摘要秸秆还田配施氮肥是解决旱作农田“耕层变浅”、“土壤紧实”、“有效耕层土壤减少”问题的重要措施之一, 在旱作农业生产中具有重要意义。为探明秸秆深翻还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响, 本研究于2014—2015年在辽宁铁岭设置S0F0 (秸秆0 kg hm-2+纯NPK 0 kg hm-2)、SN0 (秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 0 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2)、SN1 (秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 112.5 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2)、S0N2 (秸秆0 kg hm-2+纯N 225 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2, 当地传统种植方式, CK)、SN2 (秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 225 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2)、SN3 (秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 337.5 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2) 6个处理开展了研究。结果表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量和生物产量影响显著, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm-2处理的籽粒产量最高, 比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm-2处理(CK) 2年平均增产6.33%, 增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低; 玉米籽粒产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加; 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均群体生物产量增加2.95%。秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积, 提高叶绿素含量和光合作用, 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田处理2年平均灌浆期叶面积增加2.71%, 光合速率提高4.80%。综合分析认为, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm-2是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产比较理想的还田和施肥模式, 在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。
关键词:秸秆还田; 施氮量; 春玉米; 产量; 光合性能 Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Performance and Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China BAI Wei1, ZHANG Li-Zhen2, PANG Huan-Cheng3, SUN Zhan-Xiang1, NIU Shi-Wei4, CAI Qian1, AN Jing-Wen4,* 1Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China
2Agricultural Meteorology Department, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
3Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
4Institute of Plant Nutrition and the Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China
Fund:This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303130), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300204), and “Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talent” Program (201746) AbstractStraw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important measures to solve the problems of plough role getting shallow and solid with reduced effective soil, having a vital significance in dryland agriculture production. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted at Tieling city of Liaoning province in 2014-2015 with six treatments(0 kg ha-1 of straw plus 0 kg ha-1 of pure NPK, S0F0; 9000 kg ha-1 of straw plus 0 kg ha-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha-1 of pure K, SN0; 9000 kg ha-1 of straw, 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure N plus 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha-1 of pure K, SN1; 0 kg ha-1 of straw plus 225 kg ha-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha-1 of pure K, S0N2; 9000 kg ha-1 of straw plus 225 kg ha-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha-1 of pure K, SN2; 9000 kg ha-1 of straw plus 337.5 kg ha-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha-1 of pure K, SN3). The yield of straw 9000 kg ha-1 plus nitrogen 225 kg ha-1 treatment was the highest, with an average increase of 6.33% in two years, and compared with no straw returning plus nitrogen 225 kg ha-1 treatment which was mainly due to the significant increase of weight of 100-kernel and number of kernels per row and the decrease of bare top length. The yield did not increase with the increase of nitrogen application rates. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the average population biomass of straw returning treatment was increased by 2.95% compared with no straw returning. Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, SPAD and photosynthesis of maize, and under the same nitrogen application rate, compared with no straw returning, the leaf area and photosynthetic rate at filling stage were increased on an average of 2.71% and 4.80% in two years, respectively. In conclusion, 9000 kg ha-1 of straw returning plus 225 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer is an ideal mode in brown soil area of the northern Liaoning province, which has certain application value in this regional agricultural development.
Keyword:Straw returning; Nitrogen; Spring maize; Yield; Photosynthesis Show Figures Show Figures
表1 不同处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on maize yield and yield components
处理 Treatment
成穗数 Ear number (Ear hm-2)
穗行数 Kernel-row number per ear
行粒数 Number of kernels per row
秃尖长 Bare top length (cm)
百粒重 Weight of 100-kernel (g)
籽粒产量 (14%含水量) Yield (kg hm-2)
2014
S0F0
55149.81± 356.26 a
15.13± 0.32 a
28.87± 1.15 b
1.93± 0.07 a
