关键词:棉花; 秸秆还田; 盐碱地; 土壤理化性质; 产量 Effects of Cotton Stalk Returning on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Cotton Yield in Coastal Saline-Alkali Soil QIN Du-Lin1, WANG Shuang-Lei1,2, LIU Yan-Hui1,3, NIE Jun-Jun1, ZHAO Na1, MAO Li-Li1, SONG Xian-Liang1,*, SUN Xue-Zhen1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
2 Yantai Agricultural Technology Extension Service, Yantai 264000, China
3 Qufu Agricultural Bureau, Qufu 273100, China
Fund:The study is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601253), the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (SDAIT-03), Shandong Program for Improved Varieties of Agriculture (2013LZ, 2014LZ), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2016CQ20), and the Saline Alkali Land Improvement and Utilization Project of Shandong Agricultural University. AbstractA continuous three-year field experiment of cotton-residue incorporation in coastal saline-alkali land was conducted, with two treatments: residue removal and residue incorporation. The successive cotton stalk returning significantly decreased soil bulk density in 0-30 cm soil layer and soil micro-aggregates with particle size <0.25 mm in 0-10 cm soil layer, while significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates with particle size >5 mm in 0-10 cm soil layer. Compared with the control (residue removal), the treatment of cotton residues incorporation significantly increased soil organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available potassium by 13.45%, 18.57%, 22.80%, and 22.57%, respectively, while decreased soil available phosphorus and salinity by 18.29% and 16.59% at pre-sowing and each growth stage in 0-20 cm soil layer. Soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were increased by 37.20% and 31.62% and soil salinity had a reduction of 19.06% after successive cotton stalk returning for three years in 20-40 cm soil layer, and also significantly increased by 38.26% and 24.83% in 40-60 cm soil layer. Successive cotton stalk returning significantly increased seed cotton yield by 11.57%, 19.01%, and 13.24% and lint yield by 18.56%, 19.78%, and 18.73% in three years, but not affected single boll weight and lint percentage.
Keyword:Cotton; Stalk returning; Saline-alkali soil; Soil physical and chemical properties; Yield Show Figures Show Figures
表2 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤容重的影响 Table 2 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil density of each soil layer in different years (g cm-3)
年份 Year
处理 Treatment
土层Soil layer
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
2013
未还田SNR
1.33± 0.02 a
1.48± 0.01 a
1.44± 0.02 a
1.45± 0.03 a
还田SR
1.23± 0.01 b
1.40± 0.03 b
1.43± 0.02 a
1.47± 0.01 a
2014
未还田SNR
1.24± 0.01 a
1.46± 0.01 a
1.47± 0.02 a
1.43± 0.02 a
还田SR
1.16± 0.01 b
1.38± 0.01 b
1.45± 0.02 a
1.41± 0.02 a
2015
未还田SNR
1.29± 0.01 a
1.44± 0.01 a
1.49± 0.02 a
1.43± 0.02 a
还田SR
1.21± 0.01 b
1.36± 0.01 b
1.41± 0.01 b
1.41± 0.03 a
Values are means ± standard deviation; values within each column for a year followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. SNR denotes no stalk returning, SR indicates stalk returning. 表格中数值为平均值± 标准差; 同一年份同一列标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平上差异显著。SNR: 秸秆未还田; SR秸秆还田。
表2 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤容重的影响 Table 2 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil density of each soil layer in different years (g cm-3)
