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日粮能氮比对燕山绒山羊生长性能及 营养物质表观消化率的影响

本站小编 Free考研考试/2021-12-26
张继伟,, 高昆, 张英杰,, 刘月琴, 段春辉河北农业大学动物科技学院,河北保定 071000

Effects of Diets with Energy-to-Nitrogen Rations on Growth Performance and Nutrients Apparent Digestibility in Growing Yanshan Cashmere Goat

ZHANG JiWei,, GAO Kun, ZHANG YingJie,, LIU YueQin, DUAN ChunHuiCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, Hebei

通讯作者: 张英杰，E-mail：zhangyingjie66@126.com

第一联系人: 张继伟,Tel：18863281183;E-mail： zhangjiwei_ral@163.com。
收稿日期:2018-04-10接受日期:2018-12-3网络出版日期:2019-01-01
基金资助:国家肉羊产业技术体系.CARS-38


Received:2018-04-10Accepted:2018-12-3Online:2019-01-01


摘要
【目的】 以燕山绒山羊育成公羊为试验动物,旨在通过饲养试验和消化代谢试验探究日粮不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊育成公羊生长性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响,从而得出燕山绒山羊育成公羊合适的能量、蛋白水平及能氮比例。【方法】 选择体况良好、体重为（24.96±2.95）kg的6月龄燕山绒山羊育成公羊81只,采用两因子三水平设计,按3×3（能量×蛋白）完全随机设计分为9组（n=9）,采用3个可消化粗蛋白（DCP）水平（8.5%、9.5%和10.5%）和3个代谢能（ME）水平（9、10和11 MJ/kg·DM）,设计9种日粮并做成全混合颗粒饲料,每组绒山羊对应一种日粮。预试期10 d,正试期50 d,在试验中期,绒山羊平均体重达到30 kg时,每组选择4只放入消化代谢笼进行为期10 d的消化代谢试验（预试期7 d,正式期3 d）,采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验,连续3 d收集绒山羊剩料、粪和尿。【结果】 （1）随着日粮ME水平的提高,日增重（ADG）差异不显著（P>0.05）,干物质采食量（DMI）和料重比（F/G）显著降低（P<0.05）;随着日粮DCP水平的提高,ADG和DMI呈先升高后下降趋势,中DCP水平组显著高于其他两水平组（P<0.05）,F/G差异不显著（P<0.05）;日粮ME×DCP水平对DMI交互作用显著。Ⅴ组ADG最高为（222 g·d -1）,显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组的ADG（P<0.05）且高于其他5组的ADG,但是差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）随着日粮ME水平的提高,粪能显著降低,消化能、总能消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;日粮DCP水平和ME×DCP交互作用对能量消化代谢影响不显著（P>0.05）。（3）随着日粮ME水平的提高,摄入氮、粪氮显著降低（P<0.05）,可消化氮有降低趋势,高ME水平组氮消化率显著高于其他两水平组（P<0.05）;随着日粮DCP水平的提高,摄入氮、尿氮、可消化氮和氮消化率显著升高（P<0.05）,日粮ME×DCP水平对氮消化率交互作用显著（P<0.05）。（4）提高日粮ME水平会显著提高干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、粗脂肪（EE）和钙（Ca）的消化率（P<0.05）;低DCP水平组Ca的消化率显著低于其他两水平组（P<0.05）。【结论】 燕山绒山羊育成公羊日粮ME和DCP分别为10 MJ·kg -1DM和9.5%时最适宜,ADG最高（222 g·d -1）,F/G较低。
关键词： 燕山绒山羊;能量;蛋白;生长性能;表观消化率;公羊

Abstract
【Objective】In this study, the growing male Yanshan cashmere goats were used as experimental animals, and the objective was to explore the proper energy level, protein level and energy-to-nitrogen ration according to effects of diets with different energy-to-nitrogen rations on growth performance and nutrients apparent digestibility in goat by feeding trial and digestion-metabolism trial.【Method】Eighty-one six-month-old growing male goats (24.96±2.95) kg were divided into 9 groups according to a 3×3 (energy × protein) completely random experiment design and offered 9 pellet total mixed ration (nine lambs per diet), in which metabolic energy (ME) were formulated at 9, 10 and 11 MJ/kg·DM, and digestible crude protein (DCP) were 8.5%, 9.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. There was a 10-day adaption period before the 50-day experimental period, and then 4 goats in each group were selected for digestion and metabolism test when the average body weight reached 30 kg. The total collection of feces and urine was conducted for 3 days after a 4-day adaptation, and residual feed, feces and urine were collected continuously.【Result】The results showed that: 1) The dry matter intake (DMI) and ratio of feed to gain (F/G) were decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary ME levels, while no extremely effect on ADG (P>0.05). ADG and DMI increased first and decreased afterwards with the increase of dietary DCP levels, and ADG and DMI in medium DCP groups were extremely higher than low and high DCP groups (P<0.05). The interactions of dietary ME×DCP had a remarkable effect on DMI (P<0.05). ADG of Group Ⅴ was highest (222 g·d -1), ADG of Group Ⅴ was significant higher than Group Ⅰ, Group Ⅳ and Group Ⅵ (P<0.05), and higher than the other 5 groups with no significant difference (P>0.05). 2) The fecal energy decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary ME levels, while digestible energy and gross energy (GE) apparent digestibility increased significantly (P<0.05). The dietary DCP levels and the interactions of dietary ME×DCP had no significant effect on energy digestion and metabolism. 3) The nitrogen (N) intake, fecal N decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary ME levels while digestible N had the trend to decrease, and N apparent digestibility in high ME groups were extremely higher than low and medium ME groups (P<0.05). N intake, urinary N, digestible N and N apparent digestibility increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary DCP levels. The interactions of ME×DCP had a significant effect on N digestibility (P<0.05). 4) The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and calcium (Ca) increased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary ME levels (P<0.05), while Ca digestibility in low DCP groups were extremely lower than medium and high DCP groups.【Conclusion】The trial results showed the most suitable diet (ME:10 MJ?kg -1, DCP:9.5%) with the highest ADG (222 g·d -1) and lower F/G.
Keywords：Yanshan cashmere goat;energy;protein;growth performance;apparent digestibility;male goal


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本文引用格式
张继伟, 高昆, 张英杰, 刘月琴, 段春辉. 日粮能氮比对燕山绒山羊生长性能及 营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(1): 154-165 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.01.014
ZHANG JiWei, GAO Kun, ZHANG YingJie, LIU YueQin, DUAN ChunHui. Effects of Diets with Energy-to-Nitrogen Rations on Growth Performance and Nutrients Apparent Digestibility in Growing Yanshan Cashmere Goat[J]. Scientia Acricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(1): 154-165 doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.01.014


0 引言

【研究意义】燕山绒山羊主产区在河北省燕山山区,以青龙县、宽城县及周边县市为集中饲养区。是以本地土种羊（俗称山蹦子羊）为基础,经过30多年的选育,形成的一个绒肉兼用型绒山羊新类群。目前,当地85%的山羊为燕山绒山羊。燕山地区多为丘陵,植被茂盛,灌木、杂草丛生,绒山羊大多以放牧为主,随着生态环境的恶化,出现了羊草、羊林的矛盾,部分地区已经禁止放牧。此外,承德地区冬季寒冷且漫长,从11月中旬到次年4月初无法放牧,绒山羊在该阶段为圈养,主要饲喂玉米秸秆并补饲一些精料,营养不均衡,绒山羊生长缓慢。为解决生态和养殖中的问题,研究者都在积极探索绒山羊舍饲、半舍饲的技术措施,绒山羊的舍饲育肥成为了羊肉生产的新型饲养模式之一,规模化、集约化是现代绒山羊产业提高效率与效益的主要趋向。2004年,我国制定了肉羊饲养标准,但是绒山羊营养需要量的标准还未制定。虽然我国最近几十年,在绒山羊营养需要量上的研究取得了一定成绩,但是我国羊常规饲料的营养成分、营养价值的评定数据库的建立及营养标准的制定等基础工作不够完善,与科学饲养、精细饲养的目标相差甚远。饲料占到养殖业70%的成本,能量和蛋白作为影响营养物质消化与代谢的重要因素之一,因此,探究合适的能量、蛋白及其比例对发挥绒山羊最大生长（产）潜力意义重大。【前人研究进展】我国是绒山羊主产区,羊绒总产量占世界羊绒总产量的70%左右,关于绒山羊营养需要的研究主要集中在国内,孔祥通[1]、柴贵宾[2]、胡秀芝[3]等研究了陕北绒山羊和辽宁绒山羊的能量和蛋白需要量。关于羊日粮适宜能量和蛋白水平,国外很多****进行了大量的研究,SHAHJALAL等[4,5,6,7]分别提出其本地山羊适宜的日粮能量和蛋白水平参考值,TAMEEM等 [8,9]在日粮能氮比的研究中发现,合适的能氮比有助于提高羔羊生长性能。【本研究切入点】目前关于日粮能量和蛋白水平单一因素的研究较多,关于能氮比的影响研究较少,关于绒山羊育成公羊能氮比的研究未见报道。【拟解决的关键问题】因此,本试验以燕山绒山羊育成公羊为研究对象,探究不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊育成公羊生长性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响,以期找到最适能量和蛋白水平及其比例,为实际生产中绒山羊日粮配制提供数据支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间与地点概况

本试验于2017年4月10日至6月10日在河北省承德市宽城立东养殖有限公司进行,历时60 d,预试期10 d,正试期50 d。宽城县位于承德市东南部,地处燕山山脉东段,长城北侧的滦河流域。地理位置在北纬40°17′—40°45′和东经118°10′—119°10′,东接辽宁,西邻兴隆县,北连平泉和承德县,南隔长城与秦皇岛和唐山市相邻。地处我国东部季风气侯区,冬季漫长、寒冷、干燥、风大,多偏北风,夏季炎热多雨,多偏南风。全县一月平均气温-9℃,七月平均气温23.9℃,年平均气温8.6℃。

1.2 试验动物的选择与分组

选择体重为（24.96±2.95）kg、健康状况良好的6月龄燕山绒山羊育成公羊81只,随机分为9组,每组9只,分组时采用完全随机分组,分组后称重,分析其体重差异性,做一些调整,尽量消除组间体重差异,每组单圈饲养。

1.3 试验设计与试验日粮

本试验采用两因子三水平设计,ME和DCP作为两个因子,分别选三个水平：低蛋白水平（LP,8.5%）、中蛋白水平（MP,9.5%）、高蛋白水平（HP,10.5%）,低能量水平（LE,9.5 MJ?kg-1 DM）、中能量水平（ME,10.5 MJ?kg-1 DM）、高能量水平（HE,11.5 MJ ?kg-1 DM）,按3×3（能量×蛋白）完全随机设计分为9组（表1）,分别饲喂9种不同能量和蛋白水平的TMR颗粒日粮,预饲期10 d,正式期50 d。试验日粮配方及营养水平见表2,日粮ME和DCP水平的设定参考NRC（2007）山羊营养需要量[10],日粮ME和DCP值的计算参考羊生产学[11]和中国饲料成分及营养价值表[12],MP值的计算参考MP=-23.727-0.627OM+ 10.727CP+0.268NDF [13]。当试验羊体重达到30 kg左右时,每组选择4只移入消化代谢笼,采用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,预饲期7 d,正式期3 d。

Table 1
表1
表1试验设计方案
Table 1The experimental design
项目Item低蛋白水平 LP中蛋白水平 MP高蛋白水平 HP
低能量水平 LEⅠⅡⅢ
中能量水平 MEⅣⅤⅥ
高能量水平 HEⅦⅧⅨ

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Table 2
Table 2Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (dry matter basis)
项目ItemsⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧⅨ
原料Ingredients
玉米秸秆Corn straw48.048.048.030.030.030.016.016.016.0
苜蓿Alfalfa hay10.010.010.015.015.015.016.016.016.0
玉米Corn24.021.018.040.037.034.055.052.049.0
豆粕Soybean meal9.012.015.06.59.012.04.07.010.0
麸皮Wheat bran7.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.0
石粉limestone0.10.10.10.10.10.20.20.2
磷酸氢钙CaHPO40.10.10.10.10.20.1
预混料Premix2)1.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
食盐NaCl0.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.8
合计Total100100100100100100100100100
营养水平Nutrient levels
代谢能ME (MJ ?kg-1)9.109.109.099.909.909.8910.9810.9710.97
粗蛋白 CP(%)12.6413.7414.8611.9112.9414.1811.3812.5313.78
可消化粗蛋白DCP(%)8.539.5510.578.489.5010.528.489.5010.48
可代谢蛋白 MP(%)6.447.628.855.466.567.894.625.867.46
中性洗涤纤维NDF(%)41.7042.2042.7535.5335.3335.6026.2726.5226.87
酸性洗涤纤维ADF(%)21.9521.4121.6218.3718.2918.2913.2313.5013.10
钙Ca(%)0.480.480.490.480.470.500.470.480.49
磷P(%)0.260.280.290.270.300.290.250.270.28
1)日粮营养水平均根据饲料原料的组成以干物质为基础计算得出,代谢能、可消化粗蛋白和可代谢蛋白为计算值,其他均为实测值 Composition of dietary nutrient levels were calculated on a dry matter basis.ME, DCP and MPwere calculated values,while the others were measured values
2)预混料为每千克日粮提供Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: VA: 17456 IU, VD: 3740 IU, VE: 50 mg, Fe: 98.70 mg, Zn: 72.90 mg, Mn: 57.40 mg, Cu: 15.94 mg, Se: 0.33 mg, I: 1.30 mg, Co: 0.39 mg

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1.4 饲养管理

试验开始前对羊舍各设施进行彻底的清扫、消毒,以后每两周对圈舍进行清扫处理。试验开始前,所有试验羊打耳号,免疫注射三联四防疫苗并注射0.02 mL?kg-1伊维菌素驱虫。

预饲期为10 d,期间记录并调整采食量,以确定适宜的饲喂量。在第11天早晨分别对每只试验羊进行空腹称重,记为初始体重,每隔20 d进行空腹称重。在饲养期内于每日早晨8：00和下午16：00饲喂,每天准确称取并记录每圈投料量和剩料量,饲喂量根据前一天的羊只的采食量进行调整,确保料槽内有10%左右剩料,所有羊只自由采食、自由饮水。

