不同肥水耦合对黄瓜产量品质及肥料偏生产力的影响

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蒋静静^,¹^,², 屈锋¹^,², 苏春杰¹^,², 杨剑锋¹, 余剑³, 胡晓辉^,¹^,²

1西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌 712100

2农业部西北设施园艺工程重点实验室/陕西省设施农业工程技术研究中心,陕西杨凌 712100

3西安市农业技术推广中心,西安 710000

Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Yield and Quality of Cucumber and Partial Factor Productivity of Fertilizer

JIANG JingJing^,¹^,², QU Feng¹^,², SU ChunJie¹^,², YANG JianFeng¹, YU Jian³, HU XiaoHui^,¹^,²

1 College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, Shaanxi;

2 Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture/Shaanxi Province Facility Agriculture Engineering Center, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

3 Xi’an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Xi′an 710000;

通讯作者: 胡晓辉，E-mail：hxh1977@163.com

第一联系人: 蒋静静,E-mail： wszgdjj@126.com。
收稿日期:2018-05-22接受日期:2018-08-22网络出版日期:2019-01-01

基金资助:

“十三五”国家重点研发计划.2016YFD0201005

Received:2018-05-22Accepted:2018-08-22Online:2019-01-01

摘要
【目的】基质栽培是有效解决设施土壤连作障碍、质地恶化对作物生产造成不利影响的有效途径之一。目前基质栽培水肥管理缺乏量化指标,本研究旨在通过研究滴灌水肥耦合对塑料大棚春季基质栽培黄瓜产量、生长、生理、品质和偏肥料生产力的影响,探究黄瓜基质栽培优质高效生产的灌水和营养液供应标准。【方法】以‘春优1号’黄瓜为试材,按照标准山崎黄瓜营养液配方,设置3个营养液浓度水平（F1：75%剂量、F2：100%剂量、F3：125%剂量）和3个单株灌水量（W1：75%蒸腾蒸发量（crop evapo-transpiration ETc）、W2：100% ETc、W3：125% ETc）,共9个水肥耦合处理,分析不同灌水和营养液浓度对基质袋栽培黄瓜产量、干物质量、品质、水肥利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）和肥料偏生产力（partial factor productivity of fertilizer,PFP）的影响。运用多元回归分析和空间分析方法,确定塑料大棚春季基质袋栽培黄瓜高效生产的适宜灌水量和营养液浓度。【结果】灌水量的增加有利于黄瓜产量和PFP的增长,收获期60 d内W3F1处理产量（7 667.3 kg/667m ²）和PFP（205.67 kg·kg ^-1）均最大。在相同施肥处理下,PFP随灌水量的增加呈上升趋势;F1条件下,W3处理净光合速率低于W1,但其叶面积指数较大,同化量较高,获得较高产量。仅考虑灌水条件下,W1水平下黄瓜果实品质的V_C、还原糖表现最优;而W3水平下黄瓜果实的可溶性固形物和可溶性蛋白有最优值。运用多元回归和空间分析方法综合评价产量、品质和肥料偏生产力,确定适宜的灌水施肥范围为36.0—42.2 kg/667m ²和198.0—219.8 m ³/667m ²;42.2—44.6 kg/667m ²和206.3—219.8 m ³/667m ²。【结论】灌溉和营养液浓度对黄瓜的生长、产量、品质、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力均有显著影响,以黄瓜产量、硝酸盐含量和PFP同时达到最优值的±10%范围时确定的灌溉量和营养液浓度是塑料大棚春季基质袋栽培黄瓜的优化滴灌施肥方案。
关键词： 黄瓜;基质袋栽培;水肥耦合;品质;产量;肥料偏生产力;回归分析;空间分析

Abstract

【Objective】Substrate cultivation is one of the effective ways to solve the adverse influences of soil texture deterioration on crop production which were cultivated in protected environment. With lacking standard of water and fertilizer management for substrate cultivation, in order to ensure the standard of irrigation and fertilizer coupling on yield, dry weight, quality, partial factor productivity of fertilizer and water use efficiency of cucumber cultivated in substrate in spring, the irrigation and fertilizer supply systems for high yield, quality, and efficient production of cucumber substrate were investigated.【Method】‘ChunyouNo.1’ cucumber was chosen as the materials, and the experiment was subjected to three irrigation water levels (W1 (75% crop evapo-transpiration, ETc), W2 (100% ETc) and W3 (125% ETc)) and three Yamazaki cucumber nutrient solution formula concentrations (F1 (75%), F2 (100%), F3 (125%)). The study analyzed the effects of different water and fertilizer coupling on cucumber yield, dry weight, quality, partial factor productivity of fertilizer and water use efficiency. The multivariate regression analysis and spatial analysis methods were used to obtain the best combination of irrigation and fertilizer for efficient cultivation of spring cucumber in plastic greenhouses. 【Result】The increase of irrigation was beneficial to the growth of cucumber yield and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP). The yield (7 667.3 kg/667m ²) and PFP (205.67 kg·kg ^-1) of W3F1 treatment were the largest during the 60 days of the harvest period. Under the same fertilization conditions, PFP was increasing with the increase of irrigation volume. Under the condition of F1, the net photosynthetic rate of W3 treatment was lower than W1, but its leaf area index was larger, therefore higher assimilation amount and yield were obtained. Under the same irrigation condition, the Vitamin C and reducing sugar performance of cucumber fruit under W1 level was the best, while the soluble solids and soluble protein of cucumber fruit under W3 had the best value. Through the multivariate regression analysis and the spatial analysis methods to evaluate yield, quality and partial factor productivity of fertilizer, the results showed that the fertilization and irrigation amount obtained was about 36.0-42.2 kg/667m ² and 198.0-219.8 m ³/667m ², or 42.2-44.6 kg/667m ² and 206.3-219.8 m ³/667m ². 【Conclusion】Irrigation level and fertilization level significantly affected growth, yield, quality, WUE and PFP. The best strategy of fertilization and irrigation for the production of drip-irrigated cultivated cucumber grown in substrate bags in Spring is level which yield, nitrate content and PFP of cucumber were ±10% of optimal value.

Keywords：cucumber;substrate bag culture;coupling of water and fertilizer;quality;yield;partial factor productivity of fertilizer;regression analysis;spatial analysis

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本文引用格式
蒋静静, 屈锋, 苏春杰, 杨剑锋, 余剑, 胡晓辉. 不同肥水耦合对黄瓜产量品质及肥料偏生产力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(1): 86-97 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.01.009
JIANG JingJing, QU Feng, SU ChunJie, YANG JianFeng, YU Jian, HU XiaoHui. Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Yield and Quality of Cucumber and Partial Factor Productivity of Fertilizer[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(1): 86-97 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.01.009

0 引言

【研究意义】设施农业连续生产引起的土壤氮磷富集、土壤次生盐渍化等问题,已经严重影响到设施菜地的健康和可持续利用^[1]。无土栽培技术用基质代替土壤,摆脱了传统栽培对土壤的依赖,以其营养物质供应精准、水分补给充分等优势,成为解决土壤质量恶化区农业高效生产的一种有效手段^[2]。营养液管理（浓度和水分管理）是无土栽培获得成功的关键因素,研究水肥耦合对设施黄瓜产量、品质和水肥利用效率的影响,对制定基质栽培高产高效的管理制度,以及无土栽培技术的应用推广具有重要的理论与实际意义。【前人研究进展】国内外****对土壤栽培条件下,水肥因素对作物生长、产量品质等影响开展了大量研究^{[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}。NANGARE等^[4]在向日葵的水肥研究中发现,施肥和灌水分别在80%RDF和80%ET时,经济效益更优、生产可行性更强。李银坤等^[7]通过对番茄不同灌溉施肥模式的研究得出,基于负压装置的供液模式提高了水肥利用效率且改善了果实品质。李静等^[11]对黄瓜水肥耦合的探究结果表明,合理的减少灌水量与施肥量,既能维持黄瓜较好的生长,又能获得较高的经济效益;张丽莹等^[12]研究认为水氮耦合对几种氮代谢酶及相关物质含量都有显著影响。方栋平等^[13,14]发现黄瓜植株在75%ETc和100%滴灌施肥组合时,其品质和水分利用效率有较优值。邢英英等^[15]通过对番茄产量、品质和水分利用效率等综合评价得出适宜的灌水施肥区间。利用多元回归方法,以灌水量和施肥量为自变量,单指标为因变量建立水肥回归方程,通过求解方程极值推求最佳水肥组合^[16],是确定作物各指标最优灌水施肥组合的一种科学分析方法,通过空间分析方法对各指标多元回归方程所得三维立体曲面进行水平投影,寻找各指标可接受区域的重叠区,可得到兼顾各指标的最优组合范围。【本研究切入点】以往研究主要集中在土壤栽培条件下水肥耦合对作物生长和产量的宏观效应及相应的生理机制,由于无土栽培基质与土壤所形成的栽培环境差异较大,且基质栽培条件下缺乏依据产量、品质、肥料利用率和肥料偏生产力等因素综合评价确定的灌水和营养液管理量化指标,因此难以定量确定更有效的灌水和营养液管理制度,不易实现充分发挥基质栽培的节水节肥、高产优质的目的。【拟解决的关键问题】通过塑料大棚基质袋栽培黄瓜不同灌水量和营养液浓度的耦合试验,探索产量、干物质量、品质和肥料偏生产力对水肥耦合的响应规律,旨在为确定黄瓜基质栽培生产模式下最佳水肥管理方案提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

试验在西北农林科技大学北园艺场（34°17′N,108°04′E）的对称内保温双层塑料薄膜覆盖大棚内进行,海拔498.68 m。供试黄瓜品种为‘春优1号’,于三叶一心时定植（3月26日）,7月5日拉秧（采收期为60 d）,采用基质袋栽培种植方式,每袋定植一株黄瓜。PE薄膜基质袋尺寸大小为28 cm×43 cm,基质量5 L/袋,基质配比为菇渣腐熟物﹕珍珠岩﹕蛭石=15﹕11﹕4（体积比）。栽培基质的理化性质为：容重0.253 g·cm^-3,总孔隙度73.45%,通气孔隙29.31%,持水孔隙64.27%,速效氮423.67 mg·kg^-1,速效磷552.21 mg·kg^-1,速效钾714.4 mg·kg^-1,全氮16.58 mg·g^-1,全磷7.13 mg·g^-1,全钾21.39 mg·g^-1,有机质含量为44.8%,pH为6.68,EC为2.25 mS·cm^-1。采用水肥一体化灌溉施肥系统供应水肥,营养液供应流速为1 L·h^-1。

1.2 试验设计

定植密度为3 300 株/667m²,基质栽培袋按大小行栽培方式布局,大行距70 cm,小行距50 cm。以单株黄瓜水肥需求为标准,设置灌水和营养液浓度2个自变量。