图1 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤团聚体的影响（SNR: 秸秆未还田; SR秸秆还田。图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。）Fig. 1 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil aggregates of each soil layer in different years（SNR: no stalk returning; SR: stalk returning. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.）
图2 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤含盐量的影响（PR: 播前; SE: 苗期; BU: 蕾期; FL: 花铃期; BO; 吐絮期; SNR: 秸秆未还田; SR秸秆还田。图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。）Fig. 2 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil salt content of each soil layer in different years（PR: pre-sowing; SE: seeding stage; BU: budding stage; FL: flowering and boll-forming stage; BO: boll opening stage; SNR: no stalk returning; SR: stalk returning. Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.）
表3 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤pH的影响 Table 3 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil pH of each soil layer in different years
年份 Year
土层 Soil layer (cm)
处理 Treatment
生育期 Growth stage
播前 Pre-sowing
苗期 Seeding stage
蕾期 Budding stage
花铃期 Flowering and boll-forming stage
吐絮期 Boll-opening stage
2013
0-20
未还田SNR
7.87± 0.12 a
7.81± 0.07 a
7.72± 0.14 a
8.08± 0.18 a
7.94± 0.08 a
还田SR
7.87± 0.25 a
7.84± 0.18 a
7.76± 0.11 a
8.14± 0.06 a
8.03± 0.12 a
20-40
未还田SNR
8.06± 0.08 a
8.05± 0.06 a
8.18± 0.08 a
8.43± 0.12 a
8.27± 0.13 a
还田SR
8.10± 0.16 a
8.11± 0.15 a
8.13± 0.13 a
8.46± 0.16 a
8.29± 0.19 a
40-60
未还田SNR
7.99± 0.11 a
7.99± 0.05 a
8.09± 0.05 a
8.35± 0.12 a
8.28± 0.03 a
还田SR
8.00± 0.14 a
7.82± 0.14 a
8.03± 0.12 a
8.25± 0.22 a
8.29± 0.07 a
2014
0-20
未还田SNR
7.71± 0.10 a
8.32± 0.09 a
8.12± 0.15 a
7.93± 0.14 a
8.34± 0.17 a
还田SR
7.56± 0.12 a
8.19± 0.06 a
7.88± 0.10 a
7.73± 0.08 a
8.21± 0.12 a
20-40
未还田SNR
8.37± 0.08 a
8.50± 0.12 a
8.60± 0.17 a
8.49± 0.22 a
8.38± 0.18 a
还田SR
8.18± 0.06 a
8.30± 0.16 a
8.41± 0.21 a
8.35± 0.16 a
8.18± 0.16 a
40-60
未还田SNR
8.36± 0.10 a
8.39± 0.27 a
8.52± 0.22 a
8.60± 0.13 a
8.31± 0.16 a
还田SR
8.18± 0.19 a
8.26± 0.19 a
8.21± 0.12 a
8.42± 0.17 a
8.23± 0.06 a
2015
0-20
未还田SNR
8.30± 0.24 a
8.75± 0.13 a
8.63± 0.29 a
8.72± 0.18 a
8.76± 0.32 a
还田SR
8.18± 0.22 a
8.51± 0.21 a
8.51± 0.13 a
8.59± 0.22 a
8.54± 0.11 a
20-40
未还田SNR
8.83± 0.13 a
8.95± 0.11 a
9.00± 0.19 a
8.95± 0.23 a
9.00± 0.21 a
还田SR
8.70± 0.15 a
8.86± 0.21 a
8.84± 0.21 a
8.81± 0.28 a
8.87± 0.13 a
40-60
未还田SNR
8.84± 0.22 a
8.86± 0.13 a
8.89± 0.19 a
8.91± 0.23 a
8.90± 0.22 a
还田SR
8.77± 0.13 a
8.67± 0.17 a
8.72± 0.15 a
8.83± 0.13 a
8.79± 0.15 a
Values are means ± standard deviation; values within each column for a soil layer followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. 表格中数值为平均值± 标准差; 同一土层同一列标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表2。 2.2.3 土壤有机质 由表4可以看出, 3年秸秆还田均显著提高了0~20 cm土层的土壤有机质含量, 并且随着还田时间的延长有机质含量呈增加趋势, 2013、2014和2015年棉花播前和吐絮期分别比对照提高10.06%、12.64%, 10.11%、14.06%和14.51%、19.30%; 对20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层土壤有机质含量无显著影响。说明短时间内棉花秸秆还田只影响浅层土壤有机质含量, 对较深土层土壤有机质含量无显著影响。
表3 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤pH的影响 Table 3 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil pH of each soil layer in different years
表4 Table 4 表4(Table 4)
表4 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤有机质含量的影响 Table 4 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil organic matter content of each soil layer in different years (g kg-1)
土层 Soil layer (cm)
处理 Treatment
2013
2014
2015
播前 Pre-sowing
吐絮期 Boll-opening stage