1.5 样品采集

本试验饲喂全价颗粒饲料均在试验前制作完成,在消化代谢试验过程中,采集饲料样品,将3 d内采集的饲料样品充分混合,放入冰箱中冷冻保存,用于测定给料和剩料中营养物质的含量。本试验使用自制消化代谢笼,单栏饲养,每只羊活动面积在2 m2,能够收集到每只羊全部排泄物并且粪尿分离,每天早晨收集全部羊粪,按总重的10%取样,将3 d所采集的每只羊的粪样混合,贴好标签冷冻保存,用于测定粪中的养分含量。用盛有100 mL 10%（v/v）H2SO4（固氮作用）的塑料盆收集尿液,每天记录尿液容积后,经四层纱布过滤,按10%比例取样,将每只羊3 d的尿样混合冷冻保存,以备测定总能和氮。

1.6 样品处理及测定方法

整个试验期所采集的饲料样品、粪样放入55℃鼓风烘箱中烘48 h,然后冷却24 h至常温后称重,测得初水份含量。用小型粉碎机磨碎分别过16目和40目筛,混匀取样即可供分析,其中40目的用于测定水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、能量、钙、磷等营养成分,16目的用于测定中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维。

干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和磷含量的测定参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》[14]中的方法。总能的测定用氧弹式量热仪,粗蛋白的测定采用美国FOSS全自动凯氏定氮仪,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的测定采用ANKOM 2000i全自动纤维分析仪。尿能的测定：采用滤纸法,将直径为7 cm的定量滤纸折叠成块后置于小坩埚中,移取5 mL的尿样分多次滴在滤纸上（避免尿液的损失）于65℃鼓风烘箱中烘干,然后用能量仪测定,得到滤纸和尿液的总能值。取5张空滤纸分别测定其能量值,计算滤纸的平均能值,总能值（滤纸+尿液）与滤纸能值之差为尿能值[13]。

1.7 测定指标及计算方法

在试验过程中,每天记录每圈羊只投料量,剩料量,每20 d记录一次所有试验羊体重,计算日增重、干物质采食量和料重比。

日增重=（试验末重-试验初始重）/试验天数;

每组羊平均日采食量=（试验期内每组羊总给料量-试验期内每组羊总剩料量）/试验天数;

平均每只羊日采食量=试验期内每组羊总采食量/试验天数/组内试验羊数;

料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重;

日粮中某养分的表观消化率（%）=[(某养分的摄入量-粪中该养分量)/某养分的摄入量]×100;

消化氮（g/d）=摄入氮-粪氮;

沉积氮（g/d）=摄入氮-粪氮-尿氮;

氮消化率（%）=100×消化氮/摄入氮;

净蛋白利用率（%）=100×沉积氮/摄入氮。

1.8 数据处理及分析

所有数据先用Excel初步整理,再用SPSS 21.0进行一般线性模型（GLM）多因素方差分析,单个试验组间比较采用SPSS 21.0统计软件中one-way ANOVA进行单因子方差分析,差异显著则用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。统计模型中主效应包括ME水平、DCP水平及ME×DCP的交互作用,统计显著性水平为P<0.05,数据均以平均数±标准差（Mean±SD）的形式表示。

2 结果

2.1 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊生长性能的影响

不同ME水平组间ADG差异不显著（P>0.05）,随着日粮ME水平的提高,DMI和F/G显著降低（P<0.05）,高ME水平组F/G显著低于中、低ME水平组（P<0.05）。随着日粮DCP水平的提高,ADG和DMI呈先升高后下降的趋势,Ⅴ组ADG（222 g·d-1）最高,显著高于同能量水平的Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组（P<0.05）,Ⅴ组和Ⅷ组DMI显著高于同能量水平组。Ⅴ组ADG（222 g·d-1）最高,Ⅷ组F/G最低,日粮ME×DCP的交互作用对DMI影响显著（P<0.05）,对ADG和F/G影响均不显著（P>0.05,表3）。

Table 3
表3
表3不同能氮比对25—35 kg燕山绒山羊生长性能的影响
Table 3Effects of different energy-to-nitrogen rations on growth performance of Yanshan cashmere goats from 25 kg to 35 kg BW
项目
Items		始重
IW (kg)		末重
FW (kg)		平均日增重
ADG (g)		干物质采食量
DMI (kg·d-1)		料重比
F/G
组别
Groups		Ⅰ组26.22±2.6335.06±2.77175.02±35.16b1.02±0.17a5.99±1.11ab
Ⅱ组24.49±3.2633.94±3.44189.11±32.36ab1.05±0.16a6.60±1.15a
Ⅲ组24.36±1.9833.70±3.20186.89±46.03ab1.06±0.17a6.02±1.63ab
Ⅳ组25.20±2.4533.39±4.23163.78±33.65b0.93±0.12b5.87±1.29ab
Ⅴ组24.61±3.6335.71±4.58222.00±38.39a1.09±0.23a5.08±1.02bc
Ⅵ组25.09±3.2933.44±2.74167.11±52.17b0.87±0.14bc5.73±2.04abc
Ⅶ组24.58±2.3633.76±3.27183.69±36.24ab0.83±0.13c4.67±0.99bc
Ⅷ组24.78±3.1935.19±2.43208.27±23.98a0.93±0.19b4.52±0.52c
Ⅸ组25.37±4.0734.33±4.25179.33±46.91ab0.81±0.14c4.80±1.16bc
P值
P value		能量Energy0.9900.9630.783<0.001<0.001
蛋白Protein0.6950.4690.006<0.0010.866
能量×蛋白
Energy × protein		0.7570.6370.293<0.0010.310
主效应 Main effect
能量
Energy		低Low25.02±2.7134.23±3.09183.67±37.341.05±0.16a6.20±1.30a
中Medium24.97±3.0534.18±3.94184.30±48.780.97±0.19b5.68±1.72a
高High24.91±3.1734.43±3.32190.43±37.770.86±0.16c4.66±0.90b
蛋白
Protein		低Low25.33±2.4834.07±3.42174.16±34.67b0.93±0.16b5.62±1.52
中Medium24.63±3.2334.95±3.54206.46±33.79a1.03±0.20a5.40±1.27
高High24.94±3.1333.83±3.34177.78±47.28b0.92±0.19b5.52±1.67
Values with no letter or the same letter means no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter mean significant difference (P<0.05) in the same column. The same as below
同列数据标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著（P>0.05）,不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。下表同

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2.2 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊能量消化率的影响

9组间摄入总能差异不显著（P<0.05）,随着日粮ME水平的升高,粪能显著降低（P<0.05）,尿能差异不显著（P>0.05）,相应的消化能值和总能表观消化率显著升高（P<0.05）,高ME水平组总能消化率73.87%,比低ME水平组高21.26%。日粮DCP水平和ME×DCP的交互作用对摄入总能、粪能、尿能、消化能、总能表观消化率影响不显著（P>0.05,表4）。

Table 4
表4
表4不同能氮比对25—35 kg燕山绒山羊能量消化率的影响
Table 4Effects of different energy-to-nitrogen rations on energy digestibility of Yanshan cashmere goats from 25 kg to 35 kg BW
项目
Items		摄入总能
GEI (MJ/d)		粪能
FE (MJ/d)		尿能
UE (MJ/d)		消化能
DE (MJ/d)		总能消化率
DE/GE (%)
组别
Groups		Ⅰ组18.55±1.267.31±0.74a0.47±0.2311.24±1.04b60.58±3.22c
Ⅱ组18.40±1.867.39±1.01a0.49±0.0511.01±0.96b59.93±2.00c
Ⅲ组18.91±1.377.12±0.50ab0.60±0.0911.79±1.34ab62.26±3.28c
Ⅳ组18.11±1.845.74±0.55cd0.56±0.1912.37±1.29ab68.30±0.33b
Ⅴ组18.66±2.366.20±0.84bc0.57±0.1012.46±1.69ab66.76±2.13b
Ⅵ组18.32±0.906.09±0.72bc0.74±0.1112.23±0.92ab66.75±3.69b
Ⅶ组18.48±1.234.76±0.69de0.72±0.2413.72±0.65a74.34±2.18a
Ⅷ组17.40±2.244.65±0.50e0.57±0.2012.76±1.82ab73.22±1.76a
Ⅸ组17.26±1.704.49±0.73e0.59±0.1512.77±1.10ab70.06±2.19a
P值
P value		能量Energy0.417<0.0010.2120.008<0.001
蛋白Protein0.9350.8140.3490.7730.483
能量×蛋白
Energy × protein		0.8260.8950.4400.7510.766
主效应 Main effect
能量
Energy		低Low18.62±1.397.27±0.71a0.52±0.1411.35±1.07b60.92±2.81c
中Medium18.36±1.656.01±0.68b0.62±0.1512.35±1.21ab67.27±2.35b
高High17.71±1.704.63±0.60c0.63±0.1913.08±1.25a73.87±1.92a
蛋白
Protein		低Low18.38±1.355.93±1.250.58±0.2312.44±1.4167.74±6.23
中Medium18.15±2.046.08±1.380.54±0.1312.08±1.6066.64±5.94
高High18.16±1.425.90±1.280.64±0.1312.27±1.1167.69±5.81

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2.3 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊氮代谢的影响

日粮ME水平显著影响摄入氮、粪氮和氮消化率（P<0.05）,对尿氮、可消化氮、沉积氮和净蛋白利用率均无显著影响（P>0.05）,随着日粮ME水平升高,摄入氮、粪氮显著降低（P<0.05）,可消化氮有降低的趋势,高ME水平组氮消化率显著高于其他两水平组（P<0.05,表5）。

Table 5
表5
表5不同能氮比对25—35 kg燕山绒山羊氮代谢的影响
Table 5Effects of different energy-to-nitrogen rations on nitrogen metabolism of Yanshan cashmere goats from 25 kg to 35 kg BW
项目
Items		摄入氮
NI (g?d-1)		粪氮
FN (g?d-1)		尿氮
UN (g?d-1)		消化氮
DN (g?d-1)		氮沉积
NR (g?d-1)		氮消化率
DN/NI (%)		净蛋白利用率NPU (%)
组别
Groups		Ⅰ组22.60±1.54bcd8.05±0.74a6.64±2.46ab14.55±1.06cde7.92±2.8964.40±1.95e35.05±12.22
Ⅱ组24.55±2.48abc7.97±0.97a6.92±1.48ab16.58±1.78bcd9.66±3.1467.52±2.45cde38.72±8.74
Ⅲ组26.81±1.94ab7.46±0.52ab8.75±1.58a19.35±1.98a10.61±2.6172.08±2.69ab39.31±8.00
Ⅳ组20.82±2.12d7.06±0.98abc6.77±1.77ab13.77±1.41e7.00±2.0866.14±2.46de33.66±9.36
Ⅴ组23.28±2.95bcd6.93±1.01abc7.62±1.61ab16.36±2.13bcde8.74±0.8170.27±2.01abc37.70±2.51
Ⅵ组24.93±1.22a7.68±0.65a8.85±0.74a17.26±0.81ab8.41±0.7669.22±1.68bcd33.77±2.51
Ⅶ组20.35±1.36d6.15±0.86c5.84±0.80b14.20±0.58de8.36±1.2269.89±2.40abc41.02±4.55
Ⅷ组21.13±2.71cd6.33±0.51bc6.91±0.56ab14.80±2.24bcde7.89±2.7169.90±1.75abc36.56±8.54
Ⅸ组23.34±2.30bcd6.33±0.60bc7.32±1.12ab17.02±1.74abc9.70±2.3472.88±0.84a41.15±6.64
P值
P value		能量Energy0.007<0.0010.2080.0890.3480.0050.363
蛋白Protein0.0010.9640.013<0.0010.157<0.0010.886
能量×蛋白
Energy×protein		0.9410.4930.9090.5630.7720.0340.714
主效应 Main effects
能量
Energy		低Low24.66±2.56a7.83±0.74a7.43±1.9616.83±2.54a9.39±2.8668.00±3.94b37.70±9.11
中Medium23.01±2.67ab7.22±0.88a7.75±1.5815.79±2.08ab8.05±1.4668.54±2.62b35.04±5.69
高High21.61±2.39b6.27±0.62b6.69±1.0115.34±1.97b8.65±2.1270.89±2.18a39.58±6.52
蛋白
Protein		低Low21.26±1.84b7.09±1.136.41±1.69b14.17±1.03c7.76±2.0566.81±3.16c36.58±9.02
中Medium22.99±2.87b7.08±1.057.15±1.23ab15.91±2.04b8.76±2.3369.23±2.28b37.66±6.58
高High25.03±2.25a7.15±0.828.30±1.30a17.87±1.81a9.57±2.0971.39±2.37a38.08±6.57

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随着日粮DCP水平的提高,摄入氮、尿氮、可消化氮和氮消化率显著升高（P<0.05）,日粮DCP水平对粪氮、沉积氮和净蛋白利用率影响均不显著（P>0.05）,但是沉积氮有升高的趋势。日粮ME×DCP的交互作用对氮消化率影响显著（P<0.05）。

2.4 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊其他营养物质表观消化率的影响

随着日粮ME水平的提高,DM、OM、EE和Ca的消化率会显著升高（P<0.05）,日粮ME水平对NDF、ADF、和P的消化率影响不显著（P>0.05）。日粮DCP水平对Ca消化率影响显著,低DCP水平Ca消化率显著低于其他两水平组（P<0.05）。日粮ME×DCP的交互作用对DM、OM、NDF、ADF、EE、Ca和P消化率影响不显著（P>0.05,表6）。