营养液浓度（施肥量）：设定山崎黄瓜营养液标准配方浓度为100%剂量,其单株黄瓜N、P₂O₅和K₂O的用量分别为5.75 g、2.40 g和7.56 g。以此设置3个营养液浓度水平,其中75%剂量的营养液为低肥处理（F1：N-P₂O₅-K₂O, 4.31-1.73-5.46 g/株）;100%剂量的营养液为中肥处理（F2：N-P₂O₅-K₂O, 5.75-2.40-7.56 g/株）;125%剂量的营养液为高肥处理（F3：N-P₂O₅-K₂O, 7.19-3.00-9.45 g/株）。

灌水量：采用称量法获取黄瓜单株日蒸腾量。用上海友声衡器有限公司生产的BS系列精密电子计量秤（精度0.01 kg）于每日8：00定时称单株基质质量（由于基质袋保水性较好,故可以不考虑水分蒸发）,基质袋的减少量即为当日单株蒸腾耗水量（100% ETc）。以此设置W1（75% ETc）、W2（100% ETc）、W3（125% ETc）3个灌溉水平。

将灌水和营养液浓度两因素耦合,共计得到9个处理,3次重复,每小区定植黄瓜10株。在苗期结束之后,进入开花坐果期基质养分不能满足黄瓜需求时进行水肥耦合处理。

分别于每日上午和下午分次进行灌水,确保无积水和渗漏现象出现。100%ETc处理的单株日灌水量如图1所示。

图1

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图1生育期内单株灌水量

空白处为连续阴雨天未灌水
Fig. 1Irrigation volume of per cucumber over the growth period

There was no irrigation on a rainy day

1.3 试验大棚小气候环境状况

在黄瓜全生育期内,利用温湿度自动记录仪（PDL型,哈尔滨物格电子有限公司）连续检测大棚内的气温和相对湿度,数据采集间隔为30 min,日平均温度和湿度变化范围分别为15.1—28.4℃和54.6%— 92.1%。光合有效辐射（PAR）日总量变化范围为4.25—23.91 mol·m^-2·d^-1。

1.4 测定项目与方法

在处理22 d（5月11日）后分别用卷尺和游标卡尺测量黄瓜的株高、茎粗;叶面积由叶长的平方与叶面积系数的乘积获得,叶面积系数则通过方格纸法回归得来^[17];利用便携式光合测定仪（6400,Li-CorInc, Ltd.,USA）在盛瓜期（5月11日）测定净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）。采摘当日,用电子天平记录各试验小区黄瓜产量,拉秧后统计总产量。可溶性蛋白含量采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定;硝酸盐含量采用浓硫酸水杨酸法测定;维生素C含量用钼蓝比色法测定;可溶性固形物由ATAGO PAL-1数字手持袖珍折射仪读取;还原糖含量采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法测定^[18]。

叶面积指数（leaf area index, LAI）=叶面积/土地面积;

作物单株耗水量（ET）=I-_ΔW;

水分利用效率（water use efficiency, WUE）=$\frac{Y}{ET}$×10³;

肥料偏生产力（partial factor productivity of fertilizer, PFP）=Y/F。

式中,I为全生育期内单株作物灌水量（L）,_ΔW为试验初期和末期基质储水量的变化量（L）,Y为产量（kg/株）,F为全生育期投入的N、P₂O₅和K₂O总量（kg/株）,WUE单位为kg·m^-3,PFP单位为kg·kg^-1。

1.5 数据处理

用SPSS 20.0统计分析软件进行数据处理、多元回归和方差分析,采用Microsoft Excel 2010进行作图,Duncan法进行多重比较（P=0.05）。

2 结果

2.1 水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜生长的影响

由表1可以看出,不同施肥和灌水及其交互作用对茎粗的影响不显著。茎粗变化范围为6.93—8.12 mm,W2F3比W1F3高17.2%。灌水和施肥及其交互作用对黄瓜株高影响差异显著。高水中肥（W3F2）处理株高最大比低水低肥（W1F1）处理增加37.27 cm。低水（W1）和高水（W3）条件下中肥处理（F2）株高最大;中水（W2）条件下,低肥和高肥处理株高差异不明显,中水中肥处理（W2F2）表现出株高最小值;W3F2处理株高最优,但与W3F1无明显差异。这些结果表明,在低水（W1）和高水（W3）灌溉条件下,黄瓜株高随施肥量的增加呈开口向下的抛物线变化趋势,中肥处理在一定时期有利于黄瓜株高生长。

Table 1
表1
表1水肥耦合对黄瓜株高、茎粗和叶面积指数的影响
Table 1Effects of different water and fertilizer coupling on cucumber plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index

处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	茎粗 Stem diameter (mm)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index
W1F1	138.60e	7.78a	1.53d
W2F1	162.83bc	7.43a	1.93a
W3F1	169.31ab	7.93a	1.94a
W1F2	158.80c	7.74a	1.73b
W2F2	146.70d	7.00a	1.65bc
W3F2	175.87a	7.27a	1.88a
W1F3	148.67d	6.93a	1.60cd
W2F3	160.07c	8.12a	1.84a
W3F3	147.30d	6.97a	1.58cd
显著性检验F值（F value）
灌水 Irrigation	10.081**	0.037	11.858**
施肥 Fertilization	33.543**	0.397	11.859**
灌水×施肥 Irrigation × Fertilization	32.367**	0.921	11.860**

Different small letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05). * means significant difference (P<0.05), ** means much significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below
同列数据后不同小写字母表示0.05水平时差异显著,*表示差异显著（P<0.05）,**表示差异极显著（P<0.01）。下同

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叶面积指数反应植株叶片的疏密程度,叶面积指数越大,说明单位土地上的叶面积越大,叶片的层叠程度越大,对光能可形成多层利用,减少了光能的浪费^[19]。两因素及交互作用对植株的叶面积指数（LAI）影响极显著。低肥（F1）和中肥（F2）条件下高水（W3）处理均表现出LAI最大值,表现出充足的灌水有利于黄瓜叶片的生长。高肥（F3）条件下,中水（W2）处理LAI最大,与高水（W3）相比,高出16.5%。高水低肥（W3F1）处理的LAI（1.94）比低水低肥（W1F1）高出0.41,达叶面积指数最大值。

2.2 水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜光合特性的影响

如表2所示,低肥（F1）条件下,Pn表现为W1>W2>W3;高肥（F3）处理下,Pn随灌水量的增加呈上升趋势。W1F1处理的黄瓜叶片净光合速率（Pn）最大,W2F2处理的黄瓜叶片Pn值最小。低肥处理（F1）的黄瓜叶片蒸腾速率（Tr）分别比中肥处理（F2）和高肥处理（F3）增加8.84%和11.97%,W1F1处理的黄瓜叶片Tr最大。除低水中肥（W1F2）处理外各处理间黄瓜叶片气孔导度（Gs）差异不显著,W3F2处理有最大值（0.19 mol·m^-2·s^-1）,比最小值W1F2高出18.75%,低肥（F1）处理下,普遍有较高的气孔导度。这表明合理的营养供应在一定程度上可以改善植株的水分状况,提高渗透调节和气孔导度,从而提高光合效率。低水（W1）和中水（W2）条件下,低肥（F1）处理的黄瓜叶片胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）最大;高水（W3）条件下,Ci随施肥量的变化表现出开口向下的抛物线变化趋势。中水低肥（W2F1）处理的黄瓜叶片有Ci的最大值,低水中肥（W1F2）处理Ci值最小。由此可以看出,低肥（F1）条件下的黄瓜叶片Pn较高;而在低肥（F1）和中肥（F2）条件下,随灌水量的增加,Ci呈开口向下的抛物线变化趋势。

Table 2
表2
表2水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜光合特性的影响
Table 2Effects of different water and fertilizer coupling on cucumber photosynthetic characteristics

处理 Treatment	净光合速率 Pn (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率 Tr (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Gs (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 Ci (μmol·mol^-1)
W1F1	27.03a	7.94a	0.19 ab	202.10ab
W1F2	20.18cd	6.77b	0.16b	156.35b
W1F3	21.88bcd	6.90b	0.17ab	186.49ab
W2F1	22.82abcd	7.85a	0.19ab	208.35 a
W2F2	19.32d	6.91b	0.18ab	196.40ab
W2F3	24.38abc	6.89b	0.18ab	170.69ab
W3F1	22.29bcd	7.23ab	0.18ab	166.37ab
W3F2	22.43bcd	7.47ab	0.19a	196.28ab
W3F3	24.83ab	6.77b	0.18ab	167.85ab

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2.3 水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜果实品质的影响

如表3所示,黄瓜品质指标受灌水量和施肥量影响极显著（P<0.01）（还原糖显著P<0.05）,水肥交互作用对品质也呈极显著影响（除硝酸盐不显著外P>0.05）。在低肥（F1）和中肥（F2）条件下,随灌水的增加,可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势,W3F2有最大值0.51 mg·g^-1,W1F1有最小值0.20 mg·g^-1,而在高肥（F3）条件下,中水（W2）处理的可溶性蛋白含量显著低于高水和低水处理,表现为W1>W3>W2。低肥（F1）和高肥（F3）条件下,低水（W1）处理均表现出较高Vc值（36.78和41.17 mg/100g）。低水（W1）条件下,不同施肥量间Vc的最大值和最小值差距较大;随灌水量的增加,中水（W2）条件下不同施肥量间Vc差值变小,变化范围为28.67—33.11 mg/100g;到高水处理时,不同施肥量间Vc含量的最大差值仅为2.67 mg/100g。随着灌水量的增多,施肥量对Vc的影响愈加不明显。低水（W1）处理下,果实的还原糖含量表现出最大值,W1F1和W1F3处理还原糖含量分别为2.25%和2.20%,显著高于除高水高肥（W3F3）外的其他处理。同等施肥条件下,硝酸盐含量随灌水的增多呈明显下降趋势;相同灌水条件下,硝酸盐含量随施肥量的增加而上升。低肥（F1）和高肥（F3）条件下,硝酸盐含量最小值（W1）与最大值（W3）间最大差值分别为80.56 mg·kg^-1和119.63 mg·kg^-1。这表明随施肥量的增加,灌水对硝酸盐含量的影响越来越大。仅考虑施肥因素,总可溶性固形物含量随施肥量的增加表现为F3>F2>F1;W3F2和W3F3处理的可溶性固形物百分数最高（3.90%）。说明施肥量的增加对果实内总的可溶性固形物含量有较为积极的影响。

Table 3
表3
表3不同水肥处理对黄瓜果实品质的影响
Table 3Effects of irrigation and fertilization coupling on fruit quality of cucumber