播前 Pre-sowing
吐絮期 Boll-opening stage
播前 Pre-sowing
吐絮期 Boll-opening stage
0-20
未还田SNR
10.84± 0.15 b
9.89± 0.30 b
10.98± 0.18 b
10.60± 0.27 b
10.61± 0.21 b
10.26± 0.18 b
还田SR
11.93± 0.60 a
11.14± 0.45 a
12.09± 0.50 a
12.09± 0.24 a
12.15± 0.38 a
12.24± 0.66 a
20-40
未还田SNR
4.99± 0.18 a
4.87± 0.23 a
5.17± 0.09 a
6.03± 0.19 a
4.80± 0.15 a
5.69± 0.29 a
还田SR
5.25± 0.44 a
4.94± 0.21 a
5.27± 0.10 a
5.89± 0.20 a
5.02± 0.19 a
5.39± 0.25 a
40-60
未还田SNR
4.42± 0.21 a
3.35± 0.12 a
5.22± 0.24 a
4.95± 0.11 a
5.13± 0.25 a
4.50± 0.12 a
还田SR
4.51± 0.23 a
3.39± 0.13 a
5.77± 0.34 a
5.19± 0.21 a
5.45± 0.35 a
4.51± 0.20 a
Values are means ± standard deviation; Values within each column for a soil layer followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. 表格中数值为平均值± 标准差; 同一土层同一列标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表2。
表4 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤有机质含量的影响 Table 4 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil organic matter content of each soil layer in different years (g kg-1)
图3 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响（图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图2。）Fig. 3 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil nitrate nitrogen content of each soil layer in different years（Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2.）
图4 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤铵态氮含量的影响（图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图2。）Fig. 4 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil ammonium nitrogen content of each soil layer in different years（Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2.）
图5 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤速效磷含量的影响（图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图2。）Fig. 5 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil available P content of each soil layer in different years（Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2.）
表5 棉花秸秆还田对棉花产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 5 Effects of cotton stalk returning on yield and yield components of cotton
年份Year
处理 Treatment
单铃重 Seed cotton yield per boll (g)
总铃数 Total boll numbers (× 104 hm-2)
衣分 Lint percentage (%)
籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg hm-2)
皮棉产量 Lint yield ( kg hm-2)
2013
未还田SNR
5.15± 0.16 a
43.35± 1.69 b
43.67± 0.01 a
2232.44± 65.23 b
944.77± 47.09 b
还田SR
5.28± 0.08 a
46.90± 1.60 a
44.97± 0.02 a
2490.73± 73.01 a
1120.08± 32.83 a
2014
未还田SNR
5.52± 0.16 a
53.72± 0.92 b
42.49± 0.01 a
2965.25± 56.31 b
1261.07± 40.38 b
还田SR
5.70± 0.11 a
61.91± 0.39 a
42.81± 0.01 a
3528.93± 66.07 a
1510.50± 55.32 a
2015
未还田SNR
5.50± 0.14 a
52.73± 1.07 b
42.32± 0.01 a
2910.69± 59.01 b
1231.80± 24.97 b
还田SR
5.64± 0.12 a
58.86± 0.91 a
43.60± 0.01 a
3296.05± 51.02 a
1462.46± 22.64 a
Values are means ± standard deviation; Values within each column for a year followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 2. 表格中数值为平均值± 标准差; 同一年份同一列标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同表2。
表5 棉花秸秆还田对棉花产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 5 Effects of cotton stalk returning on yield and yield components of cotton
图6 棉花秸秆还田对不同年份各土层土壤速效钾含量的影响（图柱上不同小写字母表示数值在0.05水平上差异显著。缩写同图2。）Fig. 6 Effects of cotton stalk returning on soil available K content of each soil layer in different years（Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2.）
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, 孙学振
表1 供试土壤的主要化学性状 Table 1 Main chemical properties of test soil