Table 6
表6
表6不同能氮比对25—35 kg燕山绒山羊其他营养物质表观消化率的影响
Table 6Effects of different energy-to-nitrogen rations on other nutrient apparent digestibility from 25 kg to 35 kg BW of Yanshan cashmere goats (%)
项目
Items		干物质
DM		有机物
OM		中性洗涤纤维
NDF		酸性洗涤纤维
ADF		粗脂肪
EE		钙
Ca		磷
P
组别
Groups		Ⅰ组61.67±2.88c63.61±2.70c41.45±4.9938.23±5.6779.43±5.80bc40.10±4.55f28.90±4.53
Ⅱ组61.59±1.79c63.08±1.71c41.45±2.9036.82±3.1177.37±5.29c48.35±6.08de26.68±5.61
Ⅲ组63.12±3.05c64.43±2.97c43.57±4.1837.71±3.6581.06±7.29bc46.13±1.71ef37.17±2.67
Ⅳ组69.56±0.38b71.01±0.19b47.33±0.3143.87±1.6382.54±2.08abc45.43±1.75ef34.70±9.64
Ⅴ组68.13±1.57b69.37±1.66b43.13±2.3738.23±2.9985.84±4.07ab53.19±4.18cde30.74±13.11
Ⅵ组68.18±3.38b69.54±3.26b44.76±8.6239.29±9.2983.35±5.28abc55.03±5.12bcd29.18±9.46
Ⅶ组75.03±2.06a76.49±2.31a42.61±4.9837.24±3.9988.84±2.88a58.63±7.39abc33.14±3.69
Ⅷ组74.30±1.90a75.57±1.89a42.79±3.7037.76±4.6486.82±3.74ab61.23±5.09ab28.02±3.85
Ⅸ组75.08±2.35a76.26±2.41a45.33±7.2438.16±7.4685.81±2.42ab63.57±5.97a30.94±6.13
P值
P value		能量Energy<0.001<0.0010.3690.3300.001<0.0010.958
蛋白Protein0.6500.5310.5830.5930.9900.0040.341
能量×蛋白
Energy×protein		0.8250.9060.8080.7750.5260.6720.359
主效应 Main effects
能量
Energy		低Low62.13±2.49c63.70±2.35c42.16±3.8637.59±3.9379.29±5.81b44.86±5.46c30.91±6.19
中Medium68.62±2.08b69.97±2.06b45.07±5.0140.46±5.7683.91±3.93a51.21±5.62b31.54±10.13
高High74.80±1.94a76.11±2.04a43.58±5.1437.72±5.0587.15±3.07a61.14±6.01a30.70±4.77
蛋白
Protein		低Low68.75±6.0270.37±5.8243.80±4.5439.78±4.8183.60±5.4148.05±9.36b32.25±6.42
中Medium68.01±5.6569.34±5.6042.45±2.8537.60±3.3783.34±5.9654.25±7.26a28.48±7.91
高High68.79±5.7870.08±5.7044.55±6.3238.39±6.5483.41±5.2754.91±8.54a32.43±7.03

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3 讨论

3.1 对生长性能的影响

3.1.1 对采食量的影响 采食量是影响动物生产水平的重要因素,能量和蛋白水平都会影响动物的采食量。对于反刍动物而言,当日粮能量水平过低时,动物只有通过采食更多的饲料来满足自身需要,此时物理调节机制作用最大,能量浓度超过一定的阈值（绵羊DE约10.5 MJ/kg）时,过高的能量会限制瘤胃微生物的发育,从而降低对日粮的摄入,此时化学调节作用最大[15]。张振伟[16]在中卫山羊羯羔羊上研究表明,在日粮消化能水平为8.71、9.53和10.41 MJ/kg时,干物质采食量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,组间差异不显著,此结果与WANG等[17,18]研究结果基本一致。因为本研究设定能量水平较高,已经超过阙值,干物质采食量随日粮能量水平升高而降低,中能中蛋组采食量高于低能中蛋组,主要因为中能中蛋组绒山羊ADG最快,体重大,相应地DMI也较高。综上,羊干物质采食量随日粮能量水平总体呈现先上升后下降的曲线变化,代谢能水平为9 MJ/kg时已超过阙值。

ROCHA等[19]利用四个粗蛋白水平（14、16、18和20%）饲喂圣伊内斯羔羊,干物质采食量无显著差异,刘海斌等[20,4]也得到相似的结论。本研究中,随着日粮DCP水平的提高,低能组干物质采食量差异不显著,但是中能组和高能组干物质采食量呈先升高后降低趋势,原因在于中能中蛋组和高能中蛋组日增重较高,采食量受绒山羊体重影响较大,一般来说,在合理范围内日粮蛋白水平不会显著性影响反刍动物的干物质采食量,因为蛋白水平不会改变食糜在胃肠道的流通速率[5,21]。但是日粮蛋白水平过低过高会降低采食量,过低会降低消化酶合成量,并抑制瘤胃细菌的发酵作用,过高会造成机体温度过高,由于蛋白的热增耗高,也会影响动物采食量。

3.1.2 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊日增重的影响 从能量水平对ADG影响的角度来看,提高日粮能量水平可以改善绒山羊生长性能[22,23],赵超[24]采用DE水平为8.56、9.60和10.65 MJ/kg的日粮在陕北绒山羊研究结果显示,提高日粮能量水平可提高日增重,ABBASI等[5]和YAGOUB等[6]也获得同样的研究结果。本研究中能量水平对日增重的影响不显著,低、高DCP水平下,提高日粮ME水平,绒山羊日增重呈先下降后升高的趋势,但是中DCP水平下,绒山羊ADG呈先升高后下降的趋势,造成此结果的主要原因是日增重不只受能量水平的影响,还受蛋白水平的影响,合适的日粮能量和蛋白水平及能氮比才能发挥绒山羊最大的生产性能,中能中蛋组日增重最高为222 g?d-1。目前关于能氮比的研究较少,动物在不同时期所需的能量和蛋白不同,不同品种山羊营养需要量也不同,其能量和蛋白水平及能氮比也略有不同。

CHOBTANG等[5]设立4个粗蛋白水平（8%,10%,12%和14% CP）饲喂泰国本地公山羊,日增重呈线性增长,PIRZADO等[25]设立3个粗蛋白水平（11.5%、14.5%和16.5%）饲喂Pateri羔羊,三组间采食量无显著差异,高蛋白组的日增重（110.66 g?d-1）和饲料转化率（6.17）显著高于其他两组,说明羔羊处于骨骼、肌肉快速发育阶段,需要更多的蛋白去满足机体的快速发育,提高日粮蛋白水平有助于提高羔羊生长性能。ATTI等[26]研究发现,随着日粮蛋白水平的提高,育成前期山羊日增重不断升高,后期呈现先升高后降低的趋势,此结果与RíOS-RINCóN等[27]的研究结果一致,后期对于蛋白需要量降低。过高的蛋白水平不利于生长性能[28],HWANGBO等[29]研究显示,当粗蛋白水平超过18%,日增重会下降。本研究结果与前人研究基本一致。

3.2 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊能量消化率的影响

关于日粮能量水平对消化率的影响,宋晓雯等[30]和陈存霞等[31]的研究结果显示,能量水平提高,摄入能量增加,粪能值差异不显著,但是粪能含量降低,与本试验结果基本一致。本试验摄入能量无差异,但是粪能显著降低。反刍动物从饲料中摄取的能量20%—50%是以粪的形式损失,有4%—5%以尿的形式损失。影响尿能损失的因素主要是饲料结构,特别是饲料中蛋白水平、氨基酸平衡状况及饲料中有害成分的含量。饲料蛋白水平增高,氨基酸不平衡,氨基酸过量等,均可提高尿氮排泄量,增加尿能损失,降低代谢能值。薛剑锋等[32]利用消化能水平为8.71、9.53和10.41 MJ/kg日粮饲喂中卫山羊,能量的消化率为48.94%、56.59%和58.40%。本研究中总能的消化率随日粮能量的升高而显著升高（60.92%,67.27%,73.87%）,一般来说,提高日粮能量水平,有助于提高总能的消化率。ALVES等[33,34]也得到相似的结果。对于成年反刍动物来说,高能日粮意味着较高的精粗比,使日粮中粗纤维水平降低,减轻瘤胃微生物代谢的压力,提高了消化率。

反刍动物的消化实质上是瘤胃微生物的消化,蛋白水平可以通过影响瘤胃微生物发酵,进而影响其它营养物质的消化代谢。司丙文等[35]研究结果表明,利用粗蛋白水平分别为10.4%、13.0%和15.7%的全混合日粮饲喂杜寒杂交羔羊,总能表观消化率有升高趋势。王春昕[28]研究表明,粗蛋白水平的提高会提高能量的消化率,但超过一定的浓度,能量的消化率会降低。日粮中能量和蛋白在满足动物需要的基础上,能氮平衡才能促进微生物蛋白的合成,提高胃肠道消化、吸收能力,从而产生正的组合效应,进而提高能量的消化率。

过高的蛋白水平日粮会影响反刍动物瘤胃正常的消化功能,造成过多的氮代谢产物排泄,加重了肝、肾的负担,且需要更多的精氨酸来运行氮素循环,用于生长的能量会减少。过低会造成瘤胃微生物氮源不足,影响微生物的生长发育[36]。本研究中GE消化率与日粮蛋白水平相关性较小,不同蛋白水平组间GE消化率差异不显著,此结果与陈存霞[31]研究结果一致,归其原因,蛋白水平梯度不大并未影响消化道内的流通速度和消化之间的动态平衡,因而不会显著影响能量消化率。也有研究表明,能量和蛋白的消化率呈负相关[20,37],其原因及相关机理需进一步研究。

3.3 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊氮代谢的影响

SAYED[38]利用消化能水平分别为2.90、3.20、3.50 Mcal/kg日粮饲喂羔羊,粗蛋白的消化率分别为60.5%、67.31%、71.12%。欧斌等[39]也得到相似的结论,粗蛋白的表观消化率随日粮能量水平的升高而升高。CHOWDHURY等[40]研究表明,提高日粮能量水平能够促进氮的沉积并提高氮的消化率。本研究表明,高能组氮的消化率显著高于低、中能组,与前人研究结果基本一致。一般来说,日粮能量水平增加时,非纤维性碳水化合物的比例提高,纤维含量降低,过低的纤维含量会减少营养物质在瘤胃的滞留时间,减缓日粮在胃肠道中的流通速度,从而提高营养物质全消化道消化率。也有研究表明,提高日粮可发酵碳水化合物的比例,可增加循环进入瘤胃的尿素量和减少尿素转运到后肠道组织[41]。

关于氮的利用,国内外进行了大量的研究。一般来说,未被利用的氮主要以粪氮和尿氮的形式排出体外,粪氮和尿氮都会随摄入氮增多而升高,KEBREAB等[42]综合分析了90个基于580头泌乳期奶牛关于氮代谢的试验结果,发现当每天摄入氮低于400 g时,粪氮尿氮与摄入氮呈线性关系;当摄入氮高于400 g,尿氮呈指数增加,粪氮乳氮增长率有所下降;当每天摄入氮达到500 g时,尿氮排放量呈线性显著增加达60%。粪氮主要来源于未消化的日粮氮、未被消化的微生物氮和内源氮,排泄量一般比较稳定[43],尿氮受日粮蛋白水平的影响较大,日粮蛋白水平过低时,尿氮差异不显著,但是当摄入氮超过动物体组织的需要量,过多的氨基酸通过瘤胃壁或者小肠瘤胃壁进入门静脉,经过肝脏,脱毒形成尿素,进入尿液[44,45]。李志静等[46]在滩羊和DABIRI等[44]在芬兰羊×道赛特杂交羔羊上的研究结果表明,日粮蛋白水平不会显著影响粪氮,SULTAN等[47]在Thalli绵羊和KARIM等[48]在Dorset×Malpura杂交羔羊上的研究表明,摄入氮的提高会提高氮的消化率。本试验研究结果与前人的研究结果基本一致,可能因为蛋白水平梯度不高,导致粪氮差异不显著,但是尿氮与摄入氮呈正线性关系,氮消化率显著升高。TAUQIR等[49]和高晔等[37]研究显示,沉积氮随日粮蛋白水平升高有增加的趋势,但不显著,与本试验研究结果一致。但是HOFFMAN等[50]利用蛋白水平分别为8%、11%、13%和15%日粮饲喂荷斯坦奶牛,发现13%组沉积氮最高,沉积氮先增高后降低。一般来说,提高蛋白水平有助于提高蛋白利用率,增加氮沉积,但是过高的摄入氮不会增加氮沉积。

3.4 不同能氮比对燕山绒山羊其他营养物质表观消化率的影响

VALDéS等[51,38]研究结果显示,提高日粮能量水平会显著提高干物质的消化率,王文奇等[52]分别饲喂6种不同精粗比（85﹕15、70﹕30、55﹕45、40﹕60、25﹕75、10﹕90）的全混合颗粒日粮,总能相同,消化能逐渐降低,干物质和有机物的表观消化率极显著降低。本研究与前人研究结果基本一致。一般来说能量水平提高的同时,日粮精料比例也不断提高,总的可消化干物质增加的原因。孔祥浩等[53]利用4种试验日粮按等能等氮而NDF水平分别为30%、35%、40%和45%进行配制,定量饲喂,除45%NDF日粮的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他日粮外,不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮的有机物、粗蛋白和淀粉表观消化率均未产生显著影响,说明能量水平是影响干物质消化率的主要因素。但也有研究表明,日粮NDF水平降低的同时会增加日粮在瘤胃的滞留时间,降低日粮在动物胃肠道中的流通速率,提高DM和OM的降解率,进而提高营养物质肠道消化率和全消化道消化率[54],因此脂肪的消化率显著升高。蛋白水平对干物质等其他营养物质的消化率影响不显著,这可能是因为蛋白水平对并未改变胃肠道内容物流通与消化之间的动态平衡,不会显著影响其消化率。

关于能量和蛋白水平对钙、磷吸收影响的研究较少,且数值差异很大。本研究中能量水平提高有助于提高钙的消化率,李康[55]也得到相同结论。钙、磷的消化率受很多因素的影响,包括饲料中钙、磷含量及其比例,钙、磷的存在形式,尤其是磷,植物中的磷多数是以植酸磷的形式存在,大大降低了动物对磷的吸收。

4 结论

随着日粮代谢能水平提高,燕山绒山羊育成公羊干物质采食量和料重比显著降低,干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、钙、总能和氮的表观消化率显著升高;日粮可消化粗蛋白水平显著影响日增重,摄入氮、尿氮、消化氮和氮消化率显著升高。燕山绒山羊育成公羊日粮代谢能和可消化粗蛋白分别为10 MJ/kg DM和9.5%时最适宜,日增重最高（222 g?d-1）,料重比较低。