处理 Treatment	可溶性蛋白 Soluble protein (mg·g^-1)	维生素C Vc (mg·100g^-1)	还原糖 Soluble sugar (%)	硝酸盐 Nitrate content (mg·kg^-1)	可溶性固形物 Soluble solids (%)
W1F1	0.20d	36.78b	2.25a	342.27d	3.20c
W2F1	0.28c	30.03de	1.77bc	289.24e	2.37f
W3F1	0.28c	31.25cde	1.73c	261.71f	2.87e
W1F2	0.28c	29.03e	1.68c	403.27c	3.07d
W2F2	0.35b	28.67e	1.82bc	361.61d	3.23c
W3F2	0.51a	33.92bc	1.83bc	300.42e	3.90a
W1F3	0.35b	41.17a	2.20a	504.58a	3.37b
W2F3	0.22d	33.11cd	1.81bc	465.82b	3.47b
W3F3	0.31bc	33.92bc	2.04ab	384.95c	3.90a
显著性检验F值 F value of significance test
灌水Irrigation	38.878 **	16.666 **	6.386 **	79.333**	118.467**
施肥Fertilization	66.209**	20.244 **	5.891 *	98.732 **	260.867**
灌水×施肥Irrigation Fertilization	34.272**	9.575 **	5.275**	2.931	62.467**

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2.4 水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜干物质量和产量的影响

养分和水分与作物干物质累积密切相关,图2-a为拉秧时不同水肥耦合处理对黄瓜干物质量的影响（包含叶、茎、果、根）。灌水及水肥交互作用对黄瓜干物质量影响极显著（P<0.01）。低肥条件下,高水处理（W3）黄瓜干物质累积量优于中水（W2）和低水（W1）处理。高水（W3）处理时随营养液浓度的增加,干物质累积量依次降低。低肥（F1）条件下不同处理间干物质量的最大差值为171.5 kg/667m²,高肥（F3）条件下最大差值缩减为63.5 kg/667m²,随营养液浓度的增大,干物质累积量受灌水的影响逐渐减弱。从灌水和营养液耦合效应看,高水低肥处理（W3F1）干物质累积最大（419.0 kg/667m²）;低水低肥处理（W1F1）干物质累积最小（247.5 g/株）。说明施肥过多的情况下,灌水的积极效应也被减弱。

不同水肥处理对黄瓜产量的影响如图2-b所示。经方差分析可知,本试验条件下,灌水对产量表现出极显著的影响（P<0.01）。在同一施肥条件下,各处理的产量随灌水量的增多,基本均呈上升趋势;伴随施肥量的增加,产量未表现出相似的变化趋势,其中W3F1处理的产量最大（7 667.3 kg/667m²）,显著高于除W3F2之外的其他处理。这表明在本试验条件下,灌水的增加对产量有很强的正效应。

图2

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图2不同水肥处理对干物质量和产量的影响

Fig. 2Effects of different water and fertilizer coupling treatments on cucumber dry weight and yield

2.5 水肥耦合对基质袋栽培黄瓜水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的影响

施肥对水分利用效率（WUE）影响显著（P<0.05）,灌水对WUE影响极显著（P<0.01）。如图3-a所示,在中肥（F2）和高肥（F3）水平,水分利用效率（WUE）均呈现随灌水量的增加而下降的趋势;而在低肥（F1）水平下,3个不同灌溉量处理对WUE影响差异不大。仅考虑灌水因素,W1处理的WUE分别比W2和W3处理提高3.9%和20.1%。各处理中,W1F3处理WUE最高（40.96 kg·m^-3）,W3F3处理WUE最低（30.07 kg·m^-3）。

图3

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图3不同水肥处理对水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力的影响

Fig. 3Effects of different water and fertilizer coupling on cucumber water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity of fertilizer (PFP)

肥料偏生产力（PFP）反应了栽培袋内的基础养分和营养液滴灌量的综合效应。由图3-b可知,PFP在86.91—205.67 kg·kg^-1之间变化,同WUE的响应规律相反,在相同的施肥水平下,灌水量增加PFP也随之增大（W1F3最小,为86.91 kg·kg^-1）。仅考虑施肥因素,F1比F2和F3分别增大了35.3%和66.6%。仅考虑灌水条件,与W1相比W2和W3处理PFP分别增大25.1%和40.1%。这表明高水处理（W3）在很大程度上能够增加PFP;且在全部的水肥耦合处理中,减少施肥量,高水低肥（W3F1）处理的PFP增加幅度最大。

2.6 水肥投入与产量、水分利用效率和硝酸盐含量的关系

以水肥投入量为自变量,分别以产量、WUE、PFP和果实硝酸盐含量为因变量,进行回归分析（表4）,结果表明灌水量和施肥量对各因变量的影响均极显著（P<0.01）,决定系数均在0.85以上。

Table 4
表4
表4水肥投入与产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和硝酸盐含量之间的回归关系
Table 4Regression equation for response variable of yield, water use efficiency, partial factor productivity of fertilizer and nitrate content with irrigation and fertilization amount

因变量Response variable Y	回归方程Regression equation	R²	P
产量Yield	Y₁=-1.818+0.0649F +0.1003W +1.6974×10^-3 F²-4.0833×10^-4W²-2.226F×10^-3W	0.8572	0.0001
水分利用效率Water use efficiency	Y₂=-36.4327+4.655F +1.6539W -4.4328×10^-2F²-9.4245×10^-3W²-5.923×10^-2FW	0.8340	0.0001
肥料偏生产力Partial factor productivity of fertilizer	Y₃=46.723-17.763F +8.988W +0.7707F²-3.099×10^-2W²-0.2706FW	0.9218	0.0001
硝酸盐含量Nitrate content	Y₄=314.643-10.939F +2.773W +1.386F²-3.410×10^-2W²-0.1948FW	0.9757	0.0001

W, F, R² and P mean irrigation amount, fertilization amount, coefficient of determination and statistically significant value, respectively
W、F、R²和P值分别代表灌水量、施肥量、决定系数和统计显著性值

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设定W3和W1处理的灌水量分别为灌水的上下限,F3和F1处理分别为施肥量的上下限,运用空间分析方法,使用MATLAB作图软件,形成表4中各方程的平面投影图（图4）。由图4可知,产量、PFP以及硝酸盐含量均在低肥高水区域有较优值（硝酸盐含量较低值为较优值）,而WUE则在高肥低水的区域有较优值。可见4个指标不能同时达到最优,产量、PFP和硝酸盐有比较接近的灌水和施肥区域,而WUE与其他3个指标无交互区域。因此在综合评价中不考虑WUE。

运用空间分析方法,对产量、WUE、PFP和硝酸盐含量等各指标最优值（各指标最优值的选取范围控制在本次试验的水肥控制范围内）的±5%、±10%、±15%范围内进行评价。发现产量和硝酸盐含量在最优值的±15%（产量为1.84 kg/株;硝酸盐含量为433.5 mg·kg^-1）的范围内偏离其极值太大,对于水肥供给量的寻优探索意义较小。在最优值±10%和±5%的范围内都有同时满足产量、PFP和硝酸盐含量的较优区域。但±5%的范围内PFP（约为193.8 kg·kg^-1）可接受区域过小,PFP完全包含在产量和硝酸盐含量两指标的可接受区域之内,相对而言,降低了产量和硝酸盐含量所代表的意义。因此将最优值±10%的范围定为合理的可接受范围。

以图4中所示每一个小格为基础单元,将产量、WUE、PFP以及硝酸盐含量这4项指标所得最优值±10%的水肥可接受区域进行汇总,得到综合分析图5。可见黄瓜产量、PFP和硝酸盐含量达到±10%最优值时,水肥供应重叠区域为2个长方形的组合。黄瓜施肥灌水区间约为36.0—42.2 kg/667m²（即N：13.2—15.4 kg/667m²、P₂O₅：5.5—6.4 kg/667m²、K₂O：17.3—20.3 kg/667m²）和198.0—219.8 m³/667m²;42.2—44.6 kg/667m²（N：15.4—16.3 kg/667m²,P₂O₅：6.4—6.8 kg/667m²,K₂O：20.3—21.5 kg/667m²）和206.3—219.8 m³/667m²。

图4

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图4水肥投入与产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和硝酸盐含量的关系

Fig. 4Relationship of irrigation amount and fertilization amount with yield, water use efficiency, partial factor productivity of fertilizer and nitrate content

图5

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图5产量、水分利用效率、硝酸盐含量和肥料偏生产力的综合评价

图中阴影区域为产量、肥料偏生产力和硝酸盐含量最优值±10%的可接受区域
Fig. 5Comprehensive evaluation of yield, water use efficiency, nitrate content and partial factor productivity of fertilizer

The shaded area is shown in the yield, fertilizer partial productivity and nitrate ±10% optimum value

3 讨论

无土栽培技术的应用扩大了农业生产的区域,灌溉和营养液管理已成为无土栽培的核心技术之一。本试验结果表明,不同的水肥耦合处理显著影响黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、光合参数、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和产量等指标。在本试验中W3F2处理表现出株高的最大值,同杨小振等^[20]在西瓜上得出的结果类似,中肥处理在一定时期对株高的增加较为有利。李静等^[11]对黄瓜的水氮耦合试验表明,叶面积指数随灌水量的增加显著增加。本试验在F1和F2情况下,灌水对叶面积指数有积极作用,叶面积指数随灌水量的增加而增加。

产量作为反映农作物生长状况的关键指标,成为试验研究重点^{[21,22,23,24]}。已有研究表明,番茄产量与灌水、施肥呈正相关,且增加灌水量,降低施肥量,水分利用效率逐渐下降^[15]。张丽莹、王鹏勃等^[12,25]的试验表明,在单株灌水量一定的条件下,植株产量随施肥量的增加表现为先增加后降低,且产量随灌水量的增加也表现出先升后降的抛物线关系。李建明等^[26]研究表明,120%ET水分处理产量最优;赵青松等^[27]对黄瓜的槽式基质栽培研究指出,灌溉处理为基质最大含水率85%—100%时,产量最高水分利用效率最低;杨平等^[28]对番茄的基质袋培研究结果显示,中等营养液浓度供应水平和70%田间持水量的灌溉下限组合为最佳水肥处理。但本试验结果显示,产量、水分利用效率等指标,随灌水量和施肥量无完全一致的变化趋势,在营养供应量较高的F2和F3水平,WUE随灌水的增多呈下降变化趋势,这与王秀康等^[16]的研究结果一致。且相较于W3F3处理,W3F1的WUE和产量显著提高。这可能同栽培方式、试验标准及黄瓜生长发育的水肥耦合阈值有关。本试验的水肥供应是在根瓜坐瓜后进行,此时基质中营养成分已不能满足黄瓜的正常生长需求,基质种类和成分组成会对试验结果产生一定影响,但差异已不明显。同时,本研究的水分供应和营养补充是在ETc的指导下发生,消除了基质容积的限制,且基质袋较好的保水保肥性,使得袋培基质容积大小对试验结果造成的影响可忽略。在本试验中,F1的营养补给足以满足黄瓜的增产目标;F3供应水平造成根区氮、磷、钾离子浓度过高,不利于黄瓜根系对水分、养分的吸收,导致增产幅度较小。W1F1处理净光合速率有最大值27.03 μmol·m^-2·s^-1（表2）,但其产量较低,这可能是由于其叶面积指数较小（表1）,导致总同化量较少。叶面积与净光合速率共同决定了植物的同化量,W3F1处理叶面积指数有最大值,且净光合速率较高,因而产量最优。