31.47± 0.63 b
7581.00± 437.45 b
SN0
54738.19± 343.15 a
15.07± 0.27 a
31.40± 1.58 b
1.50± 0.58 a
32.45± 0.89 b
8405.20± 1471.22 b
SN1
55163.69± 362.41 a
15.73± 0.33 a
37.80± 0.60 a
0.93± 0.54 ab
32.20± 1.39 b
10561.60± 1003.98 ab
S0N2
59523.44± 192.34 a
15.47± 0.31 a
37.60± 0.81 a
0.33± 0.17 b
33.83± 1.13 ab
11713.00± 243.77 a
SN2
57520.69± 241.26 a
15.87± 0.31 a
39.40± 0.88 a
0.00± 0.00 b
36.33± 1.51 a
13066.60± 1031.30 a
SN3
58581.39± 201.84 a
15.73± 0.38 a
38.87± 0.80 a
0.10± 0.10 b
36.95± 1.04 a
13234.80± 852.68 a
2015
S0F0
58346.46± 363.41 a
17.11± 0.72 b
31.33± 1.38 b
0.28± 0.15 a
28.98± 2.71 a
9066.67± 1192.10 b
SN0
52963.73± 326.14 b
17.56± 0.79 ab
31.44± 2.34 b
0.33± 0.14 a
31.47± 1.71 a
9200.00± 568.62 b
SN1
58722.28± 294.65 a
18.44± 0.36 ab
34.00± 1.38 ab
0.33± 0.10 a
31.50± 0.19 a
11600.00± 152.75 a
S0N2
55616.04± 156.25 a
18.89± 0.72 a
34.67± 1.32 ab
0.22± 0.11 a
33.32± 1.53 a
12133.33± 517.47 a
SN2
55538.83± 241.34 a
18.22± 0.49 ab
35.67± 0.91 a
0.39± 0.09 a
33.98± 1.48 a
12266.67± 470.22 a
SN3
55959.04± 284.23 a
18.22± 0.49 ab
34.44± 0.96 ab
0.22± 0.11 a
33.22± 0.39 a
11666.67± 218.58 a
P
处理 Treatment
0.624
0
0
0
0.559
0
年份 Year
0.704
0.033
0.003
0
0.731
0.622
处理× 年份 T× Y
0.664
0.612
0.021
0
0.729
0.387
S0F0: 0 kg hm-2 of straw plus 0 kg hm-2 of pure NPK; SN0: 9000 kg hm-2 of straw plus 0 kg hm-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure P, and 90 kg hm-2 of pure K; SN1: 9000 kg hm-2 of straw plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure P, and 90 kg hm-2 of pure K; S0N2: 0 kg hm-2 of straw plus 225 kg hm-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm-2 of pure K; SN2: 9000 kg hm-2 of straw plus 225 kg hm-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm-2 of pure K; SN3: 9000 kg hm-2 of straw plus 337.5 kg hm-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm-2 of pure K. Data are mean± SE; values followed by a different letter within a column for treatments are significantly different at P ≤ 5%. S0F0: 秸秆0 kg hm-2+纯NPK 0 kg hm-2; SN0: 秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 0 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2, 纯K 90 kg hm-2; SN1: 秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 112.5 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2, 纯K 90 kg hm-2; S0N2: 秸秆0 kg hm-2+纯N 225 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2; SN2: 秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 225 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2; SN3: 秸秆9000 kg hm-2+纯N 337.5 kg hm-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm-2+纯K 90 kg hm-2, 数据为平均值± 标准误, 标以不同字母的值在5%水平上差异显著。
表1 不同处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on maize yield and yield components
表2 不同处理对春玉米光合作用的影响 Table 2 Effect of different treatments on maize photosynthetic characteristics
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
光合速率 Photosynthetic rate (μ mol m-2 s-1)
气孔导度 Stomatal conductance (mmol m-2 s-1)
细胞间隙CO2浓度 Intercellular CO2 concentration (μ mol m-2 s-1)
蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate (μ mol m-2 s-1)
2014
S0F0
17.78± 1.03 b
0.16± 0.02 c
248.35± 16.15 a
1.60± 0.09 c
SN0
18.78± 2.02 b
0.22± 0.04 c
269.47± 2.65 a
1.82± 0.14 c
SN1
25.12± 1.31 a
0.23± 0.04 bc
251.81± 16.62 a
2.02± 0.19 bc
S0N2
27.10± 1.57 a
0.29± 0.04 abc
266.08± 10.94 a
2.73± 0.23 a
SN2
27.20± 2.47 a
0.40± 0.07 ab
232.83± 17.87 a
2.62± 0.24 ab
SN3
28.97± 1.56 a
0.41± 0.09 a
199.67± 43.59 a
2.86± 0.33 a
2015
S0F0
21.38± 1.40 c
0.26± 0.03 b
219.72± 8.85 a
2.12± 0.09 d
SN0
21.72± 1.06 c
0.28± 0.01 b
215.68± 4.93 a
2.38± 0.14 cd
SN1
23.64± 0.57 bc
0.31± 0.02 ab
211.40± 3.51 a
2.70± 0.16 bc
S0N2
26.67± 1.56 ab
0.34± 0.02 ab
201.70± 0.22 ab
3.04± 0.21 ab
SN2
29.13± 0.89 a
0.39± 0.01 a
178.65± 12.21 bc
3.14± 0.17 ab
SN3
30.02± 0.76 a
0.39± 0.04 a
177.15± 8.56 c
3.23± 0.06 a
Data is mean ± SE. Values followed by a different letter within a column for treatments are significantly different at P≤ 5%. Treatments are as described in Table 1. 数据为平均值± 标准误, 标以不同字母的值在5%水平上差异显著。处理缩写同表1。
表2 不同处理对春玉米光合作用的影响 Table 2 Effect of different treatments on maize photosynthetic characteristics
4 结论秸秆还田配施氮肥在辽西北地区春玉米生产中具有重要作用。本试验条件下, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm-2玉米籽粒产量最高, 比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm-2 (对照) 2年平均增产6.33%; 秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积, 提高叶绿素含量和光合作用, 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比不还田玉米灌浆期叶面积2年平均增加2.71%, 光合速率平均增加4.80%。综合分析认为秸秆还田9000 kg hm-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm-2是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产中比较理想的还田和施肥模式, 在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。 The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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, 张立祯
表1 不同处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on maize yield and yield components