参考文献 原文顺序
文献年度倒序
文中引用次数倒序
被引期刊影响因子

孔祥通 . 日粮能量水平对陕北白绒山羊生长性能、养分消化率及甲烷产量的影响研究
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KONG X T . Effect of energy levels on growth performance & digestibility of the nutrients and methane production of Shaanbei white cashmere goats
[D]. Yangling:North West Agriculture and Forestry University, 2014. ( in Chinese)
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柴贵宾, 李健云, 张微, 朱晓萍, 周佳萍, 秦枫, 贾志海 . 不同能量蛋白水平对舍饲辽宁绒山羊产绒性能和营养物质代谢率的影响
中国畜牧杂志, 2011,47(11):29-33.
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试验旨在研究不同能量蛋白水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能和营养物质代 谢率的影响.试验采用随机区组设计,选取20只1周岁辽宁绒山羊,根据体重分为5组,每组4只.采用3个蛋白水平(7.7%、9.4%和11.2%)和3 个代谢能水平(7.6、8.6、9.6MJ/kg DM),设计5种日粮饲喂绒山羊.结果表明:不同能量水平对辽宁绒山羊绒细度有显著影响(P0.05);而不同蛋白水平对绒品质没有显著影响(P>0.05);能量和蛋白代谢率随日粮能量水平增加而增加 (P<0.05);蛋白代谢率随日粮中蛋白水平增加而增加(P<0.05),辽宁绒山羊日粮中适宜的能量和蛋白水平分别为8.6 MJ/kg DM和9.4%.
CHAI G B, LI J Y, ZHANG W, ZHU X P, ZHOU J P, QIN F, JIA Z H . Effect of different energy and protein supplementation levels on cashmere performance and nutrients metabolic rate in Liaoning cashmere Goats
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胡秀芝, 王惠, 周利勇, 董辉, 屈雷, 王永军, 陈玉林 . 陕北白绒山羊泌乳期能量需要量研究
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</br>试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊泌乳期能量需要量，为建立和完善陕北白绒山羊饲养标准提供基础参数。选择1.5岁、第二胎次同期产羔的陕北白绒山羊母羊12只，随机分为3组，各组试验羊分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为131 g/d，消化能水平分别为13.22、14.09和14.62 MJ/d的试验日粮，从产羔后第20 d开始进行为期40 d的饲养试验（其中预饲期10 d）；同时在饲养试验结束后，每组选择3只羊按照全收粪、尿法进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明：泌乳期母羊对3种日粮的总能消化率、总能代谢率与消化能代谢率分别平均为56.14%、47.29%和84.24%，且各组试羊之间差异均不显著（P&gt;0.05）；陕北白绒山羊母羊每生产1 kg常乳、1 kg 4%乳脂校正乳和1 MJ产乳净能的代谢能需要量分别为6.3800、5.0028和1.7124 MJ，泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率为58.40%。为了提高不同研究结果的可比性，建议在进行羊泌乳能量需要研究过程中，同时给出以每产1 kg常乳、1 kg乳脂校正乳、每转化1 MJ产乳净能所需要的代谢能值三个度量指标表示的泌乳能量需要，并同时估算出泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率.
HU X Z, WANG H, ZHOU Y L, DONG H, QU L, WANG Y J, CHEN Y L . Study on energy requirement for lactating Shanbei white cashmere goat
Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastici, 2013,34(4):25-32. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2013.04.006URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
</br>试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊泌乳期能量需要量，为建立和完善陕北白绒山羊饲养标准提供基础参数。选择1.5岁、第二胎次同期产羔的陕北白绒山羊母羊12只，随机分为3组，各组试验羊分别饲喂粗蛋白质水平为131 g/d，消化能水平分别为13.22、14.09和14.62 MJ/d的试验日粮，从产羔后第20 d开始进行为期40 d的饲养试验（其中预饲期10 d）；同时在饲养试验结束后，每组选择3只羊按照全收粪、尿法进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明：泌乳期母羊对3种日粮的总能消化率、总能代谢率与消化能代谢率分别平均为56.14%、47.29%和84.24%，且各组试羊之间差异均不显著（P&gt;0.05）；陕北白绒山羊母羊每生产1 kg常乳、1 kg 4%乳脂校正乳和1 MJ产乳净能的代谢能需要量分别为6.3800、5.0028和1.7124 MJ，泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率为58.40%。为了提高不同研究结果的可比性，建议在进行羊泌乳能量需要研究过程中，同时给出以每产1 kg常乳、1 kg乳脂校正乳、每转化1 MJ产乳净能所需要的代谢能值三个度量指标表示的泌乳能量需要，并同时估算出泌乳过程中饲料代谢能转化为乳中净能的转化效率.

SHAHJALAL M , BISHWAS M A A, TAREQUE A M M, DOHI H. Growth and carcass characteristics of goats given diets varying protein concentration and feeding level
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2000,13(5):613-618.
DOI:10.5713/ajas.2000.613URL [本文引用: 2]
Twelve castrated male Black Bengal goats with an average live weight of 10.3 kg (8 months old) were used in a 2x2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of dietary crude protein concentration [20.3% (HP) and 16.9% (LP)] and feeding level [ad libitum and 85% of ad libitum (restricted)] on growth and carcass characteristics. Ad libitum feeding, on average, significantly (p<0.05 to p<0.01) increased daily live weight (6.27 vs -5.86 g), dry mater intake (409 vs 351 g/d), estimated gain in carcass (0.195 vs -0.200 kg) and empty body weight (0.385 vs -0.350 kg), chemically extracted fat in meat sample (6.89 vs 6.48%), depth of M. longissimus dorsi (22.1 vs 18.3 mm) and gut and caul fat (170 vs 130 g) compared with restricted feeding regime. The greater intake of dietary protein from the HP diet resulted in significantly (p<0.05 to p<0.01) greater values for depth (20.9 vs 19.5 mm) and width (32.4 vs 27.9 mm) of M. longissimus dorsi, gut and caul fat (190 vs 110 g) and also perirenal and retroperitoneal fat (85 vs 50 g) than those of the goats that received the LP diet. Similarly, the HP diet had significantly (p<0.05 to p<0.01) higher values for CP digestibility and DCP concentration than those of the LP diet. The results indicated that growth rate and carcass gain were highest in goats fed the HP diet ad libitum and therefore, diet containing 20.3% CP may be suggested for feeding growing goats.

CHOBTANG J, INTHARAK K, ISUWAN A . Effects of dietary crude protein levels on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Thai indigenous male goats
Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, 2010,31(6):591-596.
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The experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Thai indigenous male goats fed different levels of crude protein (CP) in total mixed rations (TMR). Twenty goats, average body weight of 15.84卤2.35 kg were used. The four dietary treatments were randomly allocated into 5 blocks of the animals stratified on their initial body weight. Dietary treatments contained 8, 10, 12 and 14% CP (% of DM) with a concentrate: roughage ratio of 85: 15. The feeding trial lasted for 120 days. At the end of feeding trial, digestion trial was conducted by total collection method for a 7-day period. Increasing levels of CP contents (8, 10, 12 and 14%) significantly lead to increasing amount of crude protein intake (CPI), from 47.00 to 84.81 g/d and digestible crude protein intake, from 2.89 to 6.28 g/BW0.75/d (p0.05). Increasing CP levels in TMR resulted in linearly increased goat final body weight (23.10, 23.42, 24.10 and 27.42 kg, respectively), weight gain(6.84, 7.37, 7.60 and 11.06 kg, respectively) and average daily gain (ADG) (56.97, 61.42, 63.30 and 92.13 g/d, respectively)(p0.01). Crude protein digestibility (62.05, 67.39, 71.23 and 74.89%, respectively) was increased linearly (p0.05) with increasing levels of CP levels in TMR. The results of the regression of CPI (g/BW0.75/d) on ADG (g/BW0.75/d) showed thatthe goats needed 3.57 g/BW0.75/d to maintain their body weight. The estimation of CP requirement for goat BW gain (g/g gain) was 0.49. It can be concluded that increasing levels of CP content in TMR not only improved CPI but also enhanced CP digestibility and promoted growth performance of Thai indigenous goats. According to Thai indigenous goat response linearly to levels of CP in TMR so that more research study is needed to evaluate whether feeding greater levels CP wouldimprove the growth performance.

ABBASI S A, VIGHIO M A, SOOMRO S A, KACHIWAL A B, GADAHI J A, WANG G L . Effect of different dietary energy levels on the growth performance of Kamori goat kids
International Journal for Agro Veterinary & Medical Sciences, 2012,6(6):473-479.
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TAMEEM E A A, ELAMIN K M, AMIN A E, HASSAN H F . Effects of energy/protein levels on the performance of Sudan goat ecotypes
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DUTTA T K, AGNIHOTRI M K, SAHOO P K, RAJKUMAR V, DAS A K . Effect of different protein energy ratio in pulse by-products and residue based pelleted feeds on growth, rumen fermentation, carcass and sausage quality in Barbari kids
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NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. Washington: National Academy Press, 2007.
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张英杰 . 羊生产学. 北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2010.
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熊本海, 罗清尧, 赵峰 . 中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2016年第27版)制订说明
中国饲料, 2016(21):33-43.
DOI:10.15906/j.cnki.cn11-2975/s.20162109URL [本文引用: 1]
正一、本次修订版本是在《中国饲料成分及营养价值表1990年第1版~2015年第26版》的基础上,结合:(1)科技基础条件平台建设项目"动物科学数据分中心建设与运行";(2)北京奶牛创新团队岗位专家研究任务;(3)动物营养学国家重点实验室自主研究课题;(4)《猪饲养标准》修订等研究工作,同时参考了Feedstuffs2016版饲料成分表、NRC(2012)发布的《猪营养需要》、巴西《猪禽饲料
XIONG B H, LUO Q Y, ZHAO F . Tables of feed composition and nutritive values in China
China Feed, 2016(21):33-43. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.15906/j.cnki.cn11-2975/s.20162109URL [本文引用: 1]
正一、本次修订版本是在《中国饲料成分及营养价值表1990年第1版~2015年第26版》的基础上,结合:(1)科技基础条件平台建设项目"动物科学数据分中心建设与运行";(2)北京奶牛创新团队岗位专家研究任务;(3)动物营养学国家重点实验室自主研究课题;(4)《猪饲养标准》修订等研究工作,同时参考了Feedstuffs2016版饲料成分表、NRC(2012)发布的《猪营养需要》、巴西《猪禽饲料

刘洁 . 肉用绵羊饲料代谢能与代谢蛋白质预测模型的研究
[D]. 北京:中国农业科学院, 2012.
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LIU J . Prediction of metabolizable energy and metabolizable protein in feeds for meat sheep
[D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2012. ( in Chinese)
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张丽英 . 饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2007.
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ZHANG L Y. Analysis of Feed and Feed Quality Inspection Technology. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2007. ( in Chinese)
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YANG F . Animal Nutrition. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2000. ( in Chinese)
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张振伟 . 中卫山羊育成母羊能量和蛋白质需要量及代谢规律的研究
[D]. 宁夏大学, 2009.
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ZHANG Z W . Research on the energy and protein requirements and metabolic rules of the goats of Zhongwei goats
[D]. Ningxia University, 2009. ( in Chinese)
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WANG D, ZHOU L, ZHOU H, HOU G, LI M, SHI L, HUANG X, GUAN S . Effects of nutrition level of concentrate-based diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hainan black goats
Tropical Animal Health & Production, 2014,46(5):783-788.
DOI:10.1007/s11250-014-0565-xURLPMID:24585343 [本文引用: 1]
This study assessed the effects of different nutrition levels of diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hainan black goat. Twenty-four goats were divided into six diet treatments, which consisted of two levels of crude protein (CP; 15 and 17 %) and three levels of digestive energy (DE; 11.72, 12.55, and 13.39 MJ/kg). The results revealed that 17 % CP significantly (P65<650.05) increased ADG and improved FCR compared with 15 % CP. Therefore, the CP levels of diet affected growth performance. CP and DE levels in the diet had no significant effects (P65>650.05) on carcass characteristics of the goats. The mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 in muscle tissues increased with increasing CP and DE levels (P65<650.05).

巩峰, 王建民, 王桂芝, 谢之景, 杨维仁 . 饲粮不同能量水平对育肥奶山羊公羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响
动物营养学报, 2013,25(1):208-213.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2013.01.026URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究饲粮不同能量水平对育肥奶山羊公羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择27只体重相近[(25.01&plusmn;3.23) kg]的崂山奶山羊公羊,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复3只。饲粮配制参照AFRC(1998)营养需要推荐量,按消化能9.29、10.00、10.70 MJ/kg 3个梯度进行饲养试验。结果表明:1)9.29 MJ/kg组奶山羊公羊平均日增重(ADG)显著低于另外2组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),3组中10.00 MJ/kg组ADG最高,较9.29 MJ/kg组高138.19%(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),较10.70 MJ/kg组高19.15%(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。10.00、10.70 MJ/kg组料重比显著低于9.29 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),前2组之间差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。2)奶山羊公羊血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和总蛋白含量3组间均差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05);9.29 MJ/kg组奶山羊公羊血清尿素氮含量显著高于10.00、10.70 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),血清葡萄糖、白蛋白、总胆固醇含量显著低于10.00 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05)。由以上结果并考虑饲养成本可知,奶山羊公羊获得最佳生长性能的饲粮消化能水平为10.00 MJ/kg。
GONG F, WANG J M, WANG G Z, XIE Z J, YANG W R . Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance and serum biochemical indices of fattening male dairy goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2013,25(1):208-213. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2013.01.026URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究饲粮不同能量水平对育肥奶山羊公羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择27只体重相近[(25.01&plusmn;3.23) kg]的崂山奶山羊公羊,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复3只。饲粮配制参照AFRC(1998)营养需要推荐量,按消化能9.29、10.00、10.70 MJ/kg 3个梯度进行饲养试验。结果表明:1)9.29 MJ/kg组奶山羊公羊平均日增重(ADG)显著低于另外2组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),3组中10.00 MJ/kg组ADG最高,较9.29 MJ/kg组高138.19%(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),较10.70 MJ/kg组高19.15%(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。10.00、10.70 MJ/kg组料重比显著低于9.29 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),前2组之间差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。2)奶山羊公羊血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和总蛋白含量3组间均差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05);9.29 MJ/kg组奶山羊公羊血清尿素氮含量显著高于10.00、10.70 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05),血清葡萄糖、白蛋白、总胆固醇含量显著低于10.00 MJ/kg组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05)。由以上结果并考虑饲养成本可知,奶山羊公羊获得最佳生长性能的饲粮消化能水平为10.00 MJ/kg。

ROCHA M H M D, SUSIN I, PIRES A V, FERNANDES J D S, MENDES C Q . Performance of Santa Ines lambs fed diets of variable crude protein levels
Scientia Agricola, 2004,61(2):141-145.
DOI:10.1590/S0103-90162004000200003URL [本文引用: 1]