不同的水肥耦合处理对黄瓜果实可溶性蛋白、Vc、还原糖、可溶性固形物和硝酸盐含量等均有显著影响。邢英英等^[3]研究表明,增大灌水量番茄品质呈倒U型变化趋势。而本研究表明随营养液浓度的增大,黄瓜果实可溶性蛋白和硝酸盐含量均值都呈上升趋势;在高肥条件下,Vc和可溶性固形物含量最大,且还原糖也较高。这可能是较高浓度营养液下,氮磷钾营养元素增多,磷肥和钾肥能参与植物糖类代谢,同时钾能促进和加强植物对磷的吸收及光合产物的运输,并且促进植株体内氮素的代谢^[29]。且已有研究表明,增施磷肥可有助于植株体内可溶性糖含量增加,提升作物品质。由于本研究中营养液是以同一配比的氮磷钾组合,尚不能确定是哪种元素起主要作用,关于氮磷钾肥对黄瓜果实品质的影响有待进一步研究和验证。硝酸盐在人体内可被转化为亚硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐有致癌作用^[30]。因此硝酸盐含量是蔬菜安全品质中监控的重要指标,可作为品质代表指标进行综合评价。本试验中,在相同的灌水条件下,果实中硝酸盐的含量随营养液浓度的上升而增加,表明硝酸盐含量与施肥量存在正向关系。

设施内的水肥管理即协调灌水与施肥之间关系,实现节水节肥、高效优质的管理目标。本文运用多元回归和空间分析相结合的方法综合评价产量品质和偏肥料生产力,得到2个黄瓜施肥灌水区间分别为36.0—42.2 kg/667m²（其中N：13.2—15.4 kg/667m²、P₂O₅：5.5—6.4 kg/667m²、K₂O：17.3—20.3 kg/667m²）和198.0—219.8 m³/667m²;42.2—44.6 kg/667m²（N：15.4—16.3 kg/667m²,P₂O₅：6.4—6.8 kg/667m²,K₂O：20.3—21.5 kg/667m²）和206.3—219.8 m³/667m²时,黄瓜产量、硝酸盐含量和PFP同时达到最优值的±10%范围内。这一灌水施肥区域为大棚黄瓜高产优质的水肥管理提供依据。尽管水肥管理的最适区域灌水量较大,但施肥量较小,符合当前农业生产中提倡“减肥、减药”的发展方向。同时说明水分和肥料利用效率受灌水和施肥影响规律完全相反,在优化灌水施肥制度时,二者不能同时达到最优。

4 结论

本试验条件下,不同水肥耦合处理对黄瓜的生长、产量、品质、光合特征、水分利用效率均有显著影响。同一施肥条件下,灌水的增加有利于黄瓜产量和肥料偏生产力（PFP）的增长,硝酸盐含量随灌水的增多呈明显下降趋势。同一灌水水平时,硝酸盐含量随施肥量的增加而上升;低水（W1）处理下,果实的还原糖含量表现出最大值。综合考虑水肥协同、增产高产以及提高肥料偏生产力等多种因素,在设施基质袋栽培模式下,水肥耦合的施肥和灌水控制在36.0—42.2 kg/667m²（其中N：13.2—15.4 kg/667m²、P₂O₅：5.5—6.4 kg/667m²、K₂O：17.3—20.3 kg/667m²）和198.0—219.8 m³/667m²;42.2—44.6 kg/667m²（其中 N：15.4—16.3 kg/667m²,P₂O₅：6.4—6.8 kg/667m²,K₂O：20.3—21.5 kg/667m²）和206.3—219.8 m³/667m²时,黄瓜产量、PFP和硝酸盐含量同时达到最优值的±10%。

参考文献原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

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土壤, 2011,43(3):361-366.

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近30年来，我国设施蔬菜栽培发展迅速，已成为我国农业中最有活力的新兴产业之一。但在长期的设施蔬菜生产过程中，普遍存在着不合理施肥、养分比例失调、肥效下降、资源浪费严重等问题，致使土壤养分富集，盐分积累现象口趋严重。本文对我国设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化的现状、发生原因及其对作物的危害进行综述和分析，在此基础上制定设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化分类与分级的标准的建议及初步构架，旨在为防治设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化，实现设施菜地土壤的质量调控与可持续利用提供理论指导和科学依据。

ZHANG J

, DUAN Z

. Preliminary study on classification & grading standards and causes & hazards of secondary salinization of facility vegetable soils
Soils, 2011,43(3):361-366. (in Chinese)

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郭世荣, 孙锦, 束胜, 李晶 . 国外设施园艺发展概况、特点及趋势分析
南京农业大学学报, 2012,35(5):43-52.

DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2012.05.006 URL [本文引用: 1]

设施园艺是现代农业的重要标志。随着科学技术的进步,尤其是现代生物技术、信息技术和工程技术在设施园艺中的应用,设施园艺的发展步入了一个崭新的时代。本文在综述欧洲、非洲、中近东、亚洲、美州及设施园艺发达国家概况的基础上,总结了国外设施园艺发展的特点,分析了国外设施园艺发展的趋势,以期为我国设施园艺健康持续发展提供一些经验和启示。

GUO S

, SUN

, SHU

, LI

. General situations, charactics and trends of protected horticulture in foreigns
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012,35(5):43-52. (in Chinese)

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邢英英, 张富仓, 张燕, 李静, 强生才, 吴立峰 . 滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响
中国农业科学, 2015,48(4):713-726.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.04.09 URL [本文引用: 2]

【目的】水肥是限制作物增产的两大因子,不合理的灌溉与施氮不仅难于增加产量,还会增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积、降低作物品质及水氮利用效率。针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水和施肥存在的问题,通过滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量品质和水氮利用的影响,研究滴灌施肥条件下温室番茄高产优质高效的灌水施肥制度。【方法】通过温室番茄小区试验,设常规沟灌施肥（100%ET0,N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2）以及3个滴灌水量（高水W1：100%ET0、中水W2：75%ET0、低水W3：50%ET0）和3个施肥水平（高肥F1：N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2、中肥F2：N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2、低肥F3：N120-P2O560-K2O75 kg·hm-2）,共10个处理,分析番茄生长产量、品质、土壤硝态氮分布以及水氮吸收利用对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应规律。【结果】与常规沟灌施肥相比,滴灌施肥增加番茄产量31.04 t·hm-2、干物质量3 208 kg·hm-2和总氮吸收量73.13 kg·hm-2,增幅分别为46.9%、54.0%和82.4%,同时增加果实中维生素C（Vc）含量61.8%;降低土壤中硝态氮含量;水分利用效率（WUE）和氮肥利用率（NUE）分别增加46.4%和76.5%。滴灌施肥条件下,W1F2处理总干物质量最大（9 248 kg·hm-2）,产量和植株氮素吸收量均与灌水量和施肥量正相关,增加施肥量带来的增产效应大于灌水,且W1F2处理产量和氮素吸收量增加幅度最大。增加灌水量,降低施肥量,WUE逐渐下降,NUE逐渐上升,W3F1处理WUE最大（47.7 kg·m-3）,W1F3处理NUE最大（65.6%）,且W3F2处理的WUE和W1F2处理的NUE增加幅度明显大于其他处理。土壤中硝态氮含量受灌水、施肥以及水肥交互效应影响显著,随灌水量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,随施肥量的增加逐渐增大,在滴头正下方没有明显累积,在湿润土体的横向边缘产生累积,W1F2处理土壤中硝态氮含量较小,分布更均匀。增大灌水量显著降低番17

XING Y

, ZHANG F

, ZHANG

, LI

, QIANG S

, WU L

. Effect of irrigation and fertilizer coupling on greenhouse tomato yield, quality, water and nitrogen utilization under fertigation
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015,48(4):713-726. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.04.09 URL [本文引用: 2]

SINHA

, BUTTAR G

, BRAR A

. Drip irrigation and fertigation improve economics, water and energy productivity of spring sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) in Indian Punjab
Agricultural Water Management, 2017,185:58-64.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2017.02.008 URL [本文引用: 2]

A field experiment was conducted to find out water and energy efficient irrigation and fertigation schedule for higher profitability from spring sunflower during 2014 and 2015. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design keeping combinations of three drip irrigation {(100, 80 and 60% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)} and three fertigation schedules {(100, 80 and 60% of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 60kgN and 30kgP2O5ha 1)} with an extra absolute control treatment (furrow irrigation and manual application of RDF). The seed yield of sunflower was statistically at par between drip irrigation at 100 and 80% ETc but significantly better than 60% of ETc. However, apparent water productivity (AWP) and energy productivity was higher in drip at 80% ETc than 100 or 60% ETc. The crop drip irrigated at 80% ETc produced 397g more seed yield with each cubic metre of irrigation water applied at yield advance and water saving of 27.8 and 33.3% than absolute control, respectively. Among the fertigation schedules, seed yield, oil yield and AWP were significantly higher from 100% RDF than 80 or 60% RDF and similar trend was observed for net returns and energetics. Drip irrigation either at 100% of ETc or 80% ETc with 100% of RDF or 80% of RDF produced significantly higher seed yield, net returns and energy productivity than absolute control. Thus, drip irrigation at 80% of ETc with 80% of RDF is more economically viable with higher water and energy productivity than absolute control.

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WANG X

, XING Y

. Evaluation of the effects of irrigation and fertilization on tomato fruit yield and quality: A principal component analysis
Scientific Reports, 2017,7(1):350.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-00373-8 URLPMID:28336916 [本文引用: 1]

Irrigation and fertilization are key practices for improving the fruit quality and yield of vegetables grown in greenhouses. We carried out an experiment in a solar greenhouse spanning three consecutive growing seasons to evaluate the effects of irrigation and fertilization on the fruit yield and quality, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer partial factor productivity (PFP) of tomatoes. Interactions between irrigation and fertilization treatments and individual factors of irrigation and fertilization significantly (p<650.01) affected fruit yield, WUE and PFP. WUE and fruit yield and quality were more sensitive to changes in irrigation than to changes in fertilizer, but PFP showed the opposite trend. Interestingly, the treatment with moderate irrigation (W2: 75%ET0) and high fertilizer level (F1: 240N61120P2O561150K2O kg ha611) was twice ranked first after a combinational evaluation. In conclusion, the proper application of drip fertigation (W2F1) may be a good compromise for solar greenhouse-grown tomatoes with regard to fruit yield and quality, WUE, and PFP. The present study sheds light on the contributions of these practices, clarifies their impacts, and provides a basis for evaluating and selecting better management practices for growing greenhouse vegetables.

