Clusters and lateral shoots were removed.Downward shoots had less leaf area and a lower stem diameter than did horizontal and upward shoots. In downward shoots, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, measured at maximum irradiance, were lower than in horizontal and upward shoots; these differences were more evident at the middle nodes of theshoot. The substomatal CO 2 concentration was not affected by shoot orientation, suggesting a non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis. This hypothesis was supported by a reduced protein content and a lower activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in leaves of downward shoots. Downward shoots also had less xylem transectional area and a lower hydraulic conductance than did horizontal and upward shoots.Conductance was more reduced at the point of bending than at other internodes.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7360.2009.01.008URL [本文引用: 1]
以6年生红地球葡萄为试材,对不同修剪方式的修剪反应和芽位枝条粗度与花芽形成的关系进行了研究。结果表明,红地球葡萄一年生结果母枝上不同芽位存在明显的异质性,在不同修剪方式下,其萌芽率、成枝率、结果枝率均不相同,结果母枝上花芽集中分布在3～6节,芽位枝条粗度和花芽形成密切相关。
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7360.2009.01.008URL [本文引用: 1]
以6年生红地球葡萄为试材,对不同修剪方式的修剪反应和芽位枝条粗度与花芽形成的关系进行了研究。结果表明,红地球葡萄一年生结果母枝上不同芽位存在明显的异质性,在不同修剪方式下,其萌芽率、成枝率、结果枝率均不相同,结果母枝上花芽集中分布在3～6节,芽位枝条粗度和花芽形成密切相关。
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'Thompson Seedless' table grapes were tasted as single-berry samples by 1374 customers in six supermarkets in the Sacramento, California, area. Each participant tasted six samples, each of a different Brix/acid ratio from 13.1:1 to 27.3:1. There were two samples at each of three levels of soluble solids: 14, 16, and 18 Brix ( 0.5 B). Used was a 9-point hedonic scale with flavor ratings from "like extremely" to "dislike extremely." The correlation between Brix/acid ratio and flavor preference was highly significant. Preference ratings at each degree Brix differed widely, being consistently higher for the sample with the lower acid content. Acid content varied so widely that degree Brix alone was a poor index with which to predict palatability. The number of tasters that rated samples "like very much" and "like extremely" increased rapidly for samples with ratios above 20:1. The number that rated samples "dislike very much" and "dislike extremely" increased rapidly for samples with ratios below 18:1. Blacks and Mexican-Americans as one group differed significantly in flavor preference from Caucasians and Orientals as the other group. This difference is probably because Blacks generally used the "like extremely" rating most freely, especially for the high-ratio samples, and MexicanAmericans used the "dislike extremely" rating most freely, especially for the low-ratio samples. There was no significant difference between the two ethnic divisions within each group. Men differed significantly from women in flavor preference, largely because women used the "dislike very much" and "dislike extremely" ratings more than did men. The number of "like extremely" or "dislike extremely" ratings was affected markedly by the position of the highest-and lowest-ratio samples in the tasting sequence. The number of ratings "like extremely" and "dislike extremely" increased consistently as the sample so rated was shifted from first to sixth position in the tasting sequence. Discussed is the desirability and feasibility of conducting a consumer flavor study of table grapes in supermarkets. The index of preference for samples of different levels of maturity could be the relative amounts of fruit purchased. Suggested are methods of handling the grape samples and maturity levels to use.
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DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2016.07.008URL [本文引用: 1]
探讨32份新征集葡萄资源在吐鲁番地区的主要品质性状差异,评价葡萄品质,为优良品种的筛选和品种的进一步选育及品质改良提供参考依据.对32份葡萄资源20个果实品质性状进行因子分析和系统聚类分析.结果表明,根据因子分析结果提取风味品质、果粒质量、外观品质、可食率、营养、皮肉质地6个主因子,其累计贡献率达80.983％;利用各主因子得分绘制的二维分布图,直观地反映品种与品质指标之间的关系;根据前6个主因子与性状的相关性,筛选16个影响力较大的品质性状,并将32份葡萄资源划分为4大类,其中2大类又可进一步分为2个亚类.综合分析发现,本地区大粒、可食率高、糖酸比高、皮薄肉脆且外观品质好的鲜食品种较少,大粒及外观、内在品质兼优的鲜食兼制干用无核品种依旧缺乏.试验结果直观地反映吐鲁番地区近年新征集葡萄资源的品质分布状况,可为这些资源的进一步利用和本地区引种、育种目标的实现提供重要依据.
DOI:10.7606/j.issn.1004-1389.2016.07.008URL [本文引用: 1]
探讨32份新征集葡萄资源在吐鲁番地区的主要品质性状差异,评价葡萄品质,为优良品种的筛选和品种的进一步选育及品质改良提供参考依据.对32份葡萄资源20个果实品质性状进行因子分析和系统聚类分析.结果表明,根据因子分析结果提取风味品质、果粒质量、外观品质、可食率、营养、皮肉质地6个主因子,其累计贡献率达80.983％;利用各主因子得分绘制的二维分布图,直观地反映品种与品质指标之间的关系;根据前6个主因子与性状的相关性,筛选16个影响力较大的品质性状,并将32份葡萄资源划分为4大类,其中2大类又可进一步分为2个亚类.综合分析发现,本地区大粒、可食率高、糖酸比高、皮薄肉脆且外观品质好的鲜食品种较少,大粒及外观、内在品质兼优的鲜食兼制干用无核品种依旧缺乏.试验结果直观地反映吐鲁番地区近年新征集葡萄资源的品质分布状况,可为这些资源的进一步利用和本地区引种、育种目标的实现提供重要依据.