刘海斌, 胡锐, 蔡凤坤, 史延平, 戚磊, 杨靖, 卫功庆 . 蛋白水平对舍饲辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及消化代谢的影响
吉林农业大学学报, 2010,32(1):89-94.
DOI:10.7666/d.y1512017URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
<p>为探索舍饲辽宁绒山羊对蛋白质的营养需要,采用单因子试验方法,选取辽宁绒山羊2周岁母羊15只,随机分为3组,每组5只,研究日粮不同蛋白水平(9.26％、10.06％、11.02％)对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及消化代谢的影响。结果表明：日粮蛋白水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能无显著影响(P&gt;0.05),日粮蛋白水平达到9.26％时,就能满足辽宁绒山羊山羊绒生长需要,日粮蛋白水平为10.06％,产绒量最高,为453.2g,羊绒长度和绒层厚度也最高,羊绒细度最细,分别为5.72，5.31cm和15.26&mu;m,但各组间差异不显著(P&gt;0.05),可能是由于绒山羊个体间差异所致;日粮蛋白水平11.02％组,尿氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观沉积率均最大,分别为3.13，8.07，4.94 g／d和43.94％,均显著高于蛋白水平926％组和10.06％组(P&lt;0.05),粪氮最小,为3.17　g／d,显著低于其余２组。从氮平衡来看,3组均为正平衡,能够不同程度地促进山羊绒的生长;日粮蛋白水平对粗纤维消化率无显著影响(P&gt;0.05);日粮蛋白水平对能量消化代谢无显著影响 (P&gt;0.05)。配制辽宁绒山羊日粮,粗蛋白水平以11.02％为宜。</p>
LIU H B, Hu R, Cai F K, SHI Y P, QI L, YANG J, WEI Q G . Effects of protein level on production performance of cashmere and digestion and metabolism in feed-lot Liaoning cashmere goats
Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 2010,32(1):89-94. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.7666/d.y1512017URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
<p>为探索舍饲辽宁绒山羊对蛋白质的营养需要,采用单因子试验方法,选取辽宁绒山羊2周岁母羊15只,随机分为3组,每组5只,研究日粮不同蛋白水平(9.26％、10.06％、11.02％)对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及消化代谢的影响。结果表明：日粮蛋白水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能无显著影响(P&gt;0.05),日粮蛋白水平达到9.26％时,就能满足辽宁绒山羊山羊绒生长需要,日粮蛋白水平为10.06％,产绒量最高,为453.2g,羊绒长度和绒层厚度也最高,羊绒细度最细,分别为5.72，5.31cm和15.26&mu;m,但各组间差异不显著(P&gt;0.05),可能是由于绒山羊个体间差异所致;日粮蛋白水平11.02％组,尿氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观沉积率均最大,分别为3.13，8.07，4.94 g／d和43.94％,均显著高于蛋白水平926％组和10.06％组(P&lt;0.05),粪氮最小,为3.17　g／d,显著低于其余２组。从氮平衡来看,3组均为正平衡,能够不同程度地促进山羊绒的生长;日粮蛋白水平对粗纤维消化率无显著影响(P&gt;0.05);日粮蛋白水平对能量消化代谢无显著影响 (P&gt;0.05)。配制辽宁绒山羊日粮,粗蛋白水平以11.02％为宜。</p>

ZUNDT M , MACEDO F D A F D, ASTOLPHI J L D L, MEXIA A A, SAKAGUTL E S. Production and carcass characteristic of confined lambs born from Santa Inês ewes supplemented in different stages of pregnancy
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 2006,35(3):928-935.
DOI:10.1590/S1516-35982006000300040URL [本文引用: 1]

王惠, 王永军, 周利勇, 梁铁刚, 田秀娥, 陈玉林, 屈雷, 杨雨鑫, 陈晓强 . 空怀期陕北白绒山羊的能量需要量
动物营养学报, 2012,24(9):1694-1700.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.09.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究空怀期陕北白绒山羊母羊对能量的适宜需要量。选择1.5岁陕北白绒山羊母羊24只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。控制各组试羊粗蛋白质摄入量一致(实测值为74.0 g/d),测得各组消化能摄入量分别为7.6、8.3、8.9和9.6 MJ/d,进行为期40 d的饲养试验(前10天为预试期);饲养试验结束后,每组选择3只羊进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明:空怀母羊对4种饲粮总能的消化率和代谢率分别为(65.3&plusmn;3.23)%和(54.7&plusmn;3.16)%。空怀期母羊平均日增重随能量摄入量增加呈线性增长。空怀母羊消化能和代谢能需要量分别为<em>DE</em>(MJ/d)=0.507 0<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>+0.026 3 <em>ADG</em>和<em>ME</em>(MJ/d)=0.413 0<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>+0.024 5 <em>ADG</em>(式中<em>DE</em>为消化能,<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>为代谢体重,<em>ADG</em>为平均日增重,<em>ME</em>为代谢能)。综合得出,空怀期陕北白绒山羊饲粮中消化能和代谢能分别以9.17~10.14 MJ/kg和7.70~8.60 MJ/kg(风干基础)较为适宜。
WANG H, WANG Y J, ZHOU L Y, LIANG T G, TIAN X E, CHEN Y L, QU L, YANG Y X, CHEN X Q . Energy requirements of Shanbei cashmere goat during non-pregnancy
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012,24(9):1694-1700. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.09.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在研究空怀期陕北白绒山羊母羊对能量的适宜需要量。选择1.5岁陕北白绒山羊母羊24只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只羊。控制各组试羊粗蛋白质摄入量一致(实测值为74.0 g/d),测得各组消化能摄入量分别为7.6、8.3、8.9和9.6 MJ/d,进行为期40 d的饲养试验(前10天为预试期);饲养试验结束后,每组选择3只羊进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明:空怀母羊对4种饲粮总能的消化率和代谢率分别为(65.3&plusmn;3.23)%和(54.7&plusmn;3.16)%。空怀期母羊平均日增重随能量摄入量增加呈线性增长。空怀母羊消化能和代谢能需要量分别为<em>DE</em>(MJ/d)=0.507 0<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>+0.026 3 <em>ADG</em>和<em>ME</em>(MJ/d)=0.413 0<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>+0.024 5 <em>ADG</em>(式中<em>DE</em>为消化能,<em>W</em><sup>0.75</sup>为代谢体重,<em>ADG</em>为平均日增重,<em>ME</em>为代谢能)。综合得出,空怀期陕北白绒山羊饲粮中消化能和代谢能分别以9.17~10.14 MJ/kg和7.70~8.60 MJ/kg(风干基础)较为适宜。

李瑞丽, 张微, 任婉丽, 宋泽和, 宋先忱, 李丰田 . 辽宁绒山羊空怀母羊能量需要量
动物营养学报, 2012,24(09):1701-1706.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.09.012URL [本文引用: 1]
This research was conducted to study the energy requirements for barren ewes of Liaoning cashmere goats. Twenty-four Liaoning cashmere barren ewes were divided randomly into 3 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 1 goat per replicate. Requirements of metabolizable energy and net energy were determined using feeding experiment, digestion and metabolism experiment and gas metabolism experiment. The results show that metabolizable energy and net energy for maintenance of barren ewes of Liaoning cashmere goats are 0.480 and 0.336 MJ/kg W0.75, respectively.
LI R L, ZHANG W, REN W L, SONG Z H, SONG X C, LI F T . Energy requirements for barren ewes of Liaoning cashmere goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012,24(09):1701-1706. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.09.012URL [本文引用: 1]
This research was conducted to study the energy requirements for barren ewes of Liaoning cashmere goats. Twenty-four Liaoning cashmere barren ewes were divided randomly into 3 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 1 goat per replicate. Requirements of metabolizable energy and net energy were determined using feeding experiment, digestion and metabolism experiment and gas metabolism experiment. The results show that metabolizable energy and net energy for maintenance of barren ewes of Liaoning cashmere goats are 0.480 and 0.336 MJ/kg W0.75, respectively.

赵超 . 光照方式和日粮能量水平对陕北白绒山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响
[D]. 西北农林科技大学, 2014.
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ZHAO C . Effect of lighting ways and dietary energy levels on production performance and slaughter performance of Shaanbei white cashmere goats
[D]. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 2014. ( in Chinese)
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PIRZADO S A, ZAKRIA M, TARIP M, BALOCH M H, KALHORO D H, LAGHARI I H, MUGHAL G A, PARVEEN F, LAGARI R A . Effect of different levels of protein diets on growth performance and carcass yield of pateri male goat kids
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ATTI N, ROUISSI H, MAHOUACHI M . The effect of dietary crude protein level on growth, carcass and meat composition of male goat kids in Tunisia
Small Ruminant Research, 2004,54(1):89-97.
DOI:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.09.010URL [本文引用: 1]
Effects of concentrate protein content on growth performances and body composition were studied on fifteen local goat kids. All kids were male with an average body weight of 23.3 kg (S.D.=2.1 kg) at the beginning of the experiment. Animals were randomly divided into three groups of five kids each. Goats in each group received individually oat hay ad-libitum and one of three concentrates containing low, medium or high crude protein level. Low, medium, and high crude protein levels were 100, 130, and 160 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. All concentrates were isocaloric. The growth experiment lasted 12 weeks. In the following 2 weeks, digestibility was measured and then all kids were slaughtered. During the first 6 weeks of the experiment, kids fed low and medium crude protein diets gained less weight ( P<0.05) than those fed the highest protein level. In the rest of the experimental period, animals receiving the medium diet had the highest growth rate ( P<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein was similar for the high and medium protein diets and was higher ( P<0.05) than that for the low diet. This same trend was found for the nitrogen balance except for the nitrogen retention. Diet content in crude protein seemed not to affect empty body and carcass weights, dressing percentage, and external (skin, head and feet) and thoracic organs (lungs and heart). However, goats fed medium protein level had the heaviest ( P<0.05) liver and gut among all animals. Muscle, bone and adipose tissue mean weights did not follow the increase of crude protein level in the diet. However, animals given medium crude protein diet had relatively more muscle ( P<0.01) and less fat ( P<0.05) than those fed high diets. Bone proportion was comparable among animals receiving the three diets. Animals fed high protein diet had more omental and mesenteric fat ( P<0.05) and total body fat in absolute ( P<0.05) and relative value ( P<0.01) than those offered the medium level, while values found for the low diet kids were intermediate. Meat of kids receiving the medium diet crude protein level was juicier than meat from other kids. It contented more protein ( P<0.05) and less fat ( P<0.01). Results from this work suggest that the optimum crude protein level in growing goats鈥 concentrate is approximately 130 g/kg DM and that any increase above this level seems no to improve meat production.

RíOSRINCóN F G, ESTRADAANGULO A, PLASCENCIA A, LóPEZSOTO M A, CASTROPéREZ B I, POETILLOLOERA J J, ROBLESESTRADA J C, CALDERóNCORTES J F, DáVILARAMOS H . Influence of protein and energy level in finishing diets for feedlot hair lambs: Growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014,27(1):55.
DOI:10.5713/ajas.2013.13307URLPMID:4093274 [本文引用: 1]
Forty-eight Pelibuey Katahdin male intact lambs (23.87 2.84 kg) were used in an 84-d feeding trial, with six pens per treatment in a 2 2 factorial design arrangement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of two dietary energy levels (3.05 and 2.83 Mcal/kg ME) and two dietary protein levels (17.5% and 14.5%) on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass traits. The dietary treatments used were: i) High protein-high energy (HP-HE); ii) High protein-low energy (HP-LE); iii) Low protein-high energy (LP-HE), and iv) Low protein-low energy (LP-LE). With a high-energy level, dry matter intake (DMI) values were 6.1% lower in the low-protein diets, while with low-energy, the DMI values did not differ between the dietary protein levels. Energy levels did not influence the final weight and average daily gain (ADG), but resulted in lower DMI values and higher gain efficiencies. No effects of protein level were detected on growth performance. The observed dietary net energy (NE) ratio and observed DMI were closer than expected in all treatments and were not affected by the different treatments. There was an interaction (p<0.03) between energy and protein level for kidney-pelvic and heart fat (KPH), KPH was higher in lambs fed high energy and high protein diet but not in high energy and low protein diet. The KPH was increased (20.2%, p = 0.01) in high-energy diets, while fat thickness was increased (21.7%, p = 0.02) in high-protein diets. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary energy levels play a more important role in feed efficiency than protein levels in finishing lambs with a high-energy diet (>2.80 Mcal/kg ME). Providing a level of protein above 14.5% does not improves growth-performance, dietary energetics or carcass dressing percentage.

王春昕, 赵云辉, 赵卓, 朱景良, 翟博, 赵凤江, 张明新 . 日粮粗蛋白质水平对苏博美利奴羊生长性能、消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响
中国畜牧兽医, 2016,43(1):108-113.
DOI:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2016.01.016URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
试验旨在研究不同粗蛋白质水平日粮对断奶初期苏博美利奴羊生长性能、消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响。按照日粮粗蛋白质水平将64只苏博美利奴羊断奶羔羊随机分为4组,粗蛋白质水平分别为13.25%(Ⅰ组)、14.33%(Ⅱ组)、15.53%(Ⅲ组)、16.60%(Ⅳ组)。进行为期60 d的饲养试验,试验前期30 d,试验后期30 d。第30和60天称重后,在每个重复随机抽取1只羊进行血液样品采集。饲养试验结束后从每个试验组中随机选取3只苏博美利奴羊进行为期15 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明,4个试验组平均日增重和平均日采食量在试验前期和试验全期均存在显著差异(<i>P</i><0.05),Ⅲ组的平均日增重和平均日采食量在整个试验期均高于其他3组。各组养分表观消化率及消化能代谢率均不存在显著差异(<i>P</i>>0.05)。在血清生化指标的检测中,试验前期各试验组不存在显著差异(<i>P</i>>0.05);试验后期丙酮酸激酶和肌酸激酶组间差异显著(<i>P</i><0.05)。丙酮酸激酶随着日粮粗蛋白质水平的提高呈现出上升趋势,Ⅰ组肌酸激酶高于其他各组。在苏博美利奴羊断奶初期的日粮中,15.53%粗蛋白质水平的日粮配方使羔羊平均日增重显著提高,养分表观消化率、消化能代谢率均高于其他各组。到试验结束时,血清丙酮酸激酶和肌酸激酶受日粮粗蛋白质水平影响显著。
WANG C X, ZHAO Y H, ZHAO Z, ZHU J L, ZHAI B, ZHAO F J, ZHANG M X . Effects of dietary crude protein levels on growth performance, digestion and metabolism and serum biochemical indexes of super merino lamb
China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2016,43(1):108-113. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.16431/j.cnki.1671-7236.2016.01.016URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
试验旨在研究不同粗蛋白质水平日粮对断奶初期苏博美利奴羊生长性能、消化代谢及血清生化指标的影响。按照日粮粗蛋白质水平将64只苏博美利奴羊断奶羔羊随机分为4组,粗蛋白质水平分别为13.25%(Ⅰ组)、14.33%(Ⅱ组)、15.53%(Ⅲ组)、16.60%(Ⅳ组)。进行为期60 d的饲养试验,试验前期30 d,试验后期30 d。第30和60天称重后,在每个重复随机抽取1只羊进行血液样品采集。饲养试验结束后从每个试验组中随机选取3只苏博美利奴羊进行为期15 d的消化代谢试验。结果表明,4个试验组平均日增重和平均日采食量在试验前期和试验全期均存在显著差异(<i>P</i><0.05),Ⅲ组的平均日增重和平均日采食量在整个试验期均高于其他3组。各组养分表观消化率及消化能代谢率均不存在显著差异(<i>P</i>>0.05)。在血清生化指标的检测中,试验前期各试验组不存在显著差异(<i>P</i>>0.05);试验后期丙酮酸激酶和肌酸激酶组间差异显著(<i>P</i><0.05)。丙酮酸激酶随着日粮粗蛋白质水平的提高呈现出上升趋势,Ⅰ组肌酸激酶高于其他各组。在苏博美利奴羊断奶初期的日粮中,15.53%粗蛋白质水平的日粮配方使羔羊平均日增重显著提高,养分表观消化率、消化能代谢率均高于其他各组。到试验结束时,血清丙酮酸激酶和肌酸激酶受日粮粗蛋白质水平影响显著。