[6]

RAHIL M

, QANADILLO

. Effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and water use efficiency of cucumber crop
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DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of four irrigation regimes on yield, growth parameters and water use efficiency of cucumber crop under greenhouse cultivation. A field experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Palestine Technical University Kadoorie, located at Tulkarm, Palestine. Cucumber seedlings were planted on 14 February 2012 in greenhouse at a rate of 1500 seedlings per 1000 square meters. Four irrigation regimes were examined during the growing period as follows: farmer irrigation (FI), tensiometer based irrigation (TI), irrigation at full ETc data (ETc), and irrigation at 70% of ETc (70% ETc). Plant data were collected during the growing period for evaluating the total yield, plant height, number of harvested fruits per plant, weight of harvested fruits per plant, dry matter of above and under ground parts. The results indicated that the 70% ETc treatment obtained the highest crop yield followed by ETc, FI, and TI treatments, respectively. On average, cucumber yield under 70% ETc treatment was 24%, 6% and 4% higher than that under TI, FI and ETc treatments, respectively. At the end of harvesting stage plant height, above-ground dry matter obtained by 70% ETc treatment was higher than the other treatments. The smallest plant height and dry matter was obtained under TI treatment. Results also indicated that, when using scheduled irrigation methods large amount of water were saved and found to be 139, 104 and 26mm for TI, 70% ETc and ETc treatments, respectively, compared to FI treatment. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained under 70% ETc treatment followed by ETc, TI and FI treatments, respectively.

[7]

李银坤, 郭文忠, 薛绪掌, 乔晓军, 王利春, 陈红, 赵倩, 陈菲 . 不同灌溉施肥模式对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用的影响
中国农业科学, 2017,50(19):3757-3765.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.012 URL [本文引用: 2]

【目的】建立适用于日光温室番茄水肥一体化的管理模式,探讨不同灌溉施肥模式在日光温室番茄节水节肥增产效能上的差异。【方法】基于负压装置和滴灌系统,研究常规施基肥（CK）、营养液滴灌施肥（DI）和负压供液施肥（NI）对温室番茄产量、品质及水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】负压供液施肥模式下土壤水分具有相对的稳定性,0—20 cm土层含水量周年变化幅度为20.8%—25.0%,低于滴灌施肥处理的19.7%—28.6%。基于负压装置的供液模式（NI）相对于处理CK和DI,不但养分（N＋P2O5＋K2O）的周年总投入量分别降低了5.0%和17.2%,而且显著促进了番茄植株生长,增加了产量,改善了果实品质。其中处理NI与CK相比,番茄生物量提高了23.0%以上（P〈0.05）,产量增加了7.5%—10.0%,而与处理DI相比,果实硝酸盐含量降低了17.3%—21.5%（P〈0.05）。负压供液施肥模式能够减少水肥用量,降低温室番茄周年耗水量,提高水肥利用率。与处理CK和DI相比,处理NI的年灌水量分别减少了18.4%和17.2%,番茄年耗水量分别降低了12.8%和12.1%（P〈0.05）,而水分利用效率分别提高了12.7%—40.1%和10.0%—30.3%（P〈0.05）,肥料偏生产力则分别提高了10.4%—19.6%和14.5%—42.7%（P〈0.05）。水分的持续稳定供给是负压供液施肥模式实现节水节肥增产保质等效能的重要原因。【结论】基于负压装置的供液模式不仅减少了水肥的投入量,而且能够促进温室番茄生长、确保产量,同时改善了果实品质并大幅度提高了水肥利用效率,可作为日光温室番茄水肥一体化管理的新模式。

LI Y

, GUO W

, XUE X

, QIAO X

, WANG L

, CHEN

, ZHAO

, CHEN

. Effects of different fertigation modes on tomato yield, fruit quality, and water and fertilizer utilization in greenhouse
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017,50(19):3757-3765. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.19.012 URL [本文引用: 2]

孙永健, 孙园园, 蒋明金, 李应洪, 严奉君, 徐徽, 王海月, 马均 . 施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响
中国农业科学, 2016,49(24):4745-4756.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】研究不同施肥水平下不同氮效率杂交水稻产量差异与氮素吸收和利用的关系,以期为水稻品种改良和高产高效栽培技术提供依据。【方法】以氮高效品种（德香4103）和氮低效品种（宜香3724）为材料,通过设置低肥（75 kg N·hm^-2,37.5 kg P2O5·hm^-2,75 kg K2O·hm^-2,记为N1P1K1）、中肥（150 kg N·hm^-2,75 kg P2O5·hm^-2,150 kg K2O·hm^-2,记为N2P2K2）、高肥（225 kg N·hm^-2,112.5 kg P2O5·hm^-2,225 kg K2O·hm^-2,记为N3P3K3）3种施肥水平,并在各施肥水平下均增设一不施氮处理,研究其对不同氮效率水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响及其结实期氮素吸收、转运和分配特性。【结果】品种与施肥水平对杂交稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积、转运、分配,以及氮素利用特征和产量均存在显著影响;品种对氮肥回收利用率、千粒重,以及总颖花数的影响均不同程度的高于施肥水平的调控效应;施肥水平对主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,结实期叶片和茎鞘氮的运转,以及产量调控作用显著。N2P2K2相对于N1P1K1处理能促进不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高氮收获指数,促进结实期叶片和茎鞘中氮素的运转,进而显著提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率,且N2P2K2均显著高于同品种下其他的肥料施用处理,为本试验最佳的氮磷钾肥施用模式;N3P3K3处理易造成结实期叶片及茎鞘中氮滞留量增加,氮转运贡献率显著降低,导致产量及氮肥利用效率显著降低。氮高效品种具有总颖花数、结实率高的特征,其主要生育时期氮素累积量,氮素干物质生产效率,氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素收获指数等均显著高于氮低效品种,但千粒重并不是氮高效品种所独有的特征;此外,氮高效品种结实期更有利于叶片与茎鞘氮素的运转及穗部氮素的累积,尤其氮高效品种具有较高的茎鞘氮素转运率,其与

SUN Y

, SUN Y

, JIANG M

, LI Y

, YAN F

, XU

, WANG H

, MA

. Effects of fertilizer levels on nitrogen utilization characteristics and yield in rice cultivars with different nitrogen use efficiencies
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016,49(24):4745-4756. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

NANGARE D

, SINGH

, KUMAR P

, MINHAS P

. Growth, fruit yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as affected by deficit irrigation regulated on phenological basis
Agricultural Water Management, 2016,171:73-79.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.03.016 URL [本文引用: 1]

A field experiment was conducted for two years (2013–15) to evaluate the response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) to deficit irrigation (DI) with drippers. The options tried were either the regulated DI on the basis of climatological approach i.e. irrigation water equalling 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 times the evapotranspiration (ET) or DI (0.6xET) at phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, fruiting, vegetative-cum-flowering, vegetative-cum-fruiting and flowering-cum-fruiting stages) and disrupting irrigation (15 days) at either of vegetative, flowering and fruiting stage. Compared with the full irrigation (FI; 78.0Mgha611) the regulated deficit irrigation though did not affect the marketable fruit yield (MFY) at RDI0.8,there was loss of about one-fourth MFY with RDI0.6.Nevertheless the water productivity (19.2kgm613) was the maximum under RDI0.8.When the deficit irrigation was applied at different growth stages, MFY was rather improved by 4% with DI0.6(VS)while DI0.6(FL)showed little effect and a decline of 7% was monitored with DI0.6(FT).The DI applied at either of two stages (DI0.6(VS+FL); DI0.6(FL+FT); DI0.6(VS+FT)) resulted in 14–18% decline in MFY. The crop was able to tolerate interruptions of irrigation for 15 days at the above phenological stages i.e. simulating canal closures and the decline in yield was only 3–7%, the highest being at fruiting stages (IIFT). The major advantage of DI was improvement in quality in terms of total soluble solid, ascorbic acid, acidity and colour index (lycopene) though the fruit size was affected. It was concluded that benefits of deficit irrigation in terms of improved quality and water productivity while sustaining fruit yield could be achieved with regulated DI at 0.8xET and DI at 0.6xET during vegetative stage followed by flowering.

[10]

CAKI

, KANBROGLU-CEBI

, ALTINTAS

, OZDEMIR

. Irrigation scheduling and water use efficiency of cucumber grown as a spring-summer cycle crop in solar greenhouse
Agricultural Water Management, 2017,180:78-87.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.10.023 URL [本文引用: 1]

This 3-year study aimed to determine the most appropriate irrigation application and water use efficiency programs based on Class A Pan evaporation for mini (Lebanese) type cucumber plants grown as a first crop under protected conditions in a solar greenhouse. Research was carried out in an unheated solar greenhouse constructed on the lands of Ataturk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute in Kirklareli, Northwestern Turkey. In order to prevent excessive increase in temperature within the protective structure, the semicircular shaped unheated greenhouse with sidewall ventilation was screened with 75% green-coloured shading net. The experimental layout of the study was a split-plot design with 3 replications. Two irrigation intervals (D1–2days and D2–4days) and four different plant–pan coefficients (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50) were applied to main and subplots in the experiment. It was determined that cucumber yields increased with the increase in the irrigation water amount and reached averages of 128.2 and 126.5tonha611with use of highest plant pan coefficients of 1.50 and 1.25 vs. 90.7 and 90.9tonha611under the lowest Ecp coefficient of 0.75. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) values of about 56kgha611m613and 42kgha611m613were obtained from the conditions with least applied irrigation water amounts. The average seasonal value of the yield response factor (ky) estimated on the basis of data from the 3-year study was determined as 0.75.