DOI:10.3733/hilg.v34n01p001URL [本文引用: 1]
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[本文引用: 2]
DOI:10.1016/S0065-2911(01)45006-5URL [本文引用: 1]
The effects of sunlight exposure on the berry growth and composition of two red wine grape cultivars; grown in the central San Joaquin Valley of California (Region V) were examined. Field grown Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache grape clusters were grown over a range of sunlight exposures (mid-day PAR <10 <mu>ol m(-2) sec(-1) [shaded] to >600 mu mol m(-2) sec(-1) [fully exposed]) from berry set to harvest. Both cultivars were planted in east-west oriented rows, and experimental clusters were evenly distributed between the north (afternoon shaded) and south (afternoon exposed) sides of the canopy. Fruit response to sunlight varied based on cluster location within the canopy, and these results were at least partially due to measured differences in berry temperature. At the same exposure level or PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), mid-day berry temperature was generally 3 to 4 degreesC greater for clusters on the south side of the canopy compared to clusters on the north. Soluble solids initially increased with greater sunlight exposure, then declined when mid-day PAR exceeded 31 to 50 and 51 to 100 mu mol m(-2) sec(-1), respectively, for clusters on the north and south sides of the canopy. Titratable acidity generally declined as sunlight exposure increased, with Cabernet Sauvignon clusters on the north side of the canopy maintaining greater acidity at the same exposure level than clusters on the south. Juice pH declined as exposure increased on the north side of the canopy, while sunlight had little effect on juice pH for clusters on the south. Anthocyanins increased linearly as sunlight exposure on the north side of the canopy increased, but declined when cluster exposure on the south exceeded 100 mu mol m(-2) sec(-1). Total phenolics generally followed a similar pattern. The results suggest that the effects of light on fruit composition are heavily dependent upon the extent to which berry temperature is elevated as a result of increased sunlight exposure. Prolonged exposure of clusters to direct sunlight should be avoided for maximum berry color in the central San Joaquin Valley and other warm regions.
URL [本文引用: 1]
天然多酚类抗氧化物是从植物中提取一类抗氧化剂,符合人们对健康需要。该文综述近年来多酚类化合物研究概况,重点论述黄酮类化合物和原花色素抗氧化功能及其研究进展,并介绍几种常见多酚类化合物,包括大豆异黄酮、茶多酚、苹果多酚和葡萄多酚等。
URL [本文引用: 1]
天然多酚类抗氧化物是从植物中提取一类抗氧化剂,符合人们对健康需要。该文综述近年来多酚类化合物研究概况,重点论述黄酮类化合物和原花色素抗氧化功能及其研究进展,并介绍几种常见多酚类化合物,包括大豆异黄酮、茶多酚、苹果多酚和葡萄多酚等。
DOI:10.1111/jfbc.12626URL [本文引用: 1]
DOI:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2011.00171.xURL [本文引用: 1]
Background and Aims: Total leaf area and its distribution inside the canopy are known to influence the photosynthesis capacity as well as grape quality and health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple and innovative training system characterised by an open canopy called ‘SAYM’ (a closing Y-shaped training system derived from the spur-pruned single cordon and trained to an inclined shoot-positioned trellis type) as well as the possibility of using traditional machines during harvesting and pruning after closing the structure just before grape harvesting.Methods and Results: The SAYM was applied on eight rows of 80 vines from an experimental Sangiovese vineyard and compared to vertically shoot-positioned (VSP) trellis type during the 2004–2008 seasons. In comparison to VSP vines, the SAYM was able to reduce the incidence of botrytis rot and improve grape and wine quality (alcohol, anthocyanins, phenolics, tannins and colour intensity), while maintaining an adequate yield (about 13 t/ha) without significantly increasing the management operations of the vineyard.Conclusions: The SAYM was able to bring together economically and easily the advantages guaranteed by training systems characterised by horizontally divided canopy with the limitation of production costs by the use of traditional mechanical harvesters and pruners.Significance of the Study: SAYM can be proposed as a functional training system able to improve grape and wine quality, which is easy and inexpensive to manage.
DOI:10.11937/bfyy.201501007URL [本文引用: 1]
以5年生"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,研究了不同叶幕高度的"厂字"架式对酿酒葡萄光合效率和果实品质的影响,以提高贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的果实品质。结果表明:与"独龙蔓"架式相比,"厂字"架式处理提高了酿酒葡萄叶片比叶重和叶绿素含量,120cm和150cm叶幕高度的"厂字"架式处理显著提高了叶片光合效率、果实中总糖、花色素和总酚含量,没有显著影响平均单果重和可滴定酸含量,使果实品质得到显著提高。因此,在宁夏酿酒葡萄产区,120cm叶幕高度"厂字"架式可通过调节叶片的发育和光合效率,进而显著提高了酿酒葡萄果实的品质。
DOI:10.11937/bfyy.201501007URL [本文引用: 1]
以5年生"赤霞珠"葡萄为试材,研究了不同叶幕高度的"厂字"架式对酿酒葡萄光合效率和果实品质的影响,以提高贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的果实品质。结果表明:与"独龙蔓"架式相比,"厂字"架式处理提高了酿酒葡萄叶片比叶重和叶绿素含量,120cm和150cm叶幕高度的"厂字"架式处理显著提高了叶片光合效率、果实中总糖、花色素和总酚含量,没有显著影响平均单果重和可滴定酸含量,使果实品质得到显著提高。因此,在宁夏酿酒葡萄产区,120cm叶幕高度"厂字"架式可通过调节叶片的发育和光合效率,进而显著提高了酿酒葡萄果实的品质。