HWANGBO S, CHOI S H, KIM S W, SON S D, PARK H S, LEE S H, JO I H . Effects of crude protein levels in total mixed rations on growth performance and meat quality in growing Korean black goats
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2009,22(22):1133-1139.
DOI:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.06.005URL [本文引用: 1]
This study was carried out to investigate effects of crude protein (CP) levels in total mixed rations (TMR) on growth performance and meat quality in growing Korean black goats. Thirty-six 6-month-old growing black male goats (initial body weight = 17.95 0.13 kg) were used. The goats were randomly divided into four treatments and 9 animals were allotted to each treatment. In terms of treatments, CP levels in TMR were 14, 16, 18, and 20% of dry matter (DM) and all diets were isocaloric (2.4 Mcal ME/kg DM). The experiment lasted for 20 weeks with a 15-day adaptation period. After the end of the trial, five goats from each treatment were slaughtered to measure carcass characteristics and meat quality. Average daily gain (ADG) significantly (p<0.05) increased as dietary CP levels increased, but the highest ADG was found on the 18% CP treatment. The higher CP levels in TMR significantly (p<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio, but the lowest ratio was on the 18% CP treatment, suggesting a higher bioavailability of nutrients by balanced energy and protein levels on this treatment. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage among treatments, but there was a tendency for levels more than 16% CP in TMR to have a comparatively higher dressing percentage than the 14% treatment. The percentages of meat, fat and bone were not significantly influenced by dietary CP levels. Dietary CP levels did not influence chemical composition of goat meat. Furthermore, there was no significant difference among treatments in any of the sensory parameters except for tenderness. Tenderness was similar for 18 and 20% treatments, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 14% treatment. The results from this study suggested that an adequate CP level in TMR for achieving optimal growth performance and meat quality of growing Korean black goats might be 18% of DM, and that dietary CP level above 18% seemed not to further increase growth performance and meat quality.

宋晓雯, 王慧敏, 张广凤, 程明, 戴正浩, 林英庭 . 饲粮能量水平对泌乳期崂山奶山羊生产性能及能量利用效率的影响
动物营养学报, 2016,28(4):1099-1104.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.04.018URL [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在采用饲养试验、消化代谢试验研究泌乳期崂山奶山羊的能量需要量。选用体重[(53.80±1.62)kg]、产奶量[(1.80±0.19)kg/d]、体况相近并处于泌乳期的2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。分别饲喂钙、磷和粗蛋白质水平一致,消化能水平为9.71、10.80及11.61 MJ/kg的3种试验饲粮。进行为期70 d的饲养试验(前10 d为预试期);饲养试验结束后,每组选择3只羊进行为期17 d的消化代谢试验(前10 d为预试期)。结果表明,1)试验期3组试羊随着饲粮能量水平的提高,总能消化率依次提高,9.71 MJ/kg组试羊的消化能代谢率及甲烷能显著低于10.80及11.61 MJ/kg组(P0.05),3组试羊的总能、粪能及尿能间无显著差异(P0.05);2)泌乳期崂山奶山羊消化能和代谢能需要量与代谢体重、平均日增重和产奶量关系的回归公式:DE(MJ/d)=0.487W0.75+0.354ADG+6.120M(P=0.028,R2=0.870);ME(M J/d)=0.394W0.75+0.312ADG+5.281M(P=0.031,R2=0.873)(DE为消化能,W0.75为代谢体重,ADG为平均日增重,M为产奶量,ME为代谢能)。本试验成功建立了泌乳期崂山奶山羊消化能和代谢能需要量模型。
SONG X W, WANG H M, ZHANG G F, CHENG M, DAI Z H, LIN Y T . Effects of dietary energy level on production performance and energy efficacy of lactating Laoshan dairy goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016,28(4):1099-1104. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.04.018URL [本文引用: 1]
本试验旨在采用饲养试验、消化代谢试验研究泌乳期崂山奶山羊的能量需要量。选用体重[(53.80±1.62)kg]、产奶量[(1.80±0.19)kg/d]、体况相近并处于泌乳期的2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。分别饲喂钙、磷和粗蛋白质水平一致,消化能水平为9.71、10.80及11.61 MJ/kg的3种试验饲粮。进行为期70 d的饲养试验(前10 d为预试期);饲养试验结束后,每组选择3只羊进行为期17 d的消化代谢试验(前10 d为预试期)。结果表明,1)试验期3组试羊随着饲粮能量水平的提高,总能消化率依次提高,9.71 MJ/kg组试羊的消化能代谢率及甲烷能显著低于10.80及11.61 MJ/kg组(P0.05),3组试羊的总能、粪能及尿能间无显著差异(P0.05);2)泌乳期崂山奶山羊消化能和代谢能需要量与代谢体重、平均日增重和产奶量关系的回归公式:DE(MJ/d)=0.487W0.75+0.354ADG+6.120M(P=0.028,R2=0.870);ME(M J/d)=0.394W0.75+0.312ADG+5.281M(P=0.031,R2=0.873)(DE为消化能,W0.75为代谢体重,ADG为平均日增重,M为产奶量,ME为代谢能)。本试验成功建立了泌乳期崂山奶山羊消化能和代谢能需要量模型。

陈存霞 . 不同能量蛋白水平对育肥羔羊生长性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响
[D]. 河北农业大学, 2016.
[本文引用: 2]

CHEN C X . Effects of different energy and protein levels on growth performance and nutrients apparent digestibility in fattening lambs
[D]. Agricultural University of Hebei, 2016. ( in Chinese)
[本文引用: 2]

薛剑锋, 徐小春, 张振伟, 阎宏 . 能量水平与精粗比对中卫山羊羯羔羊日粮消化性能的影响
饲料工业, 2011,32(13):46-48.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-991X.2011.13.013URL [本文引用: 1]
选择体重差异不显著（P〉0.05）、健康的5月龄中卫山羊羯羔羊12只,随机分为3组,每 组4只。以相同蛋白水平、不同能量水平日粮饲喂各组试验羊,第一、二、三组分别喂给相同蛋白水平的低、中、高三种能量水平的日粮。结果表明：试验羊对 NDF、ADF和半纤维素的表观消化率以低能量组效果最好,对于干物质的消化率则以高能组最高。而对于能量的采食量和消化代谢率则以高能组最优,中能组次 之。由试验结果可知,在本试验条件下所设的3个能量组中以精粗比为57：43的高能组（粗蛋白含量11.41%,能量水平10.41 MJ/kg）的日粮水平比较有利于中卫山羊羯羔羊的生长发育。结合实际情况,中等能量组精粗比48：52消化能9.53 MJ/kg,最有利于对中卫山羊羯羔羊的组织生产。
XUE J F, XU X C, ZHANG Z W, YAN H . Energy level and forage to concentrate ratio on digestion Zhongwei goat diet Jie performance of lambs
Feed Industry, 2011,32(13):46-48. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-991X.2011.13.013URL [本文引用: 1]
选择体重差异不显著（P〉0.05）、健康的5月龄中卫山羊羯羔羊12只,随机分为3组,每 组4只。以相同蛋白水平、不同能量水平日粮饲喂各组试验羊,第一、二、三组分别喂给相同蛋白水平的低、中、高三种能量水平的日粮。结果表明：试验羊对 NDF、ADF和半纤维素的表观消化率以低能量组效果最好,对于干物质的消化率则以高能组最高。而对于能量的采食量和消化代谢率则以高能组最优,中能组次 之。由试验结果可知,在本试验条件下所设的3个能量组中以精粗比为57：43的高能组（粗蛋白含量11.41%,能量水平10.41 MJ/kg）的日粮水平比较有利于中卫山羊羯羔羊的生长发育。结合实际情况,中等能量组精粗比48：52消化能9.53 MJ/kg,最有利于对中卫山羊羯羔羊的组织生产。

ALVES K S , CARVALHO F F R D, COSTA R G, BATISTA ? M. Dietary levels of energy for santa Inês sheep: Performance
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 2003,32(6):1937-1944.
DOI:10.1590/S1516-35982003000800018URL [本文引用: 1]

HELDT J S, COCHRAN R C, MATHIS C P, WOODS B C, OLSON K C, TIGEMEYER E C, NAGARAJA T G, VANZANT E S, JOHNSON D E . Effects of level and source of carbohydrate and level of degradable intake protein on intake and digestion of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay by beef steers
Journal of Animal Science, 1999,77(10):2846-54.
DOI:10.2527/1999.77102846xURLPMID:10521049 [本文引用: 1]
Ruminally fistulated steers (n = 13; 263 kg) were used in an incomplete Latin square with 13 treatments and four periods to evaluate the effects of level and source of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) and level of degradable intake protein (DIP) on the utilization of low-quality, tallgrass-prairie hay. Steers were given ad libitum access to forage (5.7% CP, 2.6% DIP, and 74.9% NDF). The supplementation treatments were fashioned as a 2x3x2 factorial arrangement plus a negative control (NC; no supplement). The factors included two DIP levels (.031 and .122% BW) and three CHO sources (starch, glucose, and fiber) fed at two levels (.15 and .30% BW) within each level of DIP supplementation. The effect of supplementation on forage OM intake (FOMI) was dependent (P<.01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP fed. When DIP was low, forage, total, and digestible OM intakes were generally greater for the starch treatment than for the nonstarch treatments. However, when the DIP level was high, intakes were greater for the nonstarch (i.e., fiber and glucose) treatments. Generally, FOMI decreased (P<.01) when more supplemental CHO was provided. Supplementation typically increased fiber digestion, but the response was dependent (P<.01) on level and source of CHO and level of DIP. Generally, supplements with low levels of CHO improved NDF digestion (NDFD). However, supplements with the high level of CHO decreased NDFD, except for fiber at the high level of DIP. Organic matter digestion was increased by supplementation, but the impact of increasing CHO was dependent (P<.01) on source of CHO and level of DIP. Supplementation treatments had significant impact on ruminal pH, NH3 N, and the total concentration of organic acids as well as their relative proportions. In conclusion, supplemental DIP enhanced the use of low-quality forage; however, the impact of supplemental CHO on low-quality forage use was dependent on source and level of CHO offered, as well as the level of DIP provided.

司丙文, 王俊, 张乃锋, 姜成钢, 楼灿, 陈丹丹, 斯琴, 刁其玉, 屠焰 . 日粮蛋白质水平对杜寒杂交断奶羔羊营养物质消化及瘤胃发酵的影响
家畜生态学报, 2014,35(12):33-38.
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验旨在通过饲喂不同粗蛋白质水平的日粮,研究其对羔羊瘤胃发酵参数及营养物质表观消化率的影响,从而得出一个合适的日粮蛋白质水平。试验选用120日龄的杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀）杂交一代羔羊18只,随机分成3个处理,公母各半,饲喂代谢能为10.5MJ/kg、粗蛋白水平分别为10.4%、13.0%、15.7%的全混合日粮（A、B、C组）,试验期60d10结果表明,随着日粮粗蛋白水平增加,各组羔羊干物质采食量及日增重没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,各组营养成分表观消化率均有升高趋势;瘤胃pH及氨态氮浓度随蛋白质水平升高而显著升高（P〈0.05）;A组羔羊瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于B、C组（P〈0.05）,B、C组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,随日粮蛋白质水平的提高,乙酸/丙酸比没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。日粮蛋白质水平对日粮营养成分的表观消化率、瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量产生影响,但乙酸/丙酸比没有差异,没有改变瘤胃的发酵类型;对于断奶羔羊日粮蛋白质水平13.0%为宜。
SI B W, WANG J, ZHANG N F, JIANG C G, LOU C, CHEN D D, SI Q, DIAO Q Y, TU Y . Effects of crude protein levels of ration on nutrition digestion and rumen fermentation in Dorper×Thin-Tailed Han crossbred weaning lambs
Acta Ecologiae Animalis Domastici, 2014,35(12):33-38. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验旨在通过饲喂不同粗蛋白质水平的日粮,研究其对羔羊瘤胃发酵参数及营养物质表观消化率的影响,从而得出一个合适的日粮蛋白质水平。试验选用120日龄的杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀）杂交一代羔羊18只,随机分成3个处理,公母各半,饲喂代谢能为10.5MJ/kg、粗蛋白水平分别为10.4%、13.0%、15.7%的全混合日粮（A、B、C组）,试验期60d10结果表明,随着日粮粗蛋白水平增加,各组羔羊干物质采食量及日增重没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,各组营养成分表观消化率均有升高趋势;瘤胃pH及氨态氮浓度随蛋白质水平升高而显著升高（P〈0.05）;A组羔羊瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于B、C组（P〈0.05）,B、C组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,随日粮蛋白质水平的提高,乙酸/丙酸比没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。日粮蛋白质水平对日粮营养成分的表观消化率、瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量产生影响,但乙酸/丙酸比没有差异,没有改变瘤胃的发酵类型;对于断奶羔羊日粮蛋白质水平13.0%为宜。

ZINN R A, BORQUES J L . Influence of sodium bicarbonate and monensin on utilization of a fat-supplemented, high-energy growing- finishing diet by feedlot steers
Journal of Animal Science, 1993,71(1):18-25.
DOI:10.1051/gse:19930605URLPMID:8384194 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract Two feedlot growth performance trials and a metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the relationship between monensin (MON) and sodium bicarbonate (BICARB) supplementation on utilization of a high-energy diet by finishing steers. Two levels of MON (0 and 33 mg/kg of diet) and two levels of BICARB (0 and .75% DM) were compared in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The basal diet contained 75% steam-flaked corn, 4% yellow grease, and 12% forage (DM basis). There were no interactions between supplemental BICARB and MON on feedlot growth performance or characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion. With either crossbred or Holstein steers there were no treatment effects (P > .10) on ADG, DM intake, feed efficiency, or NE value of the diet. The BICARB did not influence (P > .10) ruminal or total tract digestion of OM, ADF, starch, and N, ruminal pH, or ruminal VFA molar proportions. Monensin decreased (6.6%, P .10). Monensin decreased ruminal molar proportions of acetate (5.3%, P > .10) and butyrate (29.4%, P < .05) and increased molar proportions of propionate (16.3%, P < .10). Coupled with reduced ruminal OM fermentation, the increase in molar proportions of propionate caused a decrease in ruminal methane energy loss and increased diet ME (2.7%, P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