[11]

李静, 张富仓, 方栋平, 李志军, 高明霞, 王海东, 吴东科 . 水氮供应对滴灌施肥条件下黄瓜生长及水分利用的影响
中国农业科学, 2014,47(22):4475-4487.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.22.013 URL [本文引用: 2]

目的针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水施肥不合理等问题,通过研究不同水氮供应对温室黄瓜生长、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率及水分利用效率的影响,以期科学地对水肥进行调控,为实际生产提供参考依据。方法利用温室小区试验,以‘博耐9-1’黄瓜为试材,设置3个灌水水平:低水W1(60%ET0)、中水W2(80%ET0)和高水W3(100%ET0),全生育期灌水量分别为126、152和177 mm;4个施氮水平:无氮N0(0)、低氮N1(180 kg·hm-2)、中氮N2(360 kg·hm-2)和高氮N3(540 kg·hm-2),共12个处理。在生育期内对黄瓜的各生长指标进行观测,并统计产量及产量构成因素。结果除茎粗外,灌水量与施氮量对黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、干物质量、产量、产量构成因素、灌溉水利用效率(irrigation water use efficiency,IWUE)及水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)都有显著影响。灌水量与黄瓜株高、叶面积指数、瓜条数、单果重及产量有显著正相关作用,而施氮量对黄瓜生长及产量的影响则因施氮量的不同表现出不同变化趋势。其株高、叶面积指数随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低,并在N2处理中获得最大值。干物质量变化趋势略有不同,表现为在W1水平下,干物质量在N2处理中获得最大值,而在N3水平下略有下降,且N2与N3之间差异不显著,其余灌水水平下则随着施氮量的增加表现为不同程度的增加。黄瓜产量随施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量增加到N2水平时,继续增加施氮量,其增产效果在不同灌水水平下表现为不同趋势,即在W1、W2水平下,施氮量增加至N2水平后继续增加时,产量之间无显著性差异;而在W3处理下,N3比N2水平增产8.4%,差异显著。灌水量对IWUE有显著负相关作用,在W1水平下获得最大值,为41.33 kg·m-2,而灌水量对WUE的影响则表现为先增加后减少的趋势,在W2水平下获得最大值,为55.82 kg·m-2。施氮量对IWUE表现为正相关作用,而对于WUE则因施氮量不同表现出不同的变化趋势,在W1和W2水平下,WUE随施氮量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,并在N2水平获得最大值,分别为52.34 kg·m-2、55.82 kg·m-2;W3水平下,WUE则随施氮量的增加显著增加。其中,在W3N3处理下获得最大产量,但其水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率明显低于W2水平,且W2N2相比于W3N3灌水量减少16.7%,施氮量减少33%,而产量仅减少11.3%,且IWUE提高6.5%,WUE提高11.1%。通过产量与生长指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质量)间的通径分析可知,干物质量和叶面积指数对黄瓜产量的增加具有重要作用,可分别作为黄瓜高产的第一指标和第二指标。结论合理的减少灌水量与施氮量不仅能维持黄瓜较好的生长特性,而且能获得较大的经济效益。综合产量与节水节肥因素,W2N2处理(80%ET0,360 kg N·hm-2)可作为较适宜的水氮组合。

, ZHANG F

, FANG D

, LI Z

, GAO M

, WANG H

, WU D

. Effects of water and nitrogen supply on the growth and water use efficiency of cucumber( Cucumis sativus L.) under fertigation
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014,47(22):4475-4487. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.22.013 URL [本文引用: 2]

张丽莹, 王荣莲, 张俊生, 程兴华, 云兴福, 于健 . 水肥耦合对温室无土栽培黄瓜氮代谢的影响
园艺学报, 2011,38(5):893-902.

URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

以黄瓜‘中农19号’为材料，研究了温室无土栽培条件下水肥耦合对几种氮代谢酶及相关物质含量的影响。设3种单株灌水量水平：87 L（W1）、125 L（W2）、162 L（W3），3种单株施肥量水平：64 g（F1）、92 g（F2）、119 g（F3）。试验结果表明，灌水量处理对植株叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性及硝态氮和可溶性蛋白质含量的正影响显著，在F1施肥水平下，W1的几种氮代谢指标高于W2和W3；在F2和F3施肥水平下，W2的灌水量水平最好。施肥量处理对NR、GS、GOGAT、GDH活性及硝态氮和可溶性蛋白质含量的正影响皆达到极显著水平，在相同灌水量水平下，F3 > F2 > F1。灌水量和施肥量2因素之间有显著的互作效应。从相关分析上看氮代谢酶活性及相关物质含量与黄瓜产量及果实中硝酸盐、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质及可溶性糖含量之间呈显著的正相关。

ZHANG L

, WANG R

, ZHANG J

, CHENG X

, YUN X

, YU

. Effects of water and fertilizer coupling on nitrogen metabolism of cucumber under soilless culture in greenhouse
Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2011,38(5):893-902. (in Chinese)

URL Magsci [本文引用: 2]

方栋平, 张富仓, 李静, 王海东, 向友珍, 张燕 . 灌水量和滴灌施肥方式对温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响
应用生态学报, 2015,26(6):1735-1742.

URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

以黄瓜为试验材料，研究灌水量和滴灌施肥方式对日光温室黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响.设两个水分水平(100%ET0,W1;75%ET0,W2)和4种滴灌施肥方式处理，不同滴灌施肥方式处理按推荐施肥量（N∶P2O5∶K2O 分别为360∶180∶540 kg·hm-2）的100%、66.6%、33.3%、0%（Z100、Z66、Z33、Z0）分8次滴灌施肥，剩余肥料一次性基施；另设不施肥处理为对照（CK）.结果表明：滴灌施肥比例和水分与黄瓜的株高、叶面积、干物质量、产量和品质均呈正相关关系.W1Z100处理的产量最高（67760 kg·hm-2）；W2处理的平均水分利用效率比W1处理高9.4%，其中W2Z100处理的水分利用效率最高（47.71 kg·m-3），其产量比最高产量低3.4%却节水25%.与Z0相比，Z100的黄瓜产量和干物质量分别增加15.3%和16.8%；同时，黄瓜果实中维生素C、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量增加；水分利用效率增加19.1%.W2Z100处理为温室黄瓜高产、优质、节水的最佳处理.

FANG D

, ZHANG F

, LI

, WANG H

, XIANG Y

, ZHANG

. Effects of irrigation amount and various fertigation methods on yield and quality of cucumber in greenhouse
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015,26(6):1735-1742. (in Chinese)

URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

方栋平, 吴立峰, 张富仓, 向友珍 . 灌水量和滴灌施肥方式对温室黄瓜产量和养分吸收的影响
灌溉排水学报, 2016,35(11):34-41.

DOI:10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2016.11.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

为揭示水肥对温室黄瓜产量和养分吸收的影响机制,通过温室试验,研究了2种不同灌水量和4种不同滴灌施肥方式对温室黄瓜产量和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,灌水量和滴灌施肥比例对黄瓜干物质量、产量和肥料偏生产力均有显著影响（P〈0.05）。Z100处理的黄瓜产量、干物质量、水分利用效率比Z0处理分别增加15.3%、16.8%、19.1%。W2Z100处理水分利用效率最高,为47.71 kg/m3,在产量仅比W1Z100处理低3.32%的情况下,节水25%。温室黄瓜植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收量和肥料偏生产力均随灌水量和滴灌施肥比例的增加而增加。Z100处理平均氮、磷、钾素吸收量分别比Z0处理高21.05%、21.89%和22.2%,Z100处理平均肥料偏生产力分别比Z66、Z33、Z0处理高2.66%、7.37%、15.34%。不同滴灌施肥比例对氮、磷、钾的利用效率均有极显著影响（P〈0.01）,对吸收效率有显著影响（P〈0.05）。水肥交互作用在黄瓜植株对氮、磷、钾的利用效率上有显著影响（P〈0.05）,对氮钾的吸收效率有显著影响（P〈0.05）。采用“少量多次”的滴灌施肥模式增产效果显著,肥料利用效率较高。综合考虑,W2Z100（75%ET0,100%滴灌施肥）处理在节约大量灌水量的情况下,取得较高的产量和水分利用效率,且肥料偏生产力较高,能获得较大的经济效益,是比较适宜的滴灌施肥水肥组合。

FANG D

, WU L

, ZHANG F

, XIANG Y

. Effects of irrigation amount and drip fertigation method on yield and nutrient uptake of cucumber in greenhouse
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2016,35(11):34-41. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.13522/j.cnki.ggps.2016.11.007 URL [本文引用: 1]

邢英英, 张富仓, 吴立峰, 范军亮, 张燕, 李静 . 基于番茄产量品质水肥利用效率确定适宜滴灌灌水施肥量
农业工程学报, 2015,31(Supp1):110-121.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.z1.014 URL [本文引用: 2]

研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥组合对温室番茄根系生长、产量品质和水肥利用效率的影响,并运用多元回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,寻求满足单目标最大的灌水施肥制度,以及综合评价产量品质和水分利用效率的水肥调控效应,提出同时满足高产优质高效的最接近的灌水施肥制度。通过小区试验,设灌水和施肥(N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,3个滴灌水量(高水:100%ET0、中水:75%ET0、低水:50%ET0,ET0是参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)和3个施肥水平(高肥:240-120-150 kg/hm2、中肥:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、低肥:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,番茄产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和品质受灌水和施肥影响显著。产量与灌水量和施肥量正相关;减小灌水量和增大施肥量,水分利用效率增大;增大灌水量和降低施肥量,肥料偏生产力增大。维生素C和番茄红素随施肥量的增加先增大后降低(中水除外),可溶性糖随施肥量增加而降低(中肥除外),可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别在中水与低水、高水与低水之间差异显著(P0.05)。根质量、根长、根表面积及根体积与产量有显著的线性正相关关系。通过多元回归分析和空间分析得出,灌水量为159 mm,施肥量为479.4、404.4和382.8 kg/hm2时,水分利用效率、番茄红素和糖酸比最大;灌水量为279 mm,施肥量为510 kg/hm2时,产量最大;灌水量为262 mm,施肥量为225 kg/hm2时,肥料偏生产力最大。产量和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的灌水施肥区间大约为210~230 mm和385~453 kg/hm2,产量、水分利用效率和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的最接近灌水施肥区间为198~208 mm和442~480 kg/hm2。此研究为当地温室番茄滴灌施肥生产过程中水肥科学管理提供指导依据。

XING Y

, ZHANG F

, WU L

, FAN J

, ZHANG

, LI

. Determination of optimal amount of irrigation and fertilizer under drip fertigated system based on tomato yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,31(Supp1.):110-121. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2015.z1.014 URL [本文引用: 2]

王秀康, 邢英英, 张富仓 . 膜下滴灌施肥番茄水肥供应量的优化研究
农业机械学报, 2016,47(1):141-150.

DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.01.019 URL [本文引用: 2]

为揭示膜下滴灌施肥番茄对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应,基于2012-2013年田间随机分块试验,采用Tukey HSD方差分析方法研究了不同水肥供应对番茄生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响,进一步采用多元回归分析确定温室番茄田间管理推荐的灌水量和施肥量.结果表明,在2012年,移植后23 d,灌水量和施肥量对番茄株高影响极显著,水肥交互作用对番茄株高影响显著;在整个生育期,番茄茎粗与施肥量差异显著;不同灌水处理之间平均叶片扩展速率无显著性差异,叶片扩展速率对施肥处理的敏感性大于灌水处理;干物质积累量与施肥量和灌水量均正相关,施肥量对番茄干物质积累量影响显著,施肥对番茄干物质积累量的影响大于灌水;灌水和施肥对番茄产量影响显著,水肥交互作用对番茄产量影响极显著,在2012年,W1(100％ET0)处理的番茄平均产量最大,比W2(75％ET0)、W3 (50％ ETo)处理分别高5.99％和13.54％,番茄果数与产量呈正相关关系,单果质量与番茄产量无相关关系;灌水量对番茄水分利用效率的影响极显著,作物耗水量与灌水量正相关,与施肥量无显著性关系,施肥对作物耗水有促进作用.根据2年田间试验结果,综合考虑番茄产量和水分利用效率,推荐番茄灌水量为151.12～207.76 mm,施肥量为453.58～461.08 kg/hm2,其中,氮肥用量为213.45 ～ 216.98 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为106.72～108.49 kg/hm2,钾肥用量为133.41～135.61 kg/hm2.

WANG X

, XING Y

, ZHANG F

. Optimal amount of irrigation and fertilization under drip fertigation for tomato
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016,47(1):141-150. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.01.019 URL [本文引用: 2]

李秀启, 李晓琳, 李颜, 赵玉玲 . 黄瓜叶面积测量方法的评价
长江蔬菜, 2008(12):71-73.

DOI:10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547(x).2008.06.028 URL [本文引用: 1]

采用方格纸法、等腰三角形法及数码相机拍照法测定黄瓜叶面积。结果表明，采用这3种方法测定的结果差异不显著。综合考虑耗时、信息量、先进性等因素，数码相机拍照法为最优测定方法。

LI X

, LI X

, LI

, ZHAO Y

. Evaluation of the measure methods of cucumber leaf area.Journal of Changjiang Vegetables, 2008(12):71-73. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3865/j.issn.1001-3547(x).2008.06.028 URL [本文引用: 1]

采用方格纸法、等腰三角形法及数码相机拍照法测定黄瓜叶面积。结果表明，采用这3种方法测定的结果差异不显著。综合考虑耗时、信息量、先进性等因素，数码相机拍照法为最优测定方法。

[18]

高君凤 . 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006.

[本文引用: 1]

GAO J

. Plant Physiology Experiment Instruction. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006.( in Chinese)

[本文引用: 1]

[19]

韩焕金 . 哈尔滨市主要植物生理生态功能研究
江苏林业科技, 2005,32(4):5-10.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7380.2005.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1]

为了给哈尔滨市生态建设选取生态效应优良的植物材料,测定了20种左右的哈尔滨主要植物材料的叶面积指数、固碳量、释氧量、滞尘量以及耐荫参数等,并根据数据分析结果,提出了几个生态性能较优的树种、灌木种,并指出了乔灌草的适用特点.

HAN H

. Study on the eco-physiological functions of main plant species in Harbin city
Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science & Technology, 2005,32(4):5-10.(in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7380.2005.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1]

为了给哈尔滨市生态建设选取生态效应优良的植物材料,测定了20种左右的哈尔滨主要植物材料的叶面积指数、固碳量、释氧量、滞尘量以及耐荫参数等,并根据数据分析结果,提出了几个生态性能较优的树种、灌木种,并指出了乔灌草的适用特点.

[20]

杨小振, 张显, 马建祥, 张勇, 张宁, 王永琦, 郑俊鶱, 刘晓辉 . 滴灌施肥对大棚西瓜生长、产量及品质的影响
农业工程学报, 2014,30(7):109-118.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.013 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

该文从优质高产、高效和节水节肥的三重目标出发，通过大田试验，研究在西北旱区对大棚膜下滴灌施肥条件下不同生育时期水肥组合对西瓜生长、产量、灌溉水分利用效率和果实品质的影响，从而确定西瓜适宜滴灌施肥的水肥用量。试验设置3个灌溉量水平：450 m3/hm2（W1）、900 m3/hm2(W2）、1350 m3/hm2（W3），3个施肥水平：N 81.53 kg/hm2+ P2O5 33.43 kg/hm2+ K2O 101.09 kg/hm2（F1），N 163.05 kg/hm2+ P2O5 66.85 kg/hm2+ K2O 202.18 kg/hm2（F2），N 244.58 kg/hm2+ P2O5 100.28 kg/hm2+ K2O 303.27 kg/hm2（F3），共9个处理。结果表明：在相同肥料处理条件下，提高灌水量有利于西瓜株高生长，但茎粗减小，发生徒长。F2W2处理能使西瓜叶片叶绿素含量在各个生育期保持较高水平。在西瓜苗期，增加水肥用量的F3W3处理提高了西瓜叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率，但与F2W2处理差异不显著。坐果期后，F2W2处理的西瓜光合能力较强，获得了较高的产量和水分利用效率，较提高灌水量和施肥量的F3W3处理增产3.6%，灌溉水分利用效率（irrigation water use efficency，iWUE）提高35.73%。在果实品质方面，F2W2处理的西瓜中、边可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质和番茄红素等质量分数表现最好，F2W1处理的西瓜可溶性总糖质量分数最高，F3W2处理的西瓜总维生素C质量分数最高，但与F2W2处理差异不显著，且F2W2处理西瓜产生最佳的糖酸比，口感极佳。综合分析表明，F2W2处理的西瓜生长健壮，光合作用强，优质高产，且水分利用效率较高，是利于西北旱作膜下滴灌条件下西瓜生产中适宜的水肥组合。

YANG X

, ZHANG

, MA J

, ZHANG

, WANG Y

, ZHENG J

, LIU X

. Effects of drip fertigation on growth, yield and quality of watermelon in plastic greenhouse
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014,30(7):109-118. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.07.013 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

BADR M

, ABOU-HUSSEIN

S D

, EL-TOHAMY

W A

. Tomato yield, nitrogen uptake and water use efficiency as affected by planting geometry and level of nitrogen in an arid region
Agricultural Water Management, 2016,169:90-97.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.012 URL [本文引用: 1]

Water has always been the main factor limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is insufficient to meet crop demand. The invite to improve water use efficiency and crop productivity, to ensure future food security, has never been more urgent. Tomato yield performance was studied under different planting methods combined with different nitrogen (N) levels to evaluate the potentials and constraints of plant arrangement under drip irrigation for sustaining crop yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). Three planting methods were tested included arrangement of tomato plants in single rows, 100cm apart (SR), normal twin rows at 40/160cm alternately (NT) and dense twin rows at 40/100cm alternately (DT), which resulted in rising total plant population by 150% as high as SR and NT. This was done along with four N levels (120, 180, 240 and 300kgNha 1), applied continuously by drip irrigation system. Drip laterals were laid out along each single row or in the center of the twin rows; consequently the relative number of laterals and water applied were reduced by 50% and 75% for NT and DT, respectively compared with SR. Dense twin planting produced 24% higher tomato fruit yield over SR although 75% of irrigation water was applied. Otherwise, NT with 50% saving in irrigation water and cost of drip laterals can be realized by loss only 15% fruit yield as compared with SR. Nitrogen supply tended to increase tomato fruit yield significantly up to the highest level of N with all planting methods. The interaction effect of planting method level of N was significant for almost yield components. Nitrogen supply increased tomato N uptake linearly with maximum N removal from the field 193kgha 1under DT and N300treatment combination, which contributed to higher fruit yield and total dry biomass. The lowest N treatment (N120) gave the higher N recovery with all planting methods, despite the sand texture of the soil. NUE was higher under DT as compared with SR but the NUE consistently decreased with increase level of N supply with all planting methods. WUE of both twin planting were higher (69% for NT and 64% for DT) compared with SR indicating to efficient use of water applied under this method of planting. The results of this study suggest that dense twin planting can be viable and rational practice to increase crop yield and saving substantial amount of irrigation water as well as cost of drip laterals.

[22]

BADR M

, ABOU-HUSSEIN

S D

, EL-TOHAMY

W A

, GRUDA

. Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands
Gesunde Pflanzen, 2010,62(1):11-19.

DOI:10.1007/s10343-010-0219-5 URL [本文引用: 1]

With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO 3 61 -N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.6202t ha 611 ) than with furrow irrigation, (47.3702t ha 611 ). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.8702t ha 611 ) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO 3 61 -N and K to deeper soil layers.

[23]

BADR M

, EL-TOHAMY

W A

, ZAGHLOUL

A M

. Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region
Agricultural Water Management, 2012,110:9-15.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2012.03.008 URL [本文引用: 1]

Water and nitrogen supply in potato cropping systems is an essential factor for controlling production level especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Shortage water availability and escalating irrigation costs along with high prices of fertilizers have caused attention to adopt practices to improve water and N use efficiency. The present work was conducted to assess the interaction effect of different amounts of water (W) and nitrogen (N) applied through drip irrigation on potato production, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and total N uptake in an arid region. Potato plants were subjected to four irrigation treatments, 100% (W1.0), 80% (W0.8), 60% (W0.6) and 40% (W0.4) of crop ET (evapotranspiration) and four N levels, 160 (N160), 220 (N220), 280 (N280) and 340(N340)kgNha611. Plants grown under full irrigation supply resulted in the highest tuber yield and there were significant reductions in total yield and yield components when applying less amount of water. Tuber weight was more sensitive to water deficit than tuber number, where the decrease in potato yield in the deficit water treatments was mainly due to a decrease in tuber weight (R2=0.982). Except for tuber number per plant, application of N adversely affected yield and yield components, when N level applied above 280kgNha611 at W0.6, and above 220kgNha611 at W0.4, respectively. The WUE was improved by N supply, but its effect decreased as the irrigation level increased. The WUE at W1.0, which produced the highest tuber yield, was 146kgha611mm611 with N340 but this increased to 195kgha611mm611 at W0.4 with N220. The NUE was affected greatly by the applied N amount and increased as the N level was decreased. The highest NUE value 176kgyieldkg611N was obtained at W1.0 treatment with N160 but this decreased to 136kgyieldkg611N with N340. The uptake of N increased with increase in the level of N applied up to the highest level but the reverse was true for N recovery. These results suggested that potato in an arid climate region can be cultivated with acceptable yields while saving irrigation water and reducing nitrogen supply but it is essential to exploit the interaction effect between these two factors to maximize resource use efficiency.

[24]

CHEN J

, KANG S

, DU T

, QIU R

, GUO

, CHEN R

. Quantitative response of greenhouse tomato yield and quality to water deficit at different growth stages
Agricultural Water Management, 2013,129:152-162.