高晔, 李碧波, 黄帅, 王荣斌, 王冬, 李琴芳, 屈雷 . 陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量
动物营养学报, 2016,28(3):720-730.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.03.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3&times;3(能量&times;蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05或<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 MJ/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。
GAO Y, LI B B, HUANG S, WANG R B, WANG D, LI Q F, QU L . Energy and protein requirements of Shanbei white cashmere wether goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016,28(3):720-730. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.03.012URLMagsci [本文引用: 2]
本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3&times;3(能量&times;蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(<em>P</em>&lt;0.05或<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 MJ/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。

SAYED A B . Effect of different energy levels of diets on the performance, nutrient digestibilities and carcass characteristics of lambs
International Journal for Agro Veterinary & Medical Sciences, 2011,5(5):472-476.
[本文引用: 2]

欧斌, 涂吉华, 朱晓萍, 张永斌, 贾志海 . 能量摄入水平对放牧绒山羊养分消化和产绒性能的影响
中国畜牧杂志, 2009,45(5):21-24.
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验旨在研究生绒旺盛期内不同能量摄入水平对放牧绒山羊养分消化和产绒性能的影响。选用28 只3周岁体重和上年度产绒量相近的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊，随机分为4组，每组7个重复。试验于绒生长旺盛期（2006年9—11月）进行，羊群白天放牧，晚 上归牧后对试验1、2、3组分别补饲3种不同能量水平（1．62、3．16MJ／kg和4．58MJ／kg）的日粮，对照组不补饲。换算成全日粮后，对照 组和试验1、2、3组的代谢能摄入量分别为714．99、758．32、834．24、904．56KJ／（kgW^0.75·d）。结果表明：提高能量 摄入水平对干物质消化率有显著影响（P〈0．05）；不同能量摄入对产绒量、绒厚度、绒伸直长度、绒占被毛总重比例和净绒率的影响不显著（P〉 0．05），提高能量摄入使绒细度有增粗的趋势，试验2组显著粗于其他组（P〈0．05）。
OU B, TU J H, ZHU X P, ZHANG Y B, JIA Z H . Effects of different energy levels of diet on the nutrients digestibility and cashmere production of pastured cashmere goats
Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2009,45(5):21-24. (in Chinese)
URL [本文引用: 1]
试验旨在研究生绒旺盛期内不同能量摄入水平对放牧绒山羊养分消化和产绒性能的影响。选用28 只3周岁体重和上年度产绒量相近的内蒙古白绒山羊羯羊，随机分为4组，每组7个重复。试验于绒生长旺盛期（2006年9—11月）进行，羊群白天放牧，晚 上归牧后对试验1、2、3组分别补饲3种不同能量水平（1．62、3．16MJ／kg和4．58MJ／kg）的日粮，对照组不补饲。换算成全日粮后，对照 组和试验1、2、3组的代谢能摄入量分别为714．99、758．32、834．24、904．56KJ／（kgW^0.75·d）。结果表明：提高能量 摄入水平对干物质消化率有显著影响（P〈0．05）；不同能量摄入对产绒量、绒厚度、绒伸直长度、绒占被毛总重比例和净绒率的影响不显著（P〉 0．05），提高能量摄入使绒细度有增粗的趋势，试验2组显著粗于其他组（P〈0．05）。

CHOWDHURY S A , HOVELL F D D, ORSKOV E R, SCAIFE J R, MOLLISON G, BOGORO S. Protein utilisation during energy undernutrition in sheep sustained on intragastric infusion: Effect of changing energy supply on protein utilisation
Small Ruminant Research, 1995,18(18):219-226.
DOI:10.1016/0921-4488(95)00710-3URL [本文引用: 1]
ABSTRACT Eight sheep nourished by intragastric infusion were used to study the effect of volatile fatty acid (VFA) supply on protein utilisation. They received daily abomasal infusion of 1000 mg casein-N kg611 W0.75 and ruminal infusion of 250 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75. In four sheep the latter was increased from 250 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75 (20 days) to 560 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75 (20 days); in the other four it was reduced from 560 to 250 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75. Energy and N balances were measured. In all animals, creatinine excretion was nonsignificantly higher when 560 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75 were infused. Efficiency of VFA energy utilisation was higher when VFA energy was reduced than when it was increased (0.75 vs. 0.61). Although the animals were in negative energy balance during infusion of 250 kJ VFA kg611 W0.75, they attained positive N balance. N retention was further improved by increasing VFA supply from 250 to 560 kJ kg611 W0.75 but the extent varied between animals. The effect of fluctuating energy supply on protein metabolism may depend on the availability of endogenous energy contained in fat. It implies that provided protein supply is adequate, an animal can gain lean tissue fuelled by fat but the extent may depend on the fatness of the animal.

COLE N A, TODD R W . Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrate-fed ruminants
Journal of Animal Science, 2008,86(14 Suppl):318-333.
DOI:10.2527/jas.2007-0444URLPMID:17940155 [本文引用: 1]
Increasingly, the need for optimized nutrient utilization to address increasing production costs and environmental considerations will necessitate opportunities to improve nutrient synchrony. Historically, attempts at synchronizing nutrient supply in ruminants, particularly in cattle consuming high-forage diets, have met with variable results. The success of nutrient synchrony has been measured primarily in ruminants by increases in microbial yield, microbial efficiency, nutrient utilization, and to a lesser extent, animal performance. Successful synchrony of nutrient supply to cattle consuming forage-based diets faces several challenges. From a feed supply aspect, the challenges to nutrient synchrony include accurately measuring forage intake and consumed forage chemical composition. The issue of forage intake and chemical composition is perhaps the most daunting for producers grazing cattle. Indeed, for forage-fed cattle, the availability of forage protein and carbohydrate can be the most asynchronous aspect of the diet. In most grazed forages, digestion rates of the carbohydrate fractions are much slower than that of the corresponding protein fractions. Additionally, the forage-supplement interaction exerts a large impact on the synchrony of nutrients. The supplemental feedstuffs compose the component of the nutrient synchrony scenario that is most often manipulated to influence synchrony. The supplement type (e.g., starch vs. fiber, dry vs. liquid), nutrient profile, and degradation rates are often prime considerations associated with nutrient synchrony on high forage diets. Other considerations that warrant attention include temporal intake patterns of the forage and supplement, increased use and types of coproduct supplements, and an assessment of the success of nutrient synchrony. Synchronization of nutrient utilization by forage-fed ruminants has and will continue to encounter challenges for successful outcomes. Ultimately it is the improvement in animal performance and optimization of nutrient utilization efficiency that dictates whether nutrient synchrony is a successful strategy.

KEBREAB E, FRANCE J , MILLS J A N, ALLISON R, DIJKSTRA J. A dynamic model of N metabolism in the lactating dairy cow and an assessment of impact of N excretion on the environment
Journal of Animal Science, 2002,80(1):248-259.
DOI:10.2527/2002.801248xURLPMID:11833535 [本文引用: 1]
Abstract Improving N utilization in dairy cows and especially reducing N output in excreta is desirable due to global concerns of agricultural contribution of N to environmental pollution, particularly as ammonia. Data from five N balance experiments were used to develop a dynamic model that was evaluated with independent data. Model predictions of feces, urine, and milk outputs were close to observed values. Statistical analysis showed that 96% of mean square prediction error for feces and urine N output predictions was due to random variation. However, the model tends to overpredict milk N output, especially at higher N intake levels. Evaluation of model predictions for independent experimental observations from Agricultural Development Advisory Service at Bridgets (U.K.) showed good agreement between predicted and observed urine N output (95% due to random variation). However, there was a slight underprediction for fecal N output (14% mean square prediction error due to bias) and overprediction of milk N output (22% of mean square prediction error due to bias). The model predictions of N outputs in excreta were sensitive to changes in energy concentration of the diet. Dietary protein degradability had only a small influence on predicted fecal N output. However, the model was sensitive in its predictions of urine N when protein degradability was varied. Application of the model to assess reduction in ammonia emissions from dairy cows showed that increasing the energy concentration could potentially reduce ammonia emissions by up to 25% per cow. Similarly, reducing CP concentration in the diet to about 16% could reduce ammonia production by 20% and lower degradability of CP to match microbial requirement by 19% per cow. The model is a first step toward a mechanistic approach of nutrient modeling, and it is a valuable method for predicting N excretions and estimating N emissions from dairy systems.

CASTILLO A R, KEBREAB E, BEEVER D E, FRANCE J . A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution
Journal of Animal & Feed Sciences, 2000,9(1):1-32.
DOI:10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00071-5URL [本文引用: 1]
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to review the literature concerning nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows with an emphasis on their contribution to environmental pollution. Nitrogen, as oxides or ammonia, is one of the green houses gases contributing to air pollution and through leaching to rivers and ground water resources. A quantitative analysis of the contribution of dairy cows to pollution at the farm level is given and the effect of different types of carbohydrate and protein supplementation discussed. The relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance was investigated using data from 580 dairy cows and 90 treatments published in the literature. Regression analysis described the relationships between nitrogen intake and output in faeces, urine and milk. Inefficient utilisation of nitrogen by dairy cows indicates that about 72% of consumed nitrogen is excreted in faeces and urine. There were positive linear relationships between nitrogen intake and output in faeces, urine and milk up to an intake of 400 g N/d. However, above 400 g N/d, excretion in urine increased exponentially while the rate of increase in nitrogen excretion in faeces and milk declined linearly. To reduce nitrogen pollution, it is recommended to decrease the amount of crude protein in the total diet to approximately 150 g/kg DM which compared with levels of 200 g/crude protein/kg DM consumption can reduce annual nitrogen excretion in faeces by 21% and more importantly in urine by 66%. Management practices with respect to silage making and the choice of supplements need to be considered with the aim of reducing total nitrogen in excreta and if possible shifting nitrogen excretion from urine to faeces.

DABIRI N, THONNEY M L . Source and level of supplemental protein for growing lambs
Journal of Animal Science, 2004,82(11):3237-3244.
DOI:10.1051/gse:2004024URLPMID:15542470 [本文引用: 2]
Two 3 x 2 factorial growth trials and a companion metabolism trial with 13, 15, or 17% dietary CP (DM basis), with or without 3% of the DM replaced with slowly degraded menhaden fish meal, were conducted to determine if level of dietary protein influences whether slowly degraded protein improves lamb growth and protein use. The growth trials included 32 and 34 pens of two weanling lambs initially weighing 23 to 26 kg and fed for 42 d. The metabolism trial included 12 additional lambs fed in metabolism cages with a 2-wk adjustment period, a 1-wk preliminary period, and a 7-d collection period. Plasma urea N (PUN) was measured in all lambs at the conclusion of the second growth trial and at the end of the metabolism trial. There was a protein level x protein source interaction (P = 0.05) for PUN of the 12 lambs in the metabolism trial but not for the 68 lambs in the second growth trial. Replacement of part of the soybean meal protein with protein from fish meal did not affect ADG or G:F at any protein level, but it lowered (P = 0.08) PUN in the second growth trial. Plasma urea N values were higher (P = 0.002) in lambs fed diets with 15 or 17% CP; however, ADG (P = 0.037 in Exp. 1 and P = 0.055 in Exp. 2), and G:F (P = 0.094 in Exp. 1 and P = 0.003 in Exp. 2) were lower for lambs fed the diets with 13% CP. There was little difference in ADG or G:F between lambs fed the diets with 15 or 17% CP, suggesting that a CP level of 15% with supplemental protein from soybean meal would be optimal for 25- to 40-kg growing Finnsheep x Dorset lambs.

NENNICH T D, HARRISON J H, VANWIERINGEN L M, MEYER D, HEINRICHS A J, WELSS W P, STPIERRE N R, KINCAID R L, DAVIDSON D L, BLOCK E . Prediction of manure and nutrient excretion from dairy cattle
Journal of Dairy Science, 2005,88(10):3721-3733.
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73058-7URL [本文引用: 1]

李志静, 眭丹, 周玉香 . 不同蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响
中国畜牧杂志, 2014,50(17):39-43.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0258-7033.2014.17.010URL [本文引用: 1]
试验选取体况良好、带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的滩羊羯羊12只,采用单因素完全随机设计,分为3组,独笼饲养,日粮蛋白水平分别为13.43%、9.01%、6.90%,以探讨不同蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊生长、消化代谢及部分血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:随日粮蛋白水平的提高,对舍饲滩羊体增重有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);不同的日粮蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率无显著性影响(P0.05),但低蛋白水平组(6.90%)的粗蛋白(CP)表观消化率极显著低于9.01%、13.43%蛋白组(P0.01);氮利用率及沉积氮随日粮蛋白水平的提高也呈显著水平上升(P0.01);较高的蛋白水平(13.43%、9.01%)能极显著提高舍饲滩羊血清总蛋白(TP)含量(P0.01),但蛋白水平为13.43%时血清尿素氮(BUN)含量也显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。建议舍饲滩羊日粮蛋白水平可低于营养需要的13.43%,但至少要高于营养需要的2/3。
LI Z J, XU D, ZHOU Y X . Effect of dietary protein level on nutrient digestion metabolism and serum biochemical indexes in Tan sheep
Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2014,50(17):39-43. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0258-7033.2014.17.010URL [本文引用: 1]
试验选取体况良好、带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的滩羊羯羊12只,采用单因素完全随机设计,分为3组,独笼饲养,日粮蛋白水平分别为13.43%、9.01%、6.90%,以探讨不同蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊生长、消化代谢及部分血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:随日粮蛋白水平的提高,对舍饲滩羊体增重有增加的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);不同的日粮蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊干物质(DM)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率无显著性影响(P0.05),但低蛋白水平组(6.90%)的粗蛋白(CP)表观消化率极显著低于9.01%、13.43%蛋白组(P0.01);氮利用率及沉积氮随日粮蛋白水平的提高也呈显著水平上升(P0.01);较高的蛋白水平(13.43%、9.01%)能极显著提高舍饲滩羊血清总蛋白(TP)含量(P0.01),但蛋白水平为13.43%时血清尿素氮(BUN)含量也显著高于其他2组(P0.05)。建议舍饲滩羊日粮蛋白水平可低于营养需要的13.43%,但至少要高于营养需要的2/3。

SULTAN J I, JAVAID A, ASLAM M . Nutrient digestibility and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets varying protein and energy contents
Tropical Animal Health & Production, 2010,42(5):941-946.
DOI:10.1007/s11250-009-9511-8URLPMID:20012892 [本文引用: 1]
Thirty-six Thalli male growing lambs were used in a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of varying levels of energy and protein on nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain, and gain to feed ratio. Four experimental diets, i.e., low energy-low protein (LE-LP), low energy-high protein (LE-HP), high energy-low protein (HE-LP), and high energy-high protein (HE-HP) were formulated. The low- and high-energy diets contained 2.3 and 2.7 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) with 12% and 14% of crude protein. The lambs were fed ad libitum. Dietary energy and protein levels and their interactions influenced the nutrient intake. Maximum dry matter intake was noted in animals fed LE-HP diet followed by LE-LP, HE-HP, and HE-LP diets. Digestibility of DM and N increased (P < 0.01) and that of neutral detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.01) linearly with increasing levels of dietary energy and protein. Digestibility of N was only affected by protein level and interaction between energy and protein levels. Average daily gain was higher (P < 0.01) in lambs fed HE-HP diet followed by LE-HP, LE-LP, and HE-LP diets. Dietary energy and protein levels and their interaction had significant effect (P < 0.01) on gain to feed ratio.