DOI:10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.011 URL [本文引用: 1]

Deficit irrigation is widely used in tomato production because of water shortage. Many studies indicate that tomato yield is reduced but the fruit quality is improved under certain degree of water deficit. In order to investigate the quantitative relationship between tomato yield, fruit quality and water deficit, two experiments with different irrigation treatments were conducted in solar greenhouse in an arid region of northwest China from winter in 2008 to spring in 2009 (2008 2009 season) and from winter in 2009 to spring in 2010 (2009 2010 season). Results showed that the application of 1/3 (T1) and 2/3 (T2) of full irrigation at seedling stage (Stage I) did not significantly influence greenhouse tomato water consumption, total yield and fruit quality. Tomato water consumption and total yield were decreased by the application of 1/3 (T3) of full irrigation at flowering and fruit development stage (Stage II), and 1/3 (T5) or 2/3 (T6) of full irrigation at fruit maturation stage (Stage III). But the fruit contents of total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugars (RS), organic acids (OA) and vitamin C (VC) as well as fruit firmness (Fn), sugar/acid content ratio (SAR), color index (CI) and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly increased. However, no significant effects were found on tomato yield and fruit quality in the application of 2/3 full irrigation at Stage II (T4). The relative yield (Y/YCK) had a significant positive correlation with relative seasonal evapotranspiration (ET/ETCK), while negative correlations were found between the relative values of fruit quality parameters and ET/ETCK. Tomato yield is sensitive to water deficit during Stage II and Stage III, but fruit quality is mainly affected by water stress during Stage III. The regression equations between tomato yield, fruit quality parameters and ET could provide important basis for making irrigation strategies with the compromise between tomato yield and fruit quality

[25]

王鹏勃, 李建明, 丁娟娟, 刘国英, 潘铜华, 杜清洁, 常毅博 . 水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率的影响
中国农业科学, 2015,48(2):314-323.

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.11 URL [本文引用: 1]

【目的】探讨水分和肥料与温室袋培番茄品质、产量及水分利用效率关系,为温室袋培番茄的高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】在温室条件下,以番茄品种‘金棚1号’为试材,研究水肥耦合对温室袋培番茄品质、产量和水分利用效率的影响,同时基于主成分分析方法对番茄品质做多目标综合评价,最后分析不同处理番茄生产的成本和经济收益。【结果】单株施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄各品质指标影响不同。在相同水分条件下,番茄果实中硝酸盐和可溶性蛋白含量随着肥料浓度的升高而增加,而Vc、番茄红素以及可溶性糖含量却呈现先增加后减少的趋势;在相同肥料浓度下,随着基质含水量的增加番茄果实中硝酸盐、Vc、可溶性蛋白、以及可溶性糖等含量逐渐降低,表现为＂稀释效应＂,番茄红素的含量则在中水处理下较高;在单株施肥量一定的条件下,其产量随着灌水量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而在单株灌水量一定的条件下,产量随着施肥量的增加同样呈现抛物线趋势,施肥量、灌水量以及水肥交互作用对番茄产量的影响都达到了极显著水平,其影响大小顺序为水分作用〉肥料作用〉水肥交互作用;在同一施肥水平下,袋式栽培番茄灌溉水分利用效率随着单株灌水量的升高而降低,在同一灌水量水平下,灌溉水分利用效率随着施肥量的增加呈抛物线趋势,施肥量和灌水量作为单一因子对灌溉水分利用效率的影响极显著,且水分作用〉肥料作用,而水肥交互作用对水分利用效率的影响不显著;高肥高水处理的净收益最高,为4.98元/株,与中肥中水处理（4.86元/株）、高肥中水（4.84元/株）以及中肥高水（4.80元/株）之间无显著性差异;而低肥低水处理的净收益为3.33元/株,显著低于其他处理。【结论】综合考虑品质、产量、水分利用效率、资源节约以

WANG P

, LI J

, DING J

, LIU G

, PAN T

, DU Q

, CHANG Y

. Effect of water and fertilizer coupling on quality, yield and water use efficiency of tomato cultivated by organic substrate in bag
Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015,48(2):314-323. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.11 URL [本文引用: 1]

李建明, 樊翔宇, 闫芳芳, 李惠, 蔡东升 . 基于蒸腾模型决策的灌溉量对甜瓜产量及品质的影响
农业工程学报, 2017,33(21):156-162.

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.018 URL [本文引用: 1]

为研究蒸腾模型决策下不同灌溉量对甜瓜干物质、产量及品质的影响,以甜瓜品种＆#39;绿翠宝＆#39;为试材,利用2015年温室环境数据和叶面积指数,建立甜瓜日蒸腾量模型.2016年依据蒸腾模型以不同灌溉量（80%ET、100%ET、120%ET、140%ET,ET为日蒸腾量）对模型进行验证,并对甜瓜的干物质、产量和品质做综合评价.结果表明,各因子对甜瓜蒸腾作用大小表现为叶面积指数＞日平均气温＞日平均空气相对湿度＞日太阳辐射强度,所建立的甜瓜日蒸腾量模型拟合较好,回归标准误差41.83 g,相对误差11.4%.蒸腾模型决策的不同灌溉量对甜瓜干物质影响显著,从伸蔓期到结果期,各处理植株的干物质总量以140%ET和120%ET最大,80%ET最小.结果期各处理果实的干物质积累表现为120%ET最大,80%ET最小.植株各器官干物质分配在伸蔓期呈现出叶＞茎＞根,开花坐果期呈现出叶＞果＞茎＞根,结果期呈现出果＞叶＞茎＞根.蒸腾模型决策的灌溉量过高或过低均使产量下降,120%ET处理产量最高为1.23 kg/株.水分利用效率随单株灌溉量的升高而降低.果实综合品质的隶属函数值排序为120%ET（4.69）＞100%ET（3.45）＞80%ET（3.34）＞140%ET（2.27）.综合考虑甜瓜干物质积累与分配、产量及品质因素,蒸腾模型决策的灌溉量120%ET处理效果最好,可作为最优的灌溉水平.研究可为温室甜瓜高效生产和智能化灌溉提供科学依据和决策参考.

LI J

, FAN X

, YAN F

, LI

, CAI D

. Effect of different irrigation amount based on transpiration model on yield and quality of muskmelon
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017,33(21):156-162. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.21.018 URL [本文引用: 1]

赵青松, 李萍萍, 郑洪倩, 王纪章, 徐云峰, 林英 . 灌水量对有机基质栽培黄瓜生长及氮素利用的影响
农业工程学报, 2012,28(12):117-121.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2012.12.019 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

为提高有机基质栽培水分精细化管理水平，采用醋糟基质为黄瓜栽培基质，以'碧玉2号'黄瓜为材料，在控制灌水量（T）分别为基质最大质量含水率的40%≤T1＜55%、55%≤T2＜70%、70%≤T3＜85%和85%≤T4＜100%的条件下，研究了不同灌溉水平处理对黄瓜植株生长、干物质积累、光合作用能力、产量、水分及氮素生产率的影响。结果表明：随着灌水量的增加黄瓜产量增加但水分利用效率下降，T4灌溉处理产量最高但其水分利用效率最低，T1处理水分利用效率最高但其产量最小；T2，T3和T4处理间叶片氮质量分数差异不显著，根系氮素质量分数间差异也不显著，T1处理果实氮素质量分数显著高于其他处理，而茎、叶氮素质量分数又显著低于其他处理，不同灌溉水平处理对有机基质栽培黄瓜氮素产量生产效率影响不显著。该文研究结果可为有机基质栽培的水分精确化管理提供技术支持和依据。

ZHAO Q

, LI P

, ZHENG H

, WANG J

, XU Y

, LIN

. Effects of irrigation amount on growth and nitrogen efficiency of cucumber cultivated in organic substrate
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012,28(12):117-121. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2012.12.019 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1]

杨平, 陈锐, 李杰, 费聪, 吴杨焕, 郑重 . 不同灌溉下限与营养液浓度对基质栽培番茄的影响
江苏农业科学, 2017,45(5):126-129.

DOI:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2017.05.035 URL [本文引用: 1]

通过番茄基质栽培试验，研究营养液浓度和灌溉下限对番茄光合、品质、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，相同营养液浓度条件下，随灌溉下限的上升，番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度、果实可溶性固形物含量、单株产量在一定范围内呈明显的上升趋势，叶片胞间CO2浓度、果实番茄红素含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、硝酸盐含量、灌溉水分利用效率呈下降趋势；相同灌溉下限条件下，随营养液浓度的增加，番茄叶片净光合速率、果实硝酸盐含量、单株产量、灌溉水分利用效率多呈增加趋势，叶片胞间CO2浓度基本呈减小趋势，果实番茄红素含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性固形物含量多呈先增加后减小趋势；KNO3、NH4H2PO4、Ca（NO3）2·4H2O、MgSO4·7H2O使用浓度分别为318、127、401、288 mg/L、灌溉下限为田间持水量的70%为最佳营养液浓度和灌溉下限组合，此时番茄单株产量和水分利用效率分别为2.198 kg、26.32 kg/m3。

YANG

, CHEN

, LI

, FEI

, WU Y

, ZHENG

. Effect of different irrigation limit and nutrient solution concentration on yield and quality of matrix cultivated tomatoes
Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2017,45(5):126-129. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.15889/j.issn.1002-1302.2017.05.035 URL [本文引用: 1]

张恩平, 李天来, 葛晓光, 刘俊东 . 钾营养对番茄光合生理及氮磷钾吸收动态的影响
沈阳农业大学学报, 2005,36(5):532-535.

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1700.2005.05.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

在无土盆栽条件下研究了钾营养对大棚番茄的光合特性与NPK吸收动态的影响.结果表明:番茄叶片的叶绿素含量随施钾量的增加而增加,叶片光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度等光合指标均以10.7mmol·L-1钾处理为最好.钾对番茄光合作用的影响除了与钾浓度有关外,还与氮素的水平有密切关系,适当的钾氮比例是提高光合作用的关键.合理的钾营养促进植株对NPK营养元素的吸收,更好地协调植株体内各器官的NPK合理分配,在本试验条件下以19.8mmol·L-1氮,10.7mmol·L-1钾处理产量最高,单株产量达到1.427kg.

ZHANG E

, LI T

, GE X

, LIU J

. Effects of potassium on photosynthetic physiologies and active absorption of NPK in tomato
Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, 2005,36(5):532-535. (in Chinese)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1700.2005.05.005 URL [本文引用: 1]

张庆忠, 陈欣, 沈善敏 . 农田土壤硝酸盐积累与淋失研究进展
应用生态学报, 2002,13(2):233-238.

URL [本文引用: 1]

Nitrate leaching in farming soil is the main reason resulting in ground water pollution of nitrate.The main factors,which can affect nitrate accumulation and leaching greatly,include fertilization,precipitation,irrigation,soil characteristics,and cultivation system.Superfluous nitrogen in soil caused either by using chemical fertilizer and manure solely or compost will result in nitrate accumulation.Cultivation and plow systems also can affect the process of nitrate accumulating and leaching.Down flows due to irrigation or precipitation are the necessary condition and carrier for transference and leaching of accumulated nitrate in soil.Great pores are the main channels for down flows.These factors always work corporately.Mathematical model,which has been developed quickly and used widely,may be a good method to study and predict nitrate leaching in farming land.

ZHANG Q

, CHEN

, SHEN S

. Advances in studies on accumulation and leaching of nitrate in farming soil
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2002,13(2):233-238. (in Chinese)

URL [本文引用: 1]