KARIM S A, SANTRA A . Nutrient requirements for growth of lambs under hot semiarid environment
Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2003,16(16):665-671.
DOI:10.5713/ajas.2003.665URL [本文引用: 1]

TAUQIR N A, SHAHZAD M A, NISA M, SARWAR M, FAYYAZ M, TIPU M A . Response of growing buffalo calves to various energy and protein concentrations
Livestock Science, 2011,137(1/3):66-72.
DOI:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.10.003URL [本文引用: 1]
The current study was planned to examine the response of altered dietary protein and energy concentrations on nutrients utilization, nitrogen metabolism and weight gain in growing male Nili Ravi buffalo calves to know optimum protein and energy requirements in comparison with those documented by the Nutrient Requirement for Cattle (NRC) for calves. Thirty six calves of 6 7months of age weighing (77卤05kg) were divided into 6 groups, six animals in each group, according to 3 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Six experimental diets were formulated containing three levels of crude protein (CP; 11.85, 14.20 and 16.50%) each with two levels of metabolizable energy (ME; 1.86 and 2.23 Mcal/kg). The animals were fed individually ad libitum for 100days; the first 10days was the dietary adaptation period while the last 10days of each of the remaining month served as the collection period. Daily feed consumption in calves fed all the experimental diets remained unaltered. However, the intake of fiber fractions was significant (p<0.05) among treatment groups. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) was significant (p<0.05) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and CP digestibilities were similar among treatment groups. However, the intake of DM, CP, ME and fiber fractions indicated significant (p<0.05) difference among treatment means with respect to protein levels. On the other hand, the intake of ME and fiber fractions was significant (p<0.05) with respect to ME levels of the diets. Similarly, digestibilities of DM and fiber fraction also showed significant (p<0.05) difference among treatment means. Weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency of buffalo calves didn't show any treatment effect. The findings of the present study suggested 14.20% and 2.24Mcal/kg ME as optimum CP and energy requirements for growing male buffalo calves with less than 1year of age.

HOFFMAN P C, ESSER N M, BAUMAN L M, DENZINE S L, ENGSTROM M, CHESTER-JONES H . Short communication: Effect of dietary protein on growth and nitrogen balance of Holstein heifers
Journal of Dairy Science, 2001,84(4):843-847.
DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74542-0URLPMID:11352161 [本文引用: 1]
A growth study and a companion N balance study were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein on growth and N utilization of postpubertal Holstein heifers. Forty heifers (398卤9.4kg) were fed one of four diets containing 8, 11, 13, or 15% crude protein (CP) for 121 d. Body measurements were taken at the beginning and end of the experimental period. Blood was collected via jugular vein every 28 d and evaluated for serum protein, albumin, and urea nitrogen. Curvilinear relationships were observed between dietary CP and gains in wither height and hip width, with maximal gains occurring at 13% CP. Feeding heifers higher amounts of dietary CP resulted in linear increases in heart girth gain, serum protein, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen. In the companion N balance study, feeding increasing amounts of dietary CP to heifers resulted in linear increases in N intake, fecal-N, urinary-N, and absorbed-N. There was a numerical trend towards maximal N retention in heifers fed diets containing 13% CP. Curvilinear relationships also were observed between dietary CP and dry matter, organic matter, and CP digestibility with maximal nutrient digestibilities occurring when heifers were fed diets containing 13% CP. Data suggest 13% dietary CP was optimal for postpubertal (400kg) Holstein heifers.

VALDéS C, CARRO M D, RANILLA M J, GORIZáLEZ J S . Effect of forage to concentrate ratio in complete diets offered to sheep on voluntary food intake and some digestive parameters
Animal Science, 2000,70(1):119-126.
DOI:10.1017/S1357729800051651URL [本文引用: 1]
Twelve mature ewes were used to study the effect of forage:concentrate ratio in complete diets on voluntary intake and some digestive characteristics. Diets consisted of four combinations of chopped lucerne hay and a concentrate (390 g cracked barley grains, 440 g cracked maize grains and 170 g soya-bean meal per kg of concentrate) in the following proportions (fresh matter basis): 0.8:0.2 (C20...

王文奇, 侯广田, 罗永明, 刘艳丰, 卡那提, 沙力克 . 不同精粗比全混合颗粒饲粮对母羊营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢和能量代谢的影响
动物营养学报, 2014,26(11):3316-3324.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.11.018URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验研究了不同精粗比全混合颗粒饲粮对母羊营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢和能量代谢的影响,以确定母羊饲粮适宜精粗比[或中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平]。试验采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将30只体况良好、8月龄、体重相近的杂交母羊(萨福克羊&times;阿勒泰羊)随机分为6个处理,每个处理5只羊,分别饲喂6种不同精粗比(85:15、70:30、55:45、40:60、25:75、10:90)的全混合颗粒饲粮。预试期10 d,消化代谢试验18 d,呼吸测热试验2 d。结果表明:1)全混合颗粒饲粮精粗比对母羊干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和NDF表观消化率均产生了极显著影响(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01),DM和OM表观消化率随精粗比的上升而升高,精粗比为55:45的饲粮NDF表观消化率最高,与精粗比为85:15和70:30的饲粮差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。2)消化氮随着精粗比的上升而升高,过高或过低精粗比均不利于氮的沉积,精粗比为55:45时,母羊对氮的利用效率最高。3)消化能、代谢能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着精粗比的上升而出现极显著的升高(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。在本试验条件下,母羊对精粗比为70:30和55:45(NDF水平分别为37.78%和45.80%)的全混合颗粒饲粮消化吸收较好。
WANG W Q, HOU G T, LUO Y M, LIU Y F, KA N T, SHA L K . Effects of different concentrate to roughage ratios of total mixed pellet diet on nutrient apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and energy metabolism of ewes
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2014,26(11):3316-3324. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.11.018URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
本试验研究了不同精粗比全混合颗粒饲粮对母羊营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢和能量代谢的影响,以确定母羊饲粮适宜精粗比[或中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平]。试验采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将30只体况良好、8月龄、体重相近的杂交母羊(萨福克羊&times;阿勒泰羊)随机分为6个处理,每个处理5只羊,分别饲喂6种不同精粗比(85:15、70:30、55:45、40:60、25:75、10:90)的全混合颗粒饲粮。预试期10 d,消化代谢试验18 d,呼吸测热试验2 d。结果表明:1)全混合颗粒饲粮精粗比对母羊干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和NDF表观消化率均产生了极显著影响(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01),DM和OM表观消化率随精粗比的上升而升高,精粗比为55:45的饲粮NDF表观消化率最高,与精粗比为85:15和70:30的饲粮差异不显著(<em>P</em>&gt;0.05)。2)消化氮随着精粗比的上升而升高,过高或过低精粗比均不利于氮的沉积,精粗比为55:45时,母羊对氮的利用效率最高。3)消化能、代谢能、总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着精粗比的上升而出现极显著的升高(<em>P</em>&lt;0.01)。在本试验条件下,母羊对精粗比为70:30和55:45(NDF水平分别为37.78%和45.80%)的全混合颗粒饲粮消化吸收较好。

孔祥浩, 郭金双, 朱晓萍, 贾志海, 岳春旺, 靳玲品, 李秀花, 秦艳红 . 不同NDF水平肉羊日粮养分表观消化率研究
动物营养学报, 2010,22(1):70-74.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2010.01.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
为了测定不同中性洗涤纤维（NDF）水平对肉羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响，选用4只体重相近［（23.5±0.6） kg］的4月龄杂交一代（小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特）羯羊，采用4×4拉丁方设计进行试验。4种试验日粮按等能等氮而NDF水平分别为30%、35%、40%和45%进行配制（干物质基础），定量饲喂。在本试验条件下，除45%NDF日粮的干物质表观消化率显著（P&lt;0.05）低于其他日粮外，不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮的有机物、粗蛋白质和淀粉表观消化率均未产生显著影响（P&gt;0.05）；不同NDF水平并未显著影响（P&gt;0.05）肉羊日粮的NDF、酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素表观消化率，但30%和45%NDF日粮相应指标均较低。综合分析，不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮养分的表观消化率有一定影响，肉羊日粮的适宜NDF水平为35%～40%。
KONG X H, GUO J X, ZHU X P, JIA Z H, YUE C W, JIN L P, LI X H, QIN Y H . Study on apparent nutrients digestibility of mutton sheep diets with different neutral detergent fiber levels
Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2010,22(1):70-74. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2010.01.011URLMagsci [本文引用: 1]
为了测定不同中性洗涤纤维（NDF）水平对肉羊日粮养分表观消化率的影响，选用4只体重相近［（23.5±0.6） kg］的4月龄杂交一代（小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特）羯羊，采用4×4拉丁方设计进行试验。4种试验日粮按等能等氮而NDF水平分别为30%、35%、40%和45%进行配制（干物质基础），定量饲喂。在本试验条件下，除45%NDF日粮的干物质表观消化率显著（P&lt;0.05）低于其他日粮外，不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮的有机物、粗蛋白质和淀粉表观消化率均未产生显著影响（P&gt;0.05）；不同NDF水平并未显著影响（P&gt;0.05）肉羊日粮的NDF、酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素表观消化率，但30%和45%NDF日粮相应指标均较低。综合分析，不同NDF水平对肉羊日粮养分的表观消化率有一定影响，肉羊日粮的适宜NDF水平为35%～40%。

禹爱兵, 范忠军, 周永康, 赵国琦 . 不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮在徐淮白山羊消化道内降解利用的研究
安徽农业科学, 2012(12):7157-7160.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2012.12.068URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]研究不同SC/NSC比例日粮对徐淮白山羊消化道内碳水化合物消化率的影响。[方法]选取4只体况良好,体重(32±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,饲喂4种不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮,其结构性碳水化物与非结构性碳水化合物的比例(SC/NSC)分别为3.52(Ⅰ)、2.06(Ⅱ)、1.28(Ⅲ)和0.84(Ⅳ)。[结果]降低SC/NSC比例,可以一定程度上提高徐淮白山羊瘤胃内和肠道内干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及淀粉的消化利用率。随着SC/NSC的比例降低,DM与OM消化率显著升高,其中Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);NDF消化率表现为先升高后降低,Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);ADF与淀粉在整个消化道的消化率也表现为先升高后降低的趋势,但ADF消化率各组间差异不显著,而Ⅰ和Ⅱ2组的淀粉消化率则显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),并极显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.01)。[结论]日粮SC/NSC为1.28时,可以提高徐淮白山羊能量利用效率。
YU A B, FAN Z J, ZHOU Y K, ZHAO G Q . Study on the degradation and utilization of carbohydrate in digestive tract of Xuhuai white goats fed with different carbohydrate structure dietary
Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2012(12):7157-7160. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2012.12.068URL [本文引用: 1]
[目的]研究不同SC/NSC比例日粮对徐淮白山羊消化道内碳水化合物消化率的影响。[方法]选取4只体况良好,体重(32±2.5)kg的徐淮白山羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠近端瘘管和回肠末端瘘管,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,饲喂4种不同碳水化合物结构组成日粮,其结构性碳水化物与非结构性碳水化合物的比例(SC/NSC)分别为3.52(Ⅰ)、2.06(Ⅱ)、1.28(Ⅲ)和0.84(Ⅳ)。[结果]降低SC/NSC比例,可以一定程度上提高徐淮白山羊瘤胃内和肠道内干物质(DM)、有机质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及淀粉的消化利用率。随着SC/NSC的比例降低,DM与OM消化率显著升高,其中Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);NDF消化率表现为先升高后降低,Ⅲ组极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01);ADF与淀粉在整个消化道的消化率也表现为先升高后降低的趋势,但ADF消化率各组间差异不显著,而Ⅰ和Ⅱ2组的淀粉消化率则显著高于Ⅲ组(P0.05),并极显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.01)。[结论]日粮SC/NSC为1.28时,可以提高徐淮白山羊能量利用效率。

李康, 郭天龙, 金海, 高爱琴 . 能量水平对妊娠后期绒山羊养分消化率及羔羊的影响
饲料工业, 2017,38(13):35-38.
DOI:10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2017.13.009URL [本文引用: 1]
正引言妊娠母羊对日粮的消化吸收情况直接影响到胎儿的生长发育,胎儿的体重增长主要集中在妊娠后期,需要从母体吸收大量的营养,这可能会对母羊的消化和吸收造成影响,同时日粮营养水平也会影响胎儿的生长发育。本试验在全舍饲条件下,测定了母羊对不同能量水平日粮中养分的表观消化率、体增重及不同能量水平日粮对羔羊初生情况的影响。
LI K, GUO T L, JIN H, GAO A Q . Effects of energy level on apparent digestibility of nourishment and lamb growth performance of cashmere goats
Feed Industry, 2017,38(13):35-38. (in Chinese)
DOI:10.13302/j.cnki.fi.2017.13.009URL [本文引用: 1]
正引言妊娠母羊对日粮的消化吸收情况直接影响到胎儿的生长发育,胎儿的体重增长主要集中在妊娠后期,需要从母体吸收大量的营养,这可能会对母羊的消化和吸收造成影响,同时日粮营养水平也会影响胎儿的生长发育。本试验在全舍饲条件下,测定了母羊对不同能量水平日粮中养分的表观消化率、体增重及不同能量水平日粮对羔羊初生情况的影响。
